Hydrogen Energy Research Articles

Ultrafast and Reproducible Fiber-Optic Hydrogen Sensor via a Tilted Fiber Grating With Pd/WO3 Nanocoating

Hydrogen, a high-density and clean energy, has been widely used in various critical applications. However, the safety risk caused by hydrogen leakage during storage and transportation is still a non-negligible issue. Therefore, it is necessary to offer hydrogen sensors with fast response and high repeatability, and it will be perfect for achieving in situ monitoring over the lifecycle of hydrogen production and utilization. Here, we propose a compact optical fiber sensor with a short section of the tilted Bragg fiber grating (TFBG) inscribed in the fiber core and a palladium and tungsten trioxide (Pd/WO3) combined film of 40 nm thickness over the fiber surface. The TFBG excites tens of narrow cladding resonances, part of which possess refractive indexes matching that of the Pd/WO3 coating and providing the high sensitivity to the surrounding hydrogen concentration change. The sensor offers improved sensing characteristics, including the fast response time (less than 10 s), high repeatability (over tens of measurement), and excellent linear response (higher than 99.6%) over the 0% to 3% concentration range.

Electrospun Co-MoC Nanoparticles Embedded in Carbon Nanofibers for Highly Efficient pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Alkaline Overall Water Splitting.

The construction of highly efficient and self-supported electrocatalysts with abundant active sites for pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and alkaline water splitting is significantly challenging. Herein, Co and MoC nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (Co-MoC/NCNFs) which display a bamboo-like morphology are prepared by electrospinning followed by the carbonization method. The electrospun MoC possesses an ultrasmall size (≈5nm) which can provide more active sites during electrocatalysis, while the introduction of Co greatly optimizes the electronic structure of MoC. Both endow the Co-MoC/NCNFs with superior HER performances over a wide pH range, with low overpotentials of 86, 116, and 145mV to achieve a current density of 10mAcm-2 in alkaline, acidic, and neutral media, respectively. Additionally, the catalyst exhibits remarkable alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with an overpotential of 254mV to reach 10mAcm-2. Density functional theory calculations confirm that electron transfer from Co to MoC regulates the adsorption free energy for hydrogen, thereby promoting HER. Moreover, an electrolyzer assembled with Co-MoC/NCNFs requires only a cell voltage of 1.59V at 10mAcm-2 in 1m KOH. This work opens new pathways for the design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications.

Theoretical predictions of CO2, H2 and H2O adsorption mechanisms on M2C-MXene: Selectivity and potential application insights

M2C-MXenes, owing to their abundant adsorption sites, exhibit significant potential in CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen energy applications, contributing to hydrogen utilization and global carbon reduction, and thus solving intractable energy and environmental problems. However, the extensive variety of M2C compounds poses challenges to the systematic evaluation of their applications in these fields. The exploration of the adsorption properties of M2Cs is a key fundamental aspect of these studies, and therefore, this study employs calculations across 456 adsorption systems to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms of 19 M2C compounds for small molecules (CO2, H2 and H2O). The results indicate that these M2C materials possess structural stability and metallic characteristics, with periodic variations in the d-band center aligning with trends in CO2 adsorption energy. Notably, molecular orientation impacts adsorption energy more significantly than adsorption sites, particularly for CO2, while M2C compounds primarily exhibit physical adsorption towards H2. Specifically, Sc2C preferentially adsorbs CO2 in atmospheric conditions, and shows chemical adsorption towards H2O, but exhibits negligible adsorption for H2; conversely, Cr2C demonstrates higher adsorption potential for H2. Both materials exhibit favorable thermodynamic stability, suggesting Sc2C is suitable for CCUS applications, while Cr2C holds promising prospects for hydrogen storage.

Hierarchical Bifunctional NiO Electrocatalyst: Highly Porous Structure Boosting the Water Splitting Activity.

