Hydrogen Liquefier Research Articles

A hydrogen liquefier with an output of 50 1./hr of liquid hydrogen

The principal of operation and construction of a liquefier producing 50 l/hr of normal, or 30 l/hr para-hydrogen nns described. The possibility is noted of the operation of the liquefier in a refrigeriting cycle. A table showing the performance of the liquefier is given, and also the results of measuring the losses. (auth)

Small scale hydrogen liquefaction

A description is given of the procedure adopted in designing a hydrogen liquefier to produce a required output. The procedure is applied to a case where 5 liters of liquid hydrogen were required to be produced without the use of a compressor. Constructional details of the purification and liquefaction systems of an accessible and easily constructed machine are included, together with performance figures. (auth)

Expansion engines for hydrogen liquefiers

Expansion engines for hydrogen liquefiers

The design and construction of simple Linde hydrogen and helium liquefiers

The design and construction of simple Linde hydrogen and helium liquefiers

A laboratory plant for making liquid air from liquid oxygen

Liquid oxygen, which is cheap and easy to get, will not do for certain purposes; in particular, a hydrogen liquefier needs liquid air for its pre-cooling bath. A small plant which produces 11 litres/hour is described; compressed air is condensed in a bath of liquid oxygen.

A Hydrogen Liquefier Using Neon as an Intermediate

A hydrogen liquefier is described in which the hydrogen is condensed at 6.6 atmospheres by means of liquid neon produced in a Joule-Thomson liquefier. This cascade liquefier produced and consumed 17 liters/hour of liquid neon and produced 27.5 liters/hour of liquid hydrogen, representing an increase of 6 to 20 percent over direct Joule-Thomson liquefaction of hydrogen. Means are described whereby further increase in yield and ease of operation could be achieved. Owing to some mechanical difficulties, the elimination of which would mean major construction changes, the system was abandoned in favor of the original Joule-Thomson method.

A Joule-Thomson Cascade Liquefier for Helium

A helium liquefier has been constructed with an output of 3.8 litres per hour and a starting time of 70 minutes. The liquid hydrogen needed to cool the helium below its inversion temperature is provided continuously by a hydrogen liquefier within the same machine. The advantages of the machine are (i) short starting time, (ii) simplicity of operation and ease of servicing, (iii) closed hydrogen circuit

The Design of Hydrogen Liquefiers

The general principles underlying the practical design of Joule-Thomson hydrogen liquefiers, utilizing the compressed hydrogen commercially available in cylinders, are discussed. The theory of heat interchangers is applied to these liquefiers and design formulae and data are presented. A typical design for the regenerative interchanger of a small scale liquefier is given. The liquid nitrogen requirements, expansion valve design, charcoal trap construction, and other practical aspects of these liquefiers are also discussed.

The Soviet Institute of Physical Problems

PART 3 of the Physics Bulletin of the Soviet Academy of Sciences for 1937 contains Dr. P. Kapitza's address to the Academy last March, which he devoted to an account of the new Institute founded by decree of December 1934. The building, which has taken a year longer to complete than was anticipated, is, although only 80 metres from Moscow tram lines, surrounded by gardens in which other institutes of the Academy are to be built. It nearly surrounds a quadrangle 40 m. X 25 m., with outer walls 63 m. x 50 m., the long side nearly north and south. The south-eastern corner is not built on, and gives access to the quadrangle. The main laboratories are on the ground floor, and provision for very sensitive apparatus is made in the basement. A first floor over the eastern block is occupied by the administrative department. By introducing a simplified system of book-keeping, Dr. Kapitza has reduced the five accountants originally thought necessary to one. The apparatus taken from Cambridge has been installed and is described. It includes the Metropolitan-Vickers alternator and the coil through which it is short-circuited to produce for 1/100 sec. an intense magnetic field, the hydrogen liquefier producing 7 litres per hour and the helium liquefier which first cools the gas to 65° absolute by means of liquid nitrogen, then to 10° abs. by adiabatic expansion and finally liquefies it by the Joule-Kelvin cooling. A new machine on this plan is now being constructed to work with a double cycle and deliver 6–8 litres per hour.

A Simplified Hydrogen Liquefier

By using a ``twisted tube'' heat interchanger, it has been possible to build a small hydrogen liquefier of great simplicity and efficiency, which can be operated from commercial hydrogen cylinders without the use of a compressor and delivers about one liter of liquid hydrogen per hour.