Hydrogen Energy Research Articles

Hydrogen Evolution Reactions of Hydrocarbons and Hydroborons Promoted by Superatomic Nbn- Clusters.

Hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) are crucial for producing renewable and ecological hydrogen energy. Here we report the finding that ethyl acetylene (C2H2), borane (B2H6), and benzene (C6H6) undergo drastic dehydrogenation reactions upon interaction with niobium cluster anions (Nbn-). This finding was enabled by our very sensitive and specialized mass spectrometer, which monitored the cluster ions and the resulting metal carbide and boride products in real time. Through mass spectrometry experiments and density functional theory computations, we delved into the varying reactivities of these common gas molecules with small Nbn- clusters and elucidated the underlying reaction mechanisms. These findings shed light on the HER mechanisms of hydrocarbon and hydroboron molecules on superatomic Nbn- clusters, furnishing valuable insights pertinent to the advancement of hydrogen energy resources.

Solar-Hydrogen system of additional power supply and digital control system for on-board power supply system

Even for short space flights, such as manned flights to the Moon back in the 60s, it became extremely obvious that electric batteries are completely unsuitable because of their huge mass needed to store the required supply of onboard energy. Therefore, already in the 60s of the last century, the USA and the USSR took the path of using a hydrogen storage system using hydrogen fuel cells.Solar-hydrogen energy systems for spacecraft reliably provide energy for carrying out various kinds of unscheduled work on board and for eliminating emergency situations. Surplus energy is constantly accumulated on board in the form of the chemical energy of cryogenic hydrogen. The article presents too the result of the development of a solar-hydrogen power supply system for spacecraft, the onboard network of which provides slow and fast processes. This paper delves into designing digital control systems for power conditioning devices on the example of charging-discharging device based on a boost DC-DC converter. The device was implemented to condition a storage battery by properly charging and discharging it. A technique for constructing a small signal model of the converter has been developed. This involves constructing a block diagram using the discontinuous switching functions and analog models of electrical circuit components. The transfer functions of the analog controllers for the two-loop subordinate control system were derived. Then the procedure of a bilinear z-transform to the given transfer functions was applied. As a result, the discrete transfer functions of the digital controllers were obtained. Realization both analog and digital controllers in Matlab Simulink confirmed their identical behavior and stability within the power converter. Experimental studies of the static and dynamic waveforms of the digital control system showed controllability and stability of the charging-discharging device for the storage battery in typical operating modes. Thus, the method of synthesizing digital control systems for energy converters is proved valid and applicable for designing new power conditioning devices within modern power supplies.

The interfacial engineering of seaurchin-like CoP/Ni2P heterostructure for highly efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution

Creating efficient, cost-effective catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with low overpotential is crucial for advancing the hydrogen energy cycle. Herein, the CoP is introduced into the Ni2P system to attract the transfer of electrons from Ni2P to the CoP. Interfacial electronic structure optimization enabled the binder-free sea urchin-like CoP/Ni2P/NF electrocatalysts present superb performance in HER within 1.0 M KOH, characterized by a minimal overpotential of 67.4 mV and a reduced Tafel slope of 73.9 mV dec-1 under a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The as-fabricated catalyst also demonstrates significant long-term HER stability. The reallocation of charge across the heterogeneous interface of CoP/Ni2P catalyst was further investigated via DFT calculation. The addition of CoP effectively accelerates the electron transfer and optimized the heterogeneous interface inside CoP/Ni2P for *H adsorption/H2 desorption, reduced the water decomposition energy barrier, thereby, promoting the HER process. The microstructural construction as well as synergistic effect of interfacial electrons of CoP/Ni2P catalyst paves the way to design electrocatalysts with highly HER activity.