The development of an efficient, low-cost and earth-abundant electrocatalyst for water splitting is crucial for the production of sustainable hydrogen energy. However their practical applications are largely restricted by their limited synthesis methods, large overpotential and low surface area. Hierarchical materials with a highly porous three-dimensional nanostructure have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electrocatalytic properties. These hierarchical porous frameworks enable the fast electron transfer, rapid mass transport, and high density of unsaturated metal sites and maximize product selectivity. Here the process involved obtaining monodispersed microrod-shaped Ni(OH)2 through a hydrothermal reaction, followed by a heat treatment to convert it into hierarchical microrod-shaped NiO materials. N2 sorption analysis revealed that the BET surface area increased from 9 to 89 m2/g as a result of the heat treatment. The hierarchical microrod-shaped NiO materials demonstrated outstanding bifunctional electrocatalytic water splitting capabilities, excelling in both HER and OER in basic solution. Overpotential of 347 mV is achieved at 10 mA/cm2 for OER activity, with a Tafel slope of 77 mV/dec. Similarly, overpotential of 488 mV is achieved at 10 mA/cm2 for HER activity, with a Tafel slope of 62 mV/dec.

Iron phosphide nanoparticles anchored on 3D nitrogen-doped graphene as an efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Electrocatalysts play a crucial role in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), facilitating a clean and sustainable generation of hydrogen energy. To promote the HER process, it is imperative to employ highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective electrocatalysts. This research focuses on the design of iron phosphide nanoparticles anchored onto a porous three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene (FeP@3DNG). The porous framework of 3DNG serves a multifaceted purpose: it prevents the aggregation of FeP nanoparticles during phosphidation, safeguards the FeP electrocatalyst from oxidation during the HER, and simultaneously enhances electrical conductivity and stability. Notably, the FeP@3DNG nanocomposite demonstrated the efficient activity and highest HER activity with an overpotential of 76 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 40.2 mV dec−1 as well as good long-term durability for 20 h in 1.0 M KOH solution. The high performance of the FeP@3DNG nanocomposite can be primarily corresponded to the synergistic effects of the highly active of FeP nanoparticles and advantages of porous three-dimensional graphene with excellent electrocatalytic activity, high specific surface area, and chemical stability, thus, resulting in the improvement the overall electrocatalytic activity.

Simple solution immersion for realizing bifunctional catalyzation of water splitting in various electrolytes

Developing cost-effective, highly efficient and scalable bifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen production is crucial for advancing hydrogen energy systems. However, current methods are hindered by high energy consumption and material limitations. This work introduces a bifunctional electrocatalyst (NiFe-OH@Co2P@NF), by simply immersing a hierarchical cobalt phosphide electrode in mixed Ni/Fe solution, followed by forming layered nickel-iron hydroxides on the surface. Electrochemical tests reveal that this catalyst enhances active site exposure, accelerates electron transfer, and significantly lowers the overpotential for water electrolysis. It requires minimal overpotentials (79 mV at 10 mA cm−2, 175 mV at 150 mA cm−2) in 1 M KOH solution. In a dual-electrode electrolytic cell system, the catalyst enables efficient hydrogen production at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with just 1.52 V, demonstrating robust stability during prolonged alkaline water splitting tests. Moreover, the bifunctional electrodes display good performance and durability in simulated alkaline seawater and 1 M KOH + seawater.

Effect of yttrium doping on the properties of Nickel-Iron multiphase heterostructures at high current conditions

Transition metal selenides hold great promise for producing clean hydrogen energy from water electrolysis, but it is not clear how transition metal elements can improve the stability of catalyst performance at high current levels. This work presents the use of nickel foam (NF) as a hydrothermal selenium substrate for yttria-doped multiphase bifunctional catalysts (Y-MSex/NF; M = Ni, Fe). Under high current circumstances, the linked structure of nanosheets and nanoscale microspheres created by hydrothermal selenium enhanced the catalytic reaction area and demonstrated exceptional performance. The overpotentials of the catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were 350 mV and 340 mV, respectively, at a current density of 1000 mA cm−2(j1000). Moreover, stable operation in 1.0 M potassium hydroxide at a current density of 100 mA cm−2for 50 h further demonstrated the good electrocatalytic stability. Demonstrate the potential of selenides doped with the rare earth element yttrium for total water decomposition applications.

