Hydrogen Evolution Tests Research Articles

A {Co9}-Added Polyoxometalate for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution

A polyanion cluster H6Na8Cs3[Co9(μ3-OH)3(H2O)6(HPO4)2(B-α-PW9O34)3]Cl·40H2O (1) was made with the guidance of the lacunary directing strategy under hydrothermal conditions. Compound 1 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses showed that 1 consists of three anions [B-α-PW9O34]9- and a cyclic cationic [Co9(μ3-OH)3(H2O)6]15+ and two anions HPO42-. Variable-magnetic properties indicate antiferromagnetic interactions in 1. Visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution tests demonstrated that 1 was an efficient water reduction catalyst with an H2 evolution rate of 1217.6 μmol h-1 g-1.

Effect of Cr and La co-doping on the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of Sr1-xLaxTi1-xCrxO3 nanofibers

The Sr1-xLaxTi1-xCrxO3 (x = 0–0.05) nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning based on Pechini sol-gel method. The prepared Sr1-xLaxTi1-xCrxO3 nanofibers were analyzed by XRD, Raman, UV–vis spectra, XPS, SEM, TEM, transient photocurrent, electrochemical impedance and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution tests. The results showed that CrLa co-doped can expand the light absorption region of SrTiO3 from the ultraviolet region to the visible light, and significantly narrowed its band gap. Under visible light irradiation, Sr1-xLaxTi1-xCrxO3 nanofibers exhibited the best hydrogen evolution activity at x = 0.03, and the hydrogen evolution rate reached 106.2 μmol∙g−1∙h−1. This may be the result of the combined effect of the intermediate band gap and the band gap variation due to Cr doping.

In vitro degradation and multi-antibacterial mechanisms of β-cyclodextrin@curcumin embodied Mg(OH)2/MAO coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy

It is a challenging task to prepare a coating on Mg alloys for desirable corrosion resistance, good antibacterial ability and biocompatibility. In this research work, an in-situ Mg(OH)2 coating incorporated with sodium alginate (SA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)@curcumin (Cur) was formed on the surface of micro arc oxidation (MAO) coated AZ31 alloy via a low temperature hydrothermal method. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the chemical composition and surface morphology of the coatings. The corrosion protection ability of the coatings was monitored via electrochemical polarization, hydrogen evolution and immersion tests. Photothermal antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility of the coatings were evaluated by plate counting method under the irradiation of 808 nm-near infrared light, in vitro cytotoxicity tests (MTT) and live/dead cell staining. The results indicate that a chelation of the organic molecules led to the formation of a MAO/(β[email protected])-SA-Mg(OH)2 coating with excellent corrosion protection, multi- antibacterial ability and almost no toxicity to the cells. Especially, the coating provided photothermal performance through the light absorption of Cur, which was encapsulated by β-CD to improve its bioavailability. SA enhanced the binding force between the drug and the substrate. This novel coating designated the potential application on bioabsorbable magnesium alloys.

New Polycaprolactone-Containing Self-Healing Coating Design for Enhance Corrosion Resistance of the Magnesium and Its Alloys

The method of hybrid coating formation on the surface of a bioresorbable wrought magnesium alloy and magnesium obtained by additive technology was proposed. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with subsequent treatment of the material using an organic biocompatible corrosion inhibitor and a bioresorbable polymer material was used to obtain the protective layers. The optimal method of surface treatment was suggested. Using SEM/EDX analysis, XRD, XPS, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy, the composition of the formed surface layers was determined. The corrosion protection performance of the formed coatings was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques in 0.9 wt.% NaCl and HBSS. Hydrogen evolution and mass loss tests were performed to study the corrosion rate of samples with different types of protective coatings. Sealing the pores of PEO coating with a polymeric material contributes to a significant reduction in the amount of the inhibitor diffusing into a corrosive medium. The best barrier properties were established for the hybrid coating formed with a one-stage application of benzotriazole and polycaprolactone. Such layers reduce the rate of alloy degradation due to active protection.

In Vitro Degradation and Photoactivated Antibacterial Activity of a Hemin-CaP Microsphere-Loaded Coating on Pure Magnesium.