Tri-generation of sensible heat, hydrogen, and electricity in an aluminum-air flow battery (AAB) system

The performance of an aluminum-air flow battery (AAB) unit cell is experimentally studied for application to a tri-generation system as a district heating resource of sensible heat storage, hydrogen production, and electric power generation. A layer-type unit cell is designed to protect against leakage of hydrogen gas during operation and to ensure electrolyte circulation in the AAB system. The electrolyte is made with NaOH pellets dissolved in purified water. A direct current (DC) loader is used to measure the electric power of the AAB unit cell, while a resistance temperature detector (RTD) is used to measure the electrolyte temperature at the unit cell inlet and outlet. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of operation parameters [i.e., electrolyte temperature (Tin), mass flow rate (ṁNaOH), and molar concentration (XNaOH)] on the performance of the tri-generation AAB system. The electric power of the AAB unit cell increases in the electrolyte temperature from 20 ℃ to 50 ℃ with increases in the NaOH molar concentration from 1 M to 4 M. The performance measurement of the AAB unit cell shows that the total surface power density of sensible heat, hydrogen, and electric power increased with increases in electrolyte temperature from 35 ℃ to 55 ℃. The tri-generation system operates for 140 min under the condition of Tin = 40 ℃, ṁNaOH=14.48 g/s, and XNaOH=4 M.

Green ammonia imports could supplement long-duration energy storage in the UK

Abstract There is growing recognition of the need for long-duration energy storage to cope with low frequency (i.e. seasonal to multi-annual) variability in renewable energy supplies. Recent analysis for the UK has estimated that 60–100 TWh of hydrogen storage could be required to provide zero-carbon backup for renewable energy supplies in 2050. However, the analysis did not consider the potential role of green energy imports as a supplement to domestic energy storage. Using a global spatially-explicit model of green hydrogen/ammonia production and shipping we estimate the lowest import costs for green ammonia to the UK, and compare them with the levelized costs of energy storage across scenarios of varying domestic renewable energy production. The results indicate that imported green ammonia could offer a cost-comparable alternative to domestic hydrogen production, storage and power generation, whilst increasing energy system resilience through supply diversification, at a similar or cheaper delivered energy cost compared to a hydrogen-only storage system. In countries lacking the geological potential for low-cost hydrogen storage, green ammonia imports could have an even more significant role.

Ionic Liquid/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Calcining Synthesis of Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.

The recent advancements of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the synthesis of cobalt-based catalysts for water splitting is reviewed. ILs and DESs possess unique physical and chemical properties, serving as solvents, templates, and reagents. Combined with calcination techniques, their advantages can be fully leveraged, enhancing the stability and activity of resulted catalysts. In these solvents, not only are they suitable for simple one-step calcination, but also applicable to more complex multi-step calcination, suitable for more complex reaction conditions. The designability of ILs and DESs allows them to participate in the reaction as reactants, providing metal and heteroatoms, simplifying the preparation system of cobalt phosphide, sulfide, and nitride. This work offers insights into design principles for electrocatalysts and practical guidance for the development of efficient and high-performance materials for hydrogen production and energy storage systems.

Model-based fault detection algorithm for liquid hydrogen refueling system using CUSUM method

The global focus on the role of hydrogen energy in achieving carbon neutrality is increasing, particularly in transportation. Establishing and operating hydrogen refueling stations for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are gaining prominence. This study proposes a model-based fault detection algorithm to enhance safety at large-capacity liquid hydrogen (LH2) refueling stations. First, the LH2 refueling system is modeled using Aspen HYSYS, estimating the heat transfer coefficient of the storage tank to meet the normal evaporation rate (NER) specification of 0.9 % per day. Second, diverse fault scenarios are identified via a Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), and simulation data are generated for the normal and fault scenarios. Finally, a fault detection algorithm utilizing the cumulative summation (CUSUM) is developed, with its threshold determined by risk levels analyzed in HAZOP. This allowed for tighter fault detection as risk levels increased. The algorithm successfully identified faults for all 11 scenarios.

Achieving Higher Efficiency on N2 Reduction Reaction through Mo‐ and Bi‐Based Active Sites for Sustainable Photoelectrochemical Ammonia Production

Hydrogen energy from water splitting is considered the highly anticipated modern energy resource; however, storage and transportation require complex and high‐cost facilities, which argue about the efficiency of hydrogen fuel compared to conventional fuels. Thereby, ammonia (NH3), which is a liquid at ambient conditions, promises a lower cost of storage and transportation, but the production of ammonia imposes difficulties with selectivity and efficiency over several products and, notably, hydrogen evolution reaction. Among several methods combining the advantages of electrochemical and photocatalytic properties, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method is destined to improve the efficiency of ammonia production from N2 reduction reaction (NRR). Because of the multistep NRR process, enormous negative potentials, and poor reaction kinetics, the activity and selectivity of NRR are severely compromised. Therefore, Mo‐ and Bi‐based catalysts are rationally developed to promote the activity and selectivity of NRR processes. Combining the benefits of Mo‐ and Bi‐based catalysts is anticipated to result in highly effective PEC NRR activity. This review is predicted to emphasize the role and characteristics of PEC NRR and the value of Mo and Bi catalysts in raising ammonia's activity and selectivity.