DFT investigation of thermodynamic, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of XLiH3 (X= Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) hydrides for hydrogen storage and energy harvesting

The present study investigates the hydrogen storage capacity and physical properties of the perovskite hydrides XLiH3 (X = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba). The studied compounds MgLiH3, CaLiH3, SrLiH3, and BaLiH3 have lattice constants 3.76, 4.29, 4.64, and 5.04 Å, respectively. These compounds are also observed to be stable in cubic phase under atmospheric pressure and temperature conditions. They have hydrogen storage capacities 8.76 wt%, 5.99 wt%, 3.07 wt%, and 2.03 %, respectively. The SrLiH3 compound has the greatest Debye temperature (θD) of 344.41 K. The analysis of the electronic band structure and density of states reveals that perovskite hydrides have semiconducting characteristics with indirect band gap values of 2.66, 2.34, 1.94, and 1.37 eV, respectively. The materials are semiconductors and have suitable band gaps to be utilized in optical devices. Therefore, the optoelectronic properties of dielectric constants, absorption, and energy loss have been determined to predict the potential of materials for optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, the elastic constants, moduli, and anisotropy are also calculated for the observed materials. The Possion and Pugh ratios indicate these compounds exhibit ductile behaviour and significant anisotropy. Therefore, large values of hydrogen capacities, stabilities, and extraordinary physical behaviour make them important for hydrogen storage systems.

Low temperature ammonia sensor with giant sensitivity and selectivity based on W@WO2.92 internal ohmic contact core-shell nanostructures

Ammonia (NH3) detection is crucial for both harnessing hydrogen energy and safeguarding public health. However, the NH3 sensors based on semiconductors is currently constrained by their necessity to operate at elevated temperatures and their limited ability to distinguish NH3 from other gases. In this study, the high oxygen vacancy W@WO2.92 core-shell nanostructures have been synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in water. The gas sensors based on W@WO2.92 nanoparticles response to NH3 with high sensitivity (|Ra-Rg|/Ra=72.6 %@100 ppm, Ra and Rg represent the resistance of the material when exposed to air and the test gas, respectively.) at room temperature with detection limit of 730 ppb. Additionally, the response to NH3 can achieve 55 % even at 5℃, which plays a great role in timely detection of NH3 during low temperature transportation. Furthermore, the sensors reveal outstanding selectivity toward NH3 in the presence of 11 other potential interfering gases. This research presents a groundbreaking strategy, holding significant potential for the development of high-performance NH3 sensors that operate efficiently at low temperatures.

Synergistic enhancement of hydrogen evolution reaction by one-step pyrolysis synthesis of 1T-2H MoS2 loaded nitrogen-doped carbon

The increasing demand for clean and renewable energy underscores the importance of hydrogen energy, with electrocatalytic water splitting being an efficient method for green hydrogen production. Platinum, while an excellent catalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), is hindered by high cost and scarcity. This study explores non-precious alternatives, focusing on MoS2 due to its “platinum-like behavior.” The 1T-2H MoS2 loaded on N-doped carbon (NC) catalysts (1T-2H MoS2@NC) were synthesized through a one-step pyrolysis of melamine and ammonium thiomolybdate. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the 2H phase formed at 700 °C, transitioning to a biphasic 1T-2H composition at higher temperatures. The catalyst synthesized at 800 °C with a 1:8 reactant ratio demonstrated exceptional HER performance, with an overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 92.37 mV dec−1. This study highlights the potential of 1T-2H MoS2@NC as a cost-effective and efficient catalyst for sustainable hydrogen production.

