Hydrogen Gas Jet Research Articles

Search for nucleon resonances of mass up to 8.5 GeV

Missing mass spectra were obtained by measuring recoil protons from the reaction p+p→p+X in the Jacobian peak region. Data were taken during the acceleration ramp of the Fermilab machine using an internal hydrogen gas jet target. We observe the well known N ∗(1688) and N ∗(2190) resonances but no significant structures at higher mass.

The Performances of the Pinch Gun at Osaka Vniversity

A pinched gun of linear type has been investigated as the sourse of high energy plasma jet.The gun employs alow indicctance (18 mμH) power supply and pulsive aamition of gas into vacuum by a fast acting valve mounted on the bottom copper disk electrode.Sufficcently high speed (-108 cm/sec) plasma jet of hydrogen gas has been Obtained when the gas diffusion delay time (t) is short.It was-found that the performance of the plasma gun is closely related to the pinch effect taking place in the gun.The ratio of the plasma speed to the mean pinching speed of the gun depends only on (t) and does not on the total amount of admitted gas. We learned that the meam pinchingspeed follows Rosenbluth's theory and was independent on (t), while it was only the function of average gas density in the gun.For small (t), H is said to be constant about (t) and starting voltage of plasma driving condensers, and decreases suddenly for some critical value of (t) which becomes larger when the starting voltage of the condensers are higher.

Suppression of Bubbling in Boiling Refrigerants

DURING recent studies of the properties of radicals trapped at low temperatures it has been found that the presence of bubbles in the body of a boiling refrigerant can be eliminated by introducing a stream of a gas which is comparatively insoluble in the refrigerant. In a typical experiment a small, unsilvered Dewar flask was half-filled with liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, vigorous bubbling of the liquid being observed. When a jet of helium, hydrogen, or neon gas was blown over the liquid nitrogen at a rate sufficient to break up the surface, the bubbles at first became smaller and then were no longer visible. The liquid was now completely clear and still, and its temperature had fallen by several degrees. If the gas flow was interrupted, the bubbling eventually resumed its original intensity. When the gas was introduced 10 cm. below the surface of the liquid nitrogen instead of being blown across the surface it was found that the rate of gas flow needed to suppress bubbling was reduced considerably. In the case of helium gas, the flow could be reduced to a value of 1/6 to 1/8 of that required when blown across the surface. The introduction below the surface of nitrogen, air or argon gases, instead of helium, had little or no effect on the bubbling, so that the suppression was not caused merely by a local increase in total pressure above the surface of the liquid nitrogen.

On a new bleaching principle produced by the slow combustion of Æther in atmospheric air, and by the rapid combustion of bodies in a jet of hydrogen gas

The author, having observed that a peculiar principle, in many respects similar to chlorine, was developed during the slow combus­tion of phosphorus in the atmosphere, was led to inquire into the product of the slow combustion of the vapour of aether mixed with atmospheric air. He finds, that besides well-known compounds, such as aldehydic, formic and acetic acids, there is evolved a principle hitherto unnoticed, which possesses oxidizing and bleaching proper­ties in an eminent degree. It decomposes indigo, iodide of potas­sium, and hydroiodic acid, and also, though,more slowly, bromide of potassium. When in contact with water, it converts iodine into iodic acid, and sulphurous into sulphuric acid, changes the yellow ferro-cyanide of potassium into the red, and the white cyanide of iron into the blue; it transforms the salts of protoxide of iron into those of the peroxide; and it discharges the colours produced by sulphuret of lead. The author points out the similarity between the action of this substance, in these instances, and that of chlorine and of ozone. Analogous results were obtained from the combustion of a jet of hydrogen gas in atmospheric air, and even, under particular circum­stances, from the flame of a common candle, and also from various other inflammable bodies when burning under certain conditions. The author is hence led to the conclusion that this peculiar oxidizing and bleaching principle is produced in all cases of rapid combustion taking place in atmospheric air, and that its production is therefore independent of the nature of the substance which is burnt.

On a new bleaching principle produced by the slow combustion of ether in atmospheric air, and by the rapid combustion of bodies in a jet of hydrogen gas

On a new bleaching principle produced by the slow combustion of ether in atmospheric air, and by the rapid combustion of bodies in a jet of hydrogen gas

Experimental researches in electricity.—Sixth and seventh series

In the course of his experimental investigation of a general and important law of electro-chemical action, which required the accurate measurement of the gases evolved during the decomposition of water and other substances, the author was led to the detection of a curious effect, which had never been previously noticed, and of which the knowledge, had he before possessed it, would have prevented many of the errors and inconsistencies occurring in the conclusions he at first deduced from his earlier experiments. The phenomenon observed was the gradual recombination of elements which had been previously separated from each other by voltaic action. This happened when, after water had been decomposed by voltaic electricity, the mixed gases resulting from such decomposition were left in contact with the platina wires or plates, which had acted as poles; for under these circumstances they gradually diminished in volume, water was reproduced, and at last the whole of the gases disappeared. On inquiring into the cause of this reunion of the elements of water, the author found that it was occasioned principally by the action of the piece of platina, which had served for the positive pole; and also that the same piece of platina would produce a similar effect on a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases obtained by other and more ordinary kinds of chemical action. By closer examination, it was ascertained that the platina, which had been the negative pole, could produce the same effect. Finally, it was found that the only condition requisite for rendering the pieces of platina effective in this recombination of oxygen and hydrogen is their being perfectly clean, and that ordinary mechanical processes of cleaning are quite sufficient for bringing them into that condition, without the use of the battery. Plates of platina, cleaned by means of a cork, with a little emery and water, or dilute sulphuric acid, were rendered very active; but they acquired the greatest power when first heated in a strong solution of caustic alkali, then dipped in water to wash off the alkali, next dipped in hot strong oil of vitriol, and finally left for ten or fifteen minutes in distilled water. Plates thus prepared, placed in tubes containing mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen gases, determined the gradual combination of their elements: the effect was at first slow, but became by degrees more rapid; and heat was evolved to such a degree, indeed, as frequently to give rise to ignition and explosion. The author regards this phenomenon as of the same kind as that discovered by Davy in the glowing platinap; that observed by Döbereiner in spongy platina, acting on a jet of hydrogen gas in atmospheric air; and those so well experimented on by MM. Dulong and Thenard. In discussing the theory of these remarkable effects, the author advances some new views of the conditions of elasticity at the exterior of a mass of gaseous matter confined by solid surfaces. The elasticity of gases he considers as being dependent on the mutual action of the particles, especially of those which are contiguous to each other; but this reciprocity of condition is wanting on the sides of the exterior particles which are next to the solid substance. Then, reasoning on the principle established by Dalton, that the particles of different gases are indifferent to one another, so that those of one gas may come within almost any distance of those of another gas, whatever may be the respective degrees of tension in each gas among the particles of its own kind, he concludes that the particles of a gas, or of a mixture of gases, which are next to the platina, or other solid body not of their own chemical nature, touch that surface by a contact as close as that by which the particles of a solid or liquid body touch each other. This proximity, together with the absence of any mutual relation of the gaseous particles to particles of their own kind, combined also with the direct attractive force exerted by the platina, or other solid body, on the particles of the gases, is sufficient, in the opinion of the author, to supply what is wanting in order to render effective the affinity between the particles of oxygen and hydrogen; being, in fact, equivalent to an increase of temperature, to solution, or to any of the other circumstances which are known to be capable of adding to the force of the affinities inherent in the substances themselves.