Valorization of food waste into hydrogen energy through supercritical water gasification: Generation potential and techno-econo-environmental feasibility assessment

Food waste (FW) is a significant portion of the solid waste produced by cities, and it has become a global problem due to the poor management of food distribution and consumption. The improper disposal of FW in landfills precipitates pervasive global environmental predicamentsHowever, effective management strategies have the potential to convert this large amount of garbage into a very effective renewable energy source, particularly through the generation of environmentally friendly hydrogen. This study examines the capacity for energy generation and the practicality of hydrogen production in Bangladesh using supercritical water gasification technology. The findings indicate that approximately 489 MW of electricity can be extracted from approximately 23 million tons (Mt) of FW in 2023, with a projected escalation to around 2042 MW by 2042, coinciding with an anticipated surge in FW generation to approximately 110 Mt. Moreover, the study delves into the economic feasibility of these gasification endeavors, employing diverse metrics encompassing total life cycle cost, net present value, investment payback duration, levelized cost of energy, and internal rate of return. Technoeconomic analyses divulge an investment with a net present value of 11,669.4 M$M$, an 11-year payback period, and an internal rate of return of 14 %. In addition, the research assesses the technological, economic, and environmental viability inherent in the establishment of gasification-based electricity-generating facilities in Bangladesh's preeminent eight cities by 2023. This examination postulates that a transition from coal-based power plants to those powered by food waste would precipitate an annual reduction of 3.59 Mt in carbon dioxide emissions.

Thermodynamic evaluation of solar energy-based methanol and hydrogen production and power generation pathways: A comparative study

This work presents a comparative evaluation of two distinct fuels, methanol and hydrogen, production and power generation routes via fuel cells. The first route includes the methanol production from direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol using solar energy, where the methanol is condensed, stored, and sent to a direct methanol fuel cell. The second route is hydrogen production from solar methane cracking (named as turquoise hydrogen), where heat is supplied from concentrated solar power, and hydrogen is stored and directed to a hydrogen fuel cell. This study aims to provide insights into these fuels' production conditions, storage methods, energy, and exergy efficiencies. The proposed system is simulated using the Engineering Equation Solver software, and a thermodynamic analysis of the entire system, including all the equipment and process streams, is performed. The methanol and hydrogen route’s overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 39.75 %, 38.35 %, 34.21 %, and 33 %, respectively. The highest exergy destruction rate of 1605 kW is observed for the partial oxidation of methane to methanol. The methanol and hydrogen routes generate 32.087 MWh and 11.582 MWh of electricity for 16-hour of fuel cell operation for the same amount of methane feedstock, respectively. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to observe the effects of different parameters, such as operating temperature and mass flow rate of fuels, on the electricity production and energy efficiencies of the systems.

Unveiling energy transition strategy: A deep dive into China's ambitious renewable energy policy and its impact on carbon emission dynamics

Over the past 70 years, China has issued approximately 20,000 renewable energy (RE) policies. How to interpret China's ambitious RE strategy through these policy documents and assess its effectiveness has been a question of interest. Therefore, based on 15,603 Chinese RE policy documents from 1975 to 2022, this study employs text mining, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Policy Modeling Consistency-Text Encoder (PMC-TE), and System-Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM). It assesses the policy input intensity (PII) for different energy types, regions, and time periods, while also investigating the impact of PII about RE on carbon emissions. The study findings are as follows: (1)The PII is not uniform, with hydropower having the highest PII at 80,591, followed by solar (25,839) and biomass energy (18,903). The PII of wind (11,377) and geothermal energy (11,340) is similar, while hydrogen energy exhibits the weakest PII at 3488. (2)There are regional disparities in PII, with solar and wind energy being most prominent in northern regions, solar and hydropower being most significant in eastern regions, and wind and biomass energy aligning with local resources in southern regions. (3)RE policies have driven China's energy transition through four distinct phases. (4)Policy effectiveness varies, with solar, wind, and hydropower policies having the most significant impact on carbon emissions reduction, followed by biomass and geothermal energy. (5)China's government role in the RE strategy has shifted from a dominant role to a regulatory one.