An efficient and resilient energy management strategy for hybrid microgrids inspired by the honey badger's behavior

This manuscript introduces a highly efficient hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that combines photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WTs) as primary power sources, supplemented by three backup systems: batteries, hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs), and supercapacitors (SCs). This system employs a multi-objective optimization algorithm to dynamically identify the best energy management system (EMS). The performance of the proposed EMS across different operational scenarios is assessed using seven distinct algorithms to identify the best solution, particularly emphasizing two main objective functions: operating cost and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Furthermore, the study rigorously evaluates the performance of these algorithms against nine benchmarks to determine the most appropriate algorithm for the HRES under consideration. In the 1st scenario, power demand is met using both primary and backup energy sources. The honey badger algorithm (HBA) proved its cost-effectiveness and efficiency by achieving the lowest overall operating cost and the highest efficiency of 95.893 %. Additionally, its computation time was notably faster, being 70 s–488 s quicker than the other algorithms. The 2nd scenario arises when power demand exceeds the available generation capacity because of the charging limits of all energy storage systems (ESSs), which prevents them from providing power to the load. The HBA achieved the lowest cost and matched the highest efficiency score of 96.691 %. Furthermore, HBA provided the quickest optimization, completing the process 400 s–450 s faster than the other techniques. In the 3rd scenario, the generated power surpasses the current load demand, and the ESS components are fully charged therefore, the proposed EMS efficiently directs excess power to a dummy load, preventing overcharging of storage components and enhancing grid stability. The HBA consistently exceeded the performance of other algorithms, achieving the lowest average cost, maintaining the highest efficiency of 95.305 %, and solving the optimization problem 300 s–500 s faster than the alternatives. Consequently, these results highlight HBA's flexibility and effectiveness, positioning it as a reliable choice for optimizing energy systems across various operational scenarios.

Constructing Hydrangea-Like Iron-Cobalt Phosphides via Boron-Assisted Strategy as an Efficient Catalyst for Water Splitting at High Current Density.

Finding suitable bifunctional catalysts for industrial hydrogen production is the key to fully building a hydrogen energy society. In this study, we present a novel approach to modifying the surface morphology of electrodeposited cobalt phosphide (CoP). Specifically, we have developed a method to create a hydrangea-like structure of bimetallic cobalt-iron phosphide (B-CoFeP@CoP) through ion-exchange and NaBH4-assisted strategies. This catalyst exhibited excellent bifunctional catalytic capability at high current densities, achieving a current density of 500 mA cm-2 at a small overpotential (387 mV for OER and 252 mV for HER). When assembled into an OWS electrolyzer, this catalyst showed a fairly low cell voltage (≈1.88 V) at 500 mA cm-2 current density., Furthermore, B-CoFeP@CoP shows ceaseless durability over 120 h in both freshwater and seawater with almost no change in the cell voltage. A combined experimental and theoretical study identified that the unique hydrangea-like structure provided a larger electrochemically active surface area and more effective active sites. Further analysis indicates that during the OER process, phosphides ensure that bimetallic active sites adsorb more OOH * intermediates and further DFT calculations showed that B-Fe2P and B-Co2P acted as active centers for dissociation of H2O and desorption of H2, respectively, to synergistically catalyze the HER process.

Controllable morphology of Pd nanostructures: from nanoparticles to nanofoams

Abstract Metallic nanofoams offer enhanced surface area and reduced density compared to their bulk counterparts while keeping intrinsic metallic properties. This combination makes nanofoams ideal for many applications, such as catalysis and battery. However, the synthesis of nanofoams is still challenging. This work introduces a non-complex synthesis method of Pd nanofoams employing a polar lipid structured as a sponge phase in water. The Pd nanostructures were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) at Pd K edge techniques. The morphology of the nanostructure, from nanofoam to nanoparticle, is easily controlled by the presence of the polar lipid and the Pd salt used. The Pd nanostructures synthesized are fully oxidized, but the nanofoams reduce quickly (less than 5 minutes) to metallic Pd after H2 exposure at room temperature. The nanostructures were applied for hydrogen storage and Pd nanofoams achieved a remarkable gravimetric capacity of 0.76 wt.% at room temperature and 1 atm H2 pressure. DFT calculation showed that the changes in the morphology of Pd lead to great changes in the adsorption energy of hydrogen, thus allowing the improvement of the material for hydrogen storage applications through the method developed.