Photoactivated sterilization has received more attention in dealing with implant-associated infections due to its advantages of rapid and effective bacteriostasis and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS)@hemin-induced calcium-bearing phosphate microsphere (Hemin-CaP) coating was prepared on pure magnesium (Mg) via MAO processing and dipping treatments. The morphology and composition of the coating were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. Corrosion behavior was evaluated through electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests. The release of Fe3+ ions at different immersion times was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Antibacterial performance and cytotoxicity were assessed using the spread plate method, MTT assay and live/dead staining experiment. The results showed that the corrosion current density of the MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating (4.41 × 10-8 A·cm-2) was decreased by two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure Mg (3.12 × 10-6 A·cm-2). Photoactivated antibacterial efficiencies of the Hemin-CaP microspheres and MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating reached about 99% and 92%, respectively, which we attributed to the photothermal and photodynamic properties of hemin with a porphyrin ring. Moreover, based on the release of Fe3+ ions, the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts' viability reached up to 125% after a 72 h culture, indicating a positive effect of the coating in promoting cell growth. Thus, this novel composite coating holds a promising application as bone implants.

Facile fabrication of Zn3In2S6@SnS2 3D heterostructure for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

A series of Zn3In2S6@SnS2 photocatalysts with different SnS2 mass ratios were prepared by hydrothermal method. Two photoactive sulfide materials were prepared into composite materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light excitation. The unique structure accelerates the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes. Due to its unique composition advantages, the Zn3In2S6@SnS2 three-dimensional heterostructure without any co-catalyst (SnS2 doping amount of 10 %) exhibited remarkable activity, and its hydrogen production rate was 15443 μmol h−1g−1, indicating high photocatalytic stability for water decomposition. Based on photoelectrochemical (PEC) and hydrogen evolution test, a reasonable photocatalytic mechanism was proposed.

Novel up-conversion N, S co-doped carbon dots/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible and near-infrared light

In photocatalytic splitting water for hydrogen evolution, narrow light response range and fast electron-hole recombination of g-C3N4 (CN) limit its photocatalytic activity. In this article, the N, S co-doped carbon dots (NSCDs) with up-converted property were loaded on CN nanosheets by thermal polymerization to obtain NSCDs/CN composite catalyst. Characterization, electrochemical researches and hydrogen evolution tests suggest that the photocatalytic activity of CN is greatly promoted by the introduction of NSCDs. Under visible and near-infrared irradiation, the hydrogen evolution rate is 5033.1 μmol g−1 h−1 of NSCDs-5/CN, which is 8.3 times higher than that of CN. The performance improvement is mainly attributed to the increased specific surface area, elevated hydrophilic surface, increased light absorption and suppressed carrier recombination of CN after the introduction of NSCDs. This work unveils the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution activity improvement in NSCDs-5/CN, and also offers a new prospect in the design of high-performance CN-based photocatalysts.

A comparative study and optimization of corrosion resistance of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides films at different hydrothermal temperatures on LA103Z Mg–Li alloy

AbstractIn this study, to improve the corrosion protection system of Mg–Li alloy, Magnesia–alumina Layered double hydroxide (Mg–Al LDH) films were prepared on the LA103Z magnesium–lithium (Mg–Li) alloy by the in situ hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the microstructure of the Mg–Al LDH films was characterized by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray spectrometer, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and the effect of different hydrothermal temperatures on the growth of the film was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and hydrogen evolution test were used to study the corrosion behavior of the films, revealing the anticorrosion mechanism of the films. The results show that the LDH film is in the form of a sheet‐like structure that crosses vertically on the LA103Z substrate. With the increase of the hydrothermal temperature, the size of the Mg–Al LDH sheet increases, and the distribution is denser. Electrochemical tests showed that the coated samples had significantly improved impedance modulus (|Z|) and charge transfer resistance (Rt) compared to bare samples. The potentiodynamic polarization curves demonstrated that the Mg–Al LDH film can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the LA103Z magnesium alloy substrate.

In-situ observation on filiform corrosion propagation and its dependence on Zr distribution in Mg alloy WE43

The direct industrial importance of the corrosion resistance in WE43 is best emphasized by its extensive use in the automotive, aerospace and electronic industries where weight reduction is a necessary requirement. In this work, the corrosion especially the filiform corrosion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and their dependence on the Zr distribution for WE43 were studied by weight loss tests, hydrogen evolution tests, electrochemical measurements and microscopic analyses. The Zr distribution significantly influenced the initiation and propagation of the filiform corrosion, and accordingly significantly influenced the corrosion rate. WE43 with a cluster Zr distribution displayed filiform corrosion throughout the entire surface with an irregular network distribution of filaments. WE43 with a uniform line Zr distribution exhibited only a few examples of linear filiform corrosion. WE43 with a dispersive Zr distribution exhibited no filiform corrosion. The stability of the corrosion film was responsible for the filiform corrosion. Anodic polarisation promoted the initiation and progression of the filiform corrosion, while cathodic polarisation had an inhibiting effect on the filiform corrosion. The serrated interface of the filiform corrosion increased the contact area between the substrate and the corrosive medium, and hence increased the corrosion rate.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate intercalated two-dimensional nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides to synthesize multifunctional nanomaterials for supercapacitors and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