Research Progress on Characteristics of On‐Line Hydrogen Production by Methanol Steam Reforming

On‐line hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming (MSR) has gained considerable interest due to its high efficiency, affordability, and eco‐friendliness. Currently, this technology has been widely applied in the industry and has become an important method for hydrogen energy production. However, there are still some issues with this technology, such as short catalyst lifespan and CO pollution, which require further research and improvement. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research progress made in this field, with a particular focus on the catalyst development, reaction mechanism, theoretical calculation, and reactor design. Additionally, the challenges and prospects of on‐line hydrogen production by MSR are also discussed. In conclusion, MSR technology for hydrogen production has vast application prospects and development potential. It will be further explored in‐depth and extensively in future research.

Rapid electrodeposition synthesis of partially phosphorylated cobalt iron phosphate for application in seawater overall electrolysis

To obtain hydrogen energy from seawater, it is of utmost importance to design an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst that can be produced on a large scale and in a rapid manner. In this work, iron cobalt phosphate (CoFe-EP/NF) for long-term efficient and stable seawater electrolysis were rapidly synthesized by a simple electrodeposition. The study showed that metal phosphides/phosphates provided additional active sites for the catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, 160 mV at 100 mA/cm2) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 266 mV at 100 mA/cm2), in alkaline seawater electrolyte (1 M KOH + seawater), respectively. Notably, the presence of phosphate groups facilitates the transformation of cobalt-iron metal phosphates into the truly reactive substance CoOOH, which improves the OER kinetics. In addition, the phosphate layer formed after catalyst activation avoids the occurrence of chlorine evolution reaction (CER) by shielding the adsorption of Cl−, thus enhancing the corrosion resistance and enabling long-term stable operation in seawater. The two-electrode overall seawater electrolysis easily reaches 100 mA/cm2 at 1.68 V and exhibit a long-term durability of more than 100 h. This study offers a viable approach for the synthesis of electrocatalysts with high activity and corrosion resistance, which is vital for the practical realization of large-scale seawater electrolysis.

Progress in spontaneous ignition of hydrogen during high-pressure leakage with the considerations of pipeline storage and delivery

High-pressure pipeline storage presents a promising method for widespread and efficient hydrogen transfer. However, challenges arise in mitigating pressurized hydrogen leakage due to hydrogen embrittlement issues associated with conventional pipeline materials. Experimental findings indicate that pressurized hydrogen is prone to spontaneous combustion, even at relief pressures as low as approximately 2 MPa - well below the permissible pipeline pressure in most countries. Despite this, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the mechanism of spontaneous ignition from high-pressure hydrogen leakage, and current research in this area is deemed insufficient. This study aims to analyze and discuss the presumed mechanisms of spontaneous ignition comparatively, review the progress in the study of spontaneous ignition of hydrogen in high-pressure leakage based on diffusion ignition theory, and statistically compare and discuss the influences of significant factors existing in pipelines (e.g., macro size factors and internal structure) and/or pipe failures (e.g., rupture factors) on spontaneous ignition. It is hoped that this article will provide scholars involved in the development of hydrogen energy and the theories of spontaneous combustion with a systematic understanding of these phenomena.