First detection of industrial hydrogen emissions using high precision mobile measurements in ambient air

Projections towards 2050 of the global hydrogen (H2) demand indicate an eight-fold increase in present-day hydrogen consumption. Leakage during production, transport, and consumption therefore presents a large potential for increases in the atmospheric hydrogen burden. Although not a greenhouse gas itself, hydrogen has important indirect climate effects, and the Global Warming Potential of H2 is estimated to be 12.8 times that of CO2. Available technologies to detect hydrogen emissions have been targeted at risk mitigation of industrial facilities, while smaller climate-relevant emissions remain undetected. The latter requires measurement capacity at the parts-per-billion level (ppb). We developed and demonstrated an effective method to detect small hydrogen emissions from industrial installations that combines active AirCore sampling with ppb-precision analysis by gas chromatography. We applied our methodology at a chemical park in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands, where several hydrogen production and storage facilities are concentrated. From a car and an unmanned aerial vehicle, we detected and quantified for the first time small but persistent industrial emissions from leakage and purging across the hydrogen value chain, which include electrolysers, a hydrogen fuelling station, and chemical production plants. Our emission estimates indicate current loss rates up to 4.2% of the estimated production and storage in these facilities. This is sufficiently large to urgently flag the need for monitoring and verification of H2 emissions for the purpose of understanding our climate change trajectory in the 21st century.

Advancements in Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Resistive Hydrogen Sensing: A Comprehensive Review.

Flexible and stretchable electronics have emerged as a groundbreaking technology with wide-ranging applications, including wearable devices, medical implants, and environmental monitoring systems. Among their numerous applications, hydrogen sensing represents a critical area of research, particularly due to hydrogen's role as a clean energy carrier and its explosive nature at high concentrations. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in flexible and stretchable electronics tailored for resistive hydrogen sensing applications. It begins by introducing the fundamental principles underlying the operation of flexible and stretchable resistive sensors, highlighting the innovative materials and fabrication techniques that enable their exceptional mechanical resilience and adaptability. Following this, the paper delves into the specific strategies employed in the integration of these resistive sensors into hydrogen detection systems, discussing the merits and limitations of various sensor designs, from nanoscale transducers to fully integrated wearable devices. Special attention is paid to the sensitivity, selectivity, and operational stability of these resistive sensors, as well as their performance under real-world conditions. Furthermore, the review explores the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, including the scalability of manufacturing processes, the integration of resistive sensor networks, and the development of standards for safety and performance. Finally, the review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the potential impacts of flexible and stretchable resistive electronics in hydrogen energy systems and safety applications, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to realize the full potential of this innovative technology.

Tailoring of Time for Hydrothermal Synthesis of 2D MoSe2 with Enhanced Adsorption and Electro‐Catalytic Efficiency for Applications in Self‐Cleaning and Hydrogen Energy Generation

AbstractMolybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), a 2D layered transition metal dichalcogenide, has garnered significant scientific research interest for its catalytic and electrocatalytic activities. Here, a straightforward hydrothermal procedure is used to synthesize MoSe2 nanosheets (NSs) and focus on their adsorption capabilities and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. The MoSe2 NSs which are synthesized by 12 h of hydrothermal treatment found to exhibit the highest adsorption capacity of 91.67 mg g−1. The kinetics of the adsorption process have been found to follow the pseudo‐second‐order model, signifying chemisorption and multilayer adsorption as described by the Freundlich isotherm. The thermodynamic analysis further suggests that the adsorption proceeds by endothermic and spontaneous mechanisms. The self‐cleaning property of the adsorbent is demonstrated by degrading the dye on the adsorbent‐coated cotton fabric. The sample created using a 12 h hydrothermal method has been shown to have a minimal Tafel slope of 58 mV dec−1. It also shows excellent HER activity at low over‐potential and possesses long‐term durability. The dual functionality of MoSe2 NSs in both adsorption and electrocatalytic activity highlights their potential for application in environmental remediation and renewable energy production.