The controllable adjustment of layered double hydroxide layer spacing makes it possible as electrode material for energy storage and electrochemical hydrogen evolution at the same time. However, the lower conductivity and agglomeration significantly hinder its large-scale application as an active electrode material. Here, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) intercalation modification was used to construct LDH derivatives and CoNi-SDS-LDH nanosheets were grown vertically on the nickel foam (NF) surface using in situ growth technique to construct a layered structure of nanosheets supported by nanowires, which effectively enhanced the ion transport efficiency and greatly reduced the agglomeration phenomenon of nanosheets. Thanks to the charge rearrangement in LDH and the controlled defects of the nanosheets, the electrode material has good electrochemical performance. The cycling stability of the CoNi-SDS-LDH self-supported electrode material is 91% after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Notably, the electrode material showed 98.1% performance retention after 10 h of hydrogen evolution test. It is shown that the anionic modification offers the possibility for large-scale applications of LDH in flexible supercapacitors and electrocatalytic hydrogen precipitation.

Ultrafast Electron Transfer in InP/ZnSe/ZnS Quantum Dots for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

InP/ZnS core/shell quantum dots have shown extraordinary application potential in photocatalysis. In this work, we demonstrated by ultrafast spectroscopy that the electron transfer ability of InP/ZnSe/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dots was better than that of InP/ZnS quantum dots, because the introduction of ZnSe midshell resulted in improved passivation and greater exciton delocalization. The temperature-dependent PL spectra indicate that the exciton-phonon coupling strength and exciton binding energy of InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots are smaller than those of InP/ZnS quantum dots. Further photocatalytic hydrogen evolution testing revealed that the photocatalytic activity of InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots was significantly higher than that of InP/ZnS quantum dots, and InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots even demonstrated improved stability. This research deepened our understanding of carrier dynamics and charge separation of InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots, especially highlighting the application potential of InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Slow strain rate shear test: A novel localized method for evaluating stress corrosion cracking of biodegradable Mg alloys

Microstructure, shear strength, and bio-corrosion behavior of three extruded Mg–2Zn–1Mn (ZM21), Mg–2Zn‒1Gd (ZG21) and Mg–2Al–1Mn (AM21) alloys were investigated to develop degradable implant alloys. Results showed that extrusion gave rise to dynamic recrystallization (DRX), so that the fine grain sizes of 8.5, 4.2 and 2.3 μm were achieved in the ZM21, ZG21, and AM21 alloys, respectively. As a novel method for the evaluation of mechanical properties of small samples such as biodegradable implants, slow strain rate shear (SSRS) test was devised and performed at room temperature under shear strain rate of 7.1 × 10−5 s−1. These tests were carried out in the immersed condition inside of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution as well as in the air. The respective ultimate shear strength (USS) values of 111.7, 117.9 and 136.1 MPa for the ZM21, ZG21 and AM21 alloys, obtained in the air, were decreased to 105.1, 98.7 and 115.2 MPa in the tests inside the PBS solution as a result of damaged microstructural integrity. Mechanical properties, hydrogen evolution, and electrochemical tests results indicated that AM21 can provide higher strength and resistance against the penetration of corrosive solution, due to the more uniform structure and finer grain size as well as the presence of an Al- and Mn- containing oxide layer on the material surface. The new SSRS test was found to be a suitable method to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of small Mg samples. The findings of this test were justified by the results of hydrogen evolution and electrochemical corrosion tests.

Improved corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of biodegradable Mg–4Zn–xSr alloys: effects of heat treatment, Sr additions, and multi-directional forging

The effects of Sr additions, heat treatment (T4 and T6), and multi-directional forging on the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg–4Zn–xSr alloys were investigated. Corrosion behavior of the alloys was evaluated by the polarization and hydrogen evolution tests. Shear punch and hardness tests were employed to determine the mechanical properties. It was found that mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the as-cast Mg–4Zn alloy increased by 0.3 wt% Sr addition. However, further increasing the Sr content not only did not improve the mechanical strength, but also had detrimental effects on the corrosion resistance, due to the increased size and volume fraction of the intermetallic particles. While T4 heat treatment decreased the corrosion current density of Mg–4Zn–0.3Sr alloy from 2.58 to 2.1 μA/cm2, it resulted in some mechanical softening. On the other hand, T6 heat treatment significantly improved mechanical strength of the Mg–4Zn–0.3Sr alloy by about 10 MPa, while its effect on corrosion resistance was minor. Multi-directionally forged Mg–4Zn–0.3Sr alloy also demonstrated improved mechanical and corrosion properties compared to the as-cast condition, which was mainly attributed to the smaller grain size as well as better distribution of the secondary phases.