Forecast of innovative activity in key areas of energy transition technologies based on analysis of patent activity

Energy transition technologies aimed at increasing energy efficiency are a tool for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in average annual temperature. To increase the efficiency of implementation of these technologies, it is necessary to forecast innovative activity in the areas of hydrogen energy, CCUS and information technology based on taking into account key influencing factors, the contribution of sectors of the classical fuel and energy complex and the level of mutual influence of countries. Based on the analysis, a forecast was made to increase the share of the sector of international vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs) in the total number of patents in the field of hydrogen energy by 2.5% points. and an increase in the share of the national vertically integrated oil company sector in the area of CCUS technologies by 10% points. by 2027. It has been determined that the innovative activity of the electricity and coal industry sectors in energy transition technologies is most resistant to the influence of external geopolitical and infrastructural crises. The market for CCUS technologies is currently more susceptible to the effects of international cooperation than the market for hydrogen energy technologies. The authors show that a decrease in the level of international integration by 25% points. over the past 5 years has led to a decrease in innovative activity in energy transition technologies by 15% points. In order to identify international barriers to the introduction of technologies, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the level of mutual influence of countries within the framework of international economic associations using the examples of the SCO, BRICS, and MERCOSUR. The highest level of mutual influence was identified within the framework of SCO interaction. According to the analysis, the entry of new countries into BRICS in 2024 will lead to a decrease in the integral level of innovation activity by 30% points. from the current value and strength of mutual influence of countries by 50% points. Taking into account the identified positive relationship between revenue and innovative activity in the area of information technology, it is recommended to direct investments primarily in favor of Industry 4.0 solutions.

Mapping local green hydrogen cost-potentials by a multidisciplinary approach

For fast-tracking climate change response, green hydrogen is key for achieving greenhouse gas neutral energy systems. Especially Sub-Saharan Africa can benefit from it enabling an increased access to clean energy through utilizing its beneficial conditions for renewable energies. However, developing green hydrogen strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa requires highly detailed and consistent information ranging from technical, environmental, economic, and social dimensions, which is currently lacking in literature. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive novel approach embedding the required range of disciplines to analyze green hydrogen cost-potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa. This approach stretches from a dedicated land eligibility based on local preferences, a location specific renewable energy simulation, locally derived sustainable groundwater limitations under climate change, an optimization of local hydrogen energy systems, and a socio-economic indicator-based impact analysis. The capability of the approach is shown for case study regions in Sub-Saharan Africa highlighting the need for a unified, interdisciplinary approach.

Hydrogen-natural gas fuel blending in a “rich burn” engine with 3-way catalyst

Interest in hydrogen (H2) fuels is growing, with industry planning to produce it with stranded or excess energy from renewable sources in the future. Natural gas (NG) utility companies are now taking action to blend H2 into their preexisting pipelines to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from burning NG. Stoichiometric (“rich burn”) NG engines that operate on pipeline NG and will receive blended fuel as more gas utilities expand H2 production. These engines are typically chosen for their low emissions owing to the 3-way catalyst control, so the focus of this paper is on the change in emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as the fuel is blended with up to 30% H2 by volume. The Caterpillar CG137-8 natural gas engine used for testing was originally designed for industrial gas compression applications and is a good representative for most “rich burn” engines used across industry for applications such as power generation, gas compression, and water pumping. A significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction is observed as more H2 is added to the fuel. Increasing H2 in the fuel changes combustion behavior in the cylinder, resulting in faster ignition and higher cylinder pressures, which increase engine-out NOx emissions. Post-catalyst CO and NOx both decrease slightly with increasing H2 while operating at the optimal “air-fuel” equivalence ratio (λ). A “rich burn” engine with 3-way catalyst can tolerate up to 30% H2 (by vol.) while still meeting NOx and CO emissions limits. However, at elevated levels of H2, increased engine-out NOx emissions narrow the λ range of operation. As H2 is added to NG pipelines, some “rich burn” engine systems may require larger catalysts or more precise λ control to accommodate the increased NOx production associated with a H2-NG blend. Sudden step-increases in H2 cause dramatic changes in λ, resulting in large emissions of post-catalyst NOx during the transition. Comparable changes in H2 at elevated concentrations cause larger spikes in NOx than at lower concentrations. Better tuned engine controllers respond more quickly and produce less NOx during H2 step-transitions.