Hydrogen enriched natural gas-fueled solid oxide fuel cells supported by Ni-Cu co-doping CeO2-δ catalyst-modified finger-like pore anode

Hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines is one of the key technologies to realize the long-distance hydrogen transmission, which facilitates the large-scale hydrogen utilization. Solid oxide fuel cells can directly use hydrogen enriched natural gas (HENG, with 20 % H2) to generate electricity without separating and purifying the hydrogen, which enables the efficient conversion of hydrogen energy. In this work, finger-like pore anodes and Ni0.05Cu0.05Ce0.9O2-δ (NCCO) catalyst are prepared to address the need for anode performance and stability with hydrogen-doped natural gas fuels. The results show that NiCu@CeO2 precipitates NiCu nano-alloys on the surface after reduction treatment, which is beneficial for the anode activity. With NCCO catalyst, the maximum power densities of the single cells are 970 mW cm−2 and 700 mW cm−2 at 750 °C under wet H2 and HENG fuel atmospheres, respectively. At 750 °C, the methane conversion is as high as 46 %. More importantly, the single cell can run smoothly for 150 h, with the constant voltage (0.8 V) discharge and HENG as fuel gas. Our results confirm that the synthesized NCCO catalysts have excellent ability to catalyze CH4 and carbon resistance.

Seawater Electrolysis: Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives

AbstractDriven by the advantages of hydrogen energy, such as environmental protection and high energy density, the market has an urgent demand for hydrogen energy. Currently, the primary methods for hydrogen production mainly include hydrogen generation from fossil fuels, industrial by‐products, and water electrolysis. Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, due to its advantages of cleanliness, environmental protection, and ease of integration with renewable energy sources, is considered the most promising method for hydrogen production. However, seawater electrolysis faces challenges such as the reduction of hydrogen production efficiency due to impurities in seawater, as well as high costs associated with system construction and operation. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to summarize optimization strategies for seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production to promote the development of this field. In this review, the current situation of hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis is first reviewed. Subsequently, the challenges faced by seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production are categorized and summarized, and solutions to these challenges are discussed in detail. Following this, an overview of an in situ large‐scale direct electrolysis hydrogen production system at sea is presented. Last but not least, suggestions and prospects for the development of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production are provided.

Optimization of reversible solid oxide cell system capacity combined with an offshore wind farm for hydrogen production and energy storage using the PyPSA power system modelling tool

AbstractEight scenarios where high efficiency reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) are combined with an offshore wind farm are identified. Thanks to the PyPSA power system modelling tool combined with a sensitivity study, optimized rSOC system capacities, hydrogen storage capacities, and subsea cable connection capacities are investigated under various combinations of rSOC system capital cost, prices paid for hydrogen, and electricity prices, which give indications on the most profitable scenario for offshore hydrogen production from a 600 MW wind farm situated 60 km from shore. Low electricity prices (yearly average 45 £/MWh) combined with mild fluctuations (standard deviation 6 or 13 £/MWh) call for dedicated hydrogen production when the hydrogen price exceeds 4 £/kg. High electricity prices (yearly average 118 or 204 £/MWh), combined with extreme fluctuations (standard deviation between 73 and 110 £/MWh), make a reversible system economically profitable. The amount of hydrogen which is recommended to be reconverted into electricity depends on the price paid for hydrogen. Comparison of the optimized cases to the default case of a wind farm without hydrogen production improved profit by at least 3% and up to 908%. Comparison to the default case of dedicated hydrogen production, showed that in the case of low hydrogen prices, an unprofitable scenario can be made profitable, and improvement of profit in the case of a profitable default case starts at 4% and reaches numbers as high as 324%.

Development Status of Flow Field Design for Bipolar Plates in Hydrogen Fuel Cells

This article provides a detailed introduction to the current development status of flow field design for hydrogen fuel cell bipolar plates, analyzes the impact of traditional and new flow field designs on fuel cell performance, and explores innovative designs such as biomimetic flow fields and three-dimensional flow fields through numerical simulation and experimental verification by domestic and foreign researchers. Some scholars have also studied the effect of adding protrusions, sub channels, or groove structures in the flow channel on improving the performance of fuel cells.This article provides the latest progress and recent research results in the flow field design of hydrogen fuel cell bipolar plates for future researchers. These contents have important reference value and guiding significance for researchers to further explore new flow field designs and improve flow field structures.