Strengthening the Hydrogen-Bond Network for Practical Aqueous Aluminum–Air Battery

The aqueous aluminum–air (Al–air) battery demonstrates promising applications in energy storage and conversion due to its high energy density and cost effectiveness. Nevertheless, it suffers from the grievous corrosion of the Al anode and parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a strategy that manipulates the H-bond network of the electrolyte is applied to alleviate the parasitic reactions. It is verified that the introduced low-cost urea (CO(NH2)2) molecules with abundant N and O atoms can significantly strengthen the H-bond in the electrolyte and reduce the water activity, thereby effectively inhibiting the HER at the Al metal anode. The hydrogen evolution tests demonstrate that the HER rate decreases by 82% in the optimized electrolyte. Moreover, the performances of Al–air full cells are greatly improved, and the specific capacities based on Al anodes can reach 2330 mAh g–1 at 35 mA cm–2, far higher than that of a pristine electrolyte (4 M KOH, 1052 mAh g–1). Furthermore, in the on–off cycle discharge tests that simulate real applications, the operating life of the cell is extended by about 3 times. This approach of strengthening the H-bond network should shed some light on improving aqueous Al–air batteries as well as other aqueous batteries.

Inerting Waste Al Alloy Dust with Natural High Polymers: Sustainability of Industrial Waste.

A large amount of waste dust will be produced in the process of metal grinding, resulting in a waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, we present a new method of inerting waste aluminum (Al) alloy dust for recycling purposes. Three natural high polymers—starch, pectin, and hydroxypropyl cellulose—were selected to inert waste metal dust in order to prevent the alloy from hydrolyzing and keep the dust pure enough for reuse. The particles of the Al base alloy before and after dust reaction were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and the relevant reaction mechanism was clarified. The hydrogen evolution test indicated that, across the temperature interval of 313–333 K, 0.75 wt% pectin inerted hydrogen evolution most efficiently (90.125%). XRD analysis indicated that the inerted product is composed of Al monomer and Al3Mg2, with no detectable content of Al hydroxide. The purity of the Al alloy dust was preserved. SEM and FTIR analyses indicated that the -OH, -COOH, and -COOCH3 functional groups in the high polymer participated in the coordination reaction by adsorbing on the surface of the waste Al alloy particles to produce a protective film, which conforms to Langmuir’s adsorption model. Verification of the inerted Al alloy dust in industrial production confirmed the possibility of reusing waste Al alloy dust. This study provides a simple and effective method for recycling waste Al alloy dust.

Optimizing hydrogen adsorption of NixB cocatalyst by integrating P atom for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of CdS

Developing low-cost and long-lasting nickel boride (NixB) for hydrogen evolution reaction is desirable to favor the present renewable energy system. However, H atom adsorption on Ni active site is weakened by the electron transfer from B to Ni atom in NixB, causing the inhibited hydrogen-evolution process. Herein, the metalloid P is introduced into NixB to regulate the electron density of Ni active site, with the aim of enhancing its H atom adsorption to boost the photocatalytic H2-production activity of CdS. In this regard, the NixPB cocatalysts with a size of 8–10 nm are loaded on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to produce NixPB-rGO cocatalyst, which was well coupled with CdS to prepare the NixPB-rGO/CdS photocatalyst. Photocatalytic hydrogen-evolution tests suggested that the NixPB-rGO/CdS photocatalyst displayed the highest H2-evolution rate of 5.79 mmol h−1 g−1, which is 1.8 and 9.9 times over the NixB-rGO/CdS and rGO/CdS photocatalysts, respectively. The above improved activity of NixPB-rGO/CdS photocatalyst can be attributed to the promoting hydrogen adsorption of Ni atom for efficient interfacial H2 production via the facile introduction of P heteroatom. This work provides a feasible strategy to optimize the transition metal borides cocatalysts for the photocatalytic H2 evolution.