Microscopic mechanism investigation of extraction of lignin by benzyltriethylammonium chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) has a high delignification rate in the pretreatment of lignocellulose, and the lignin obtained from the removal has the advantages of high purity and low molecular weight. The interaction mechanism between BTEAC-based DES and lignin at molecular level was investigated by multiscale simulation analytical approach. By analyzing the types of weak interaction, charge distribution, number of hydrogen bonds, energy distribution and density distribution in different systems, the influence of six hydrogen bond donor (HBD) structures on the extraction process was clarified. The interaction between Cl- and lignin is mainly electrostatic interaction, and the interaction between BTEA+ and lignin is mainly van der Waals (vdW) interaction. The original π-π stacking of lignin is replaced by the new π-π stacking between BTEA+ and lignin. The effects of different functional groups and length of carbon chain on the interaction were researched. The acidic HBD with short carbon chain has a larger interaction and can affect the ether bond on the lignin. Among them, due to the smaller volume of formic acid (FA), it provides more space for BTEA+ to contact with lignin, resulting in stronger interaction. The molecular-level theoretical foundation underpinning the efficacy of BTEAC-FA in lignin removal during the pretreatment process is provided.

Ru/NiMnB spherical cluster pillar for highly proficient green hydrogen electrocatalyst at high current density

Advanced OER/HER electrocatalytic alternatives are crucial for the wide adaptation of green hydrogen energy. Herein, Ru/NiMnB spherical cluster pillar (SCP), denoted as Ru/NiMnB, is synthesized using a combination of electro-deposition and hydrothermal reaction. Systematic investigation of Ru doping in the NiMnB matrix revealed significant improvements in electrocatalytic performance. The Ru/NiMnB SCPs demonstrate superior OER/HER activity with low overpotentials of 150 and 103 mV at 50 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH, making them highly competitive with state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. Remarkably, the Ru/NiMnB SCPs exhibit a low 2-E cell voltage of 2.80 V at ultra-high current density of 2,000 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH, outperforming the standard benchmark electrodes of RuO2 || Pt/C, thereby positioning Ru/NiMnB as one of the best bifunctional electrocatalysts. These SCPs exhibit exceptional high-current characteristics, stability and corrosion resistance, as evidenced by continuous operation at 1,000 mA/cm2 high-current density for over 150 h in 6 M KOH at elevated temperatures under harsh industrial conditions. Only a small amount of Ru incorporation significantly enhances the electrocatalytic performances of NiMnB, attributed to increased active sites and improved intrinsic properties such as conductivity, adsorption/desorption capability and reaction rates. Consequently, Ru/NiMnB SCPs present a promising bi-functional electrode concept for efficient green H2 production.

Flame propagation, explosion hazard, and pollutant emission characterization of typical clean fuels leaks in plateau low-pressure region

To accelerate energy transformation and sustainable development, various countries are rushing to lay hydrogen doped natural gas pipelines. However, the installation of pipelines will pass through plateau low-pressure region, and the impact of low-pressure environments on the flame propagation, explosion hazards, and pollutant emission characteristics of hydrogen doped natural gas is not yet clear. To solve this problem, a combination of constant volume combustion experiment and numerical simulations is used. The characterization parameters of flame, explosion and pollutant concentration of natural gas/H2/air under low-pressure environment are obtained, and their chemical reaction kinetics are analyzed. When the pressure drops, the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of them increases, and the Lewis number (Le) gradually increases by more than 1. Thermal diffusion is stronger than mass diffusion, and the growth rate of flame thickness exceeds 26 %. The effect of hydrodynamic instability enhances, causing an increment in the average size of flame cells, the critical instability radius, and the Markstein length (Lu). At the equivalent ratio (φ) of 1, there is a change from negative to positive in the Lu, and flame stability continuously strengthens. The explosion overpressure is reduced by 78 % to 90 %, the explosion temperature by 16 % to 20 %. As the φ increases, the LBV exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship, reaching its maximum value near “φ = 1″. The flame stability first weakens and then strengthens. The explosion hazard is strongest in the range of ”φ = 1–1.2″. With a decrease in pressure, the total reaction rate of fuel consumption is reduced by more than 50 %. The continuous reaction distance is extended by 12 %. Changes in pressure have a relatively weak impact on the content of CO and CO2. The increase in the φ results in an increase in CO content of over 7 %. The content of CO2 reaches its maximum value around “φ = 1″. It is an essential reference for the safe delivery of hydrogen energy and the reduction of environmental pollution.