Excellent performance of dodecyl dimethyl betaine and calcium gluconate as hybrid corrosion inhibitors for Al alloy in alkaline solution

Dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) and calcium gluconate (CaGlu) are examined as hybrid corrosion inhibitors for AA5052 aluminum alloy in 4 M NaOH electrolyte. The corrosion inhibition is investigated by hydrogen evolution tests, electrochemical measurements, surface analysis, and theoretical calculation. It demonstrates that the hybrid inhibitors can protect aluminum alloy effectively. CaGlu has a good coordination effect with aluminum ions. The hydrophilic group of BS-12 can occupy the active sites on the aluminum alloy/solution interface. The hydrophobic alkyl chain can further enhance the corrosion inhibition effect. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency reaches 86.3% at 1 mM BS-12 + 3 mM CaGlu.

Investigating the microstructures and properties of Mg‐Al LDH film‐coated Mg‐Li alloy: Effect of hydrothermal temperature

AbstractMagnesia‐alumina layered double hydroxide (Mg‐Al LDH) films grown in situ on LA43M magnesium‐lithium (Mg‐Li) alloy were synthesized utilizing the hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the surface morphologies, composition, and phase of the Mg‐Al films. The corrosion resistance of the Mg‐Al films was estimated via immersion experiment and hydrogen evolution test, and the tribological properties were investigated using tribological wear tests. The results showed that the thickness of the Mg‐Al LDH film enhanced, and the size of the LDH sheets increased as the hydrothermal temperature raised, resulting in the improvement of the corrosion and wear resistance. When the hydrothermal temperature reached 110°C, interlayer anions were loaded the most, and the film achieved the optimal thickness. The Mg‐Al LDH film had the optimum corrosion resistance and tribological properties. At this point, the weight loss of the film was 1.3560 mg·cm–2, and the average friction coefficient was .149. It demonstrated that synthesizing Mg‐Al LDH at a hydrothermal temperature of 110°C was an effective approach to improve the corrosion resistance of LA43M.

Corrosion inhibition of hybrid H2QS/CaO additives for AA5052 alloy in alkaline solution

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe parasitic H2 evolution reaction (HER) is the main problem preventing the development of the commercial Al‐air battery (AAB) in alkaline solution. The purpose of this study is to investigate a hybrid additive for alkaline AAB. The inhibition effect of the additives for HER is studied by hydrogen evolution test, electrochemical measurements, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The stability of the battery and the anode utilization rate in alkaline solution are also investigated.RESULTSResults showed that the maximum inhibition efficiency was 86.52% for 0.08 g L−1 CaO + 0.5 mmol L−1 H2QS, and that the anode utilization rate increased to 90.7%. A spectrum analysis, including infrared, ultraviolet, and fluorescence, was conducted to analyze the corrosion inhibition mechanism. The chelation of the quinoline ring with Al3+ ions and the electrostatic interaction of sulfonic groups with Ca2+ ions produce a strong synergistic effect.CONCLUSIONThe hybrid H2QS/CaO additive has synergistic effects to help form a stable composite film that significantly retards the hydrogen evolution reaction of the Al alloy anode for the alkaline AAB. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

(Digital Presentation) Effect of Zirconium Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Binary Magnesium-Zirconium Alloys

Magnesium (Mg) has the characteristics of low density and high specific strength, but its poor corrosion resistance is a fatal disadvantage. Therefore, various alloying elements are often added to Mg alloys to improve their properties. Among them, zirconium (Zr) is commonly added as a grain refiner for Mg alloys. However, in most cases, Zr was added as a secondary additive, by which the effect on the corrosion properties would be shadowed by other alloying elements. Therefore, this research aims to elucidate the effect of Zr addition on magnesium corrosion with two binary Mg-Zr alloys with different Zr concentrations (0.037wt% and 0.208wt%).In this study, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to study the Zr distribution and compositional difference in the alloys. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM) was used to reveal the Volta potential difference between the Zr particles and the Mg matrix. In situ optical microscopic (OM) observation combined with open circuit potential (OCP) monitor was used to record the alloy corrosion morphology evolution. And through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, the difference in the alloy corrosion properties was investigated. Hydrogen evolution tests were used to quantify the corrosion rates.Through SEM/EDS analysis, the size, distribution, and Fe content of the zirconium particles in the alloy are the most important differences between the two samples. For the sample with 0.208wt%Zr, the Zr particles are larger and contain more Fe. From SKPFM analysis, we also found that the Volta potential difference between the Zr particles and the Mg matrix is larger for the sample with higher Zr addition. Hydrogen evolution tests show that the corrosion rate of the 0.208wt%Zr sample is about 5 times compared to the 0.037wt%Zr sample, which is consistent with the EIS analysis results. The driving force of corrosion mainly comes from the microgalvanic effect provided by the Zr particles. The relationship between the Zr particles and localized corrosion behavior will also be discussed. Figure 1