Hydrogen Energy Storage System Research Articles

Optimised linear active disturbance rejection control of multiport-isolated DC-DC converter for hydrogen energy storage system integration

Hydrogen energy storage systems are becoming increasingly accepted owing to their environmental friendliness. The efficiency and performance of these systems largely depend on the attributes of their power electronic interface systems. Among the promising solutions is a multiport-isolated DC-DC converter with characteristics of reduced component count, fewer conversion stages, and galvanic isolation. However, this system presents a challenge due to its inherent cross-coupling effect, complicating precise control. To address this, linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is a viable option, leveraging dynamic/disturbance properties observed by linear extended state observers. LADRC serves as a decoupling controller, mitigating the cross-coupling effect. However, LADRC has several gains, and selecting them can be a difficult task, often requiring manual tuning. To streamline this process, this paper proposes utilising particle swarm optimisation to determine the optimum gains of LADRC. By employing this approach, the implementation of LADRC is facilitated with reduced design efforts while ensuring effective decoupling control within the system. Simulations are conducted to validate the performance of the optimised gain LADRC.

Optimal capacity configuration and dynamic pricing strategy of a shared hybrid hydrogen energy storage system for integrated energy system alliance: A bi-level programming approach

The shared energy storage system is recognized as a promising business model for the coordinated operation of integrated energy systems (IES) to improve the utilization of energy storage and the consumption of renewable energy. As the hydrogen energy gradually receives more attention, this paper constructs the structure of a hybrid hydrogen energy storage system shared by an IES alliance in a dynamic pricing mode. A bi-level optimization model for the shared hybrid hydrogen energy storage system (SHHESS) is proposed to optimize the capacity configuration decisions and the pricing strategy jointly. The upper level determines the capacity and dynamic price of SHHESS with maximum profits and the lower level obtains the optimal operation of the IES alliance minimizing the total operation costs. The proposed model is solved by an improved PSO-GA algorithm and CPLEX solver. Finally, numerical tests are conducted in different scenarios. The results show that the hybrid energy storage system improves the daily profits of SHHESS by 70.3% and 5.44%, and reduces the renewable energy curtailment by 80.93% and 48.92% respectively compared to the battery-only and hydrogen-only systems. Additionally, the daily operation cost of the IES alliance is 35.2% lower than the individual operation scenario. The proposed model confirms the feasibility and superiority of the hybrid hydrogen energy storage system in a sharing business mode.

Sustainable energy storage solutions for coal-fired power plants: A comparative study on the integration of liquid air energy storage and hydrogen energy storage systems

With the majority of the world's energy demand still reliant on fossil fuels, particularly coal, mitigating the substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from coal-fired power plants is imperative for achieving a net-zero carbon future. Energy storage technologies offer a viable solution to provide better flexibility against load fluctuations and reduce the carbon footprint of coal-fired power plants by minimizing exergy losses, thereby achieving better energy efficiency. This work focuses on developing two such energy storage technologies: Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) and Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES), and their integration strategies with a sub-critical coal-fired power plant. The performance of the integrated systems is analyzed based on key parameters like energy storage capacity, net unit power output during charging and discharging, round-trip efficiencies, and net unit efficiencies at different operating load conditions of the plant. Our results show that during the charging cycles, by increasing the air flow rate in LAES and the hydrogen production rate in HES, the net unit efficiency of the integrated plant decreases by 3–10% at different load conditions, while the energy-based round-trip efficiency increases with increasing liquid air and hydrogen flow rates during the discharge cycles. For the HES system, utilization of the produced hydrogen in the fuel cells gives 40–50% better roundtrip efficiencies than co-firing hydrogen in the boiler at full and minimum load and it increases with increasing hydrogen flow rates. While HES has shown a better overall net unit efficiency (41.5%, in fuel cell scenario) of the integrated unit than the LAES system (40%) for the base case operation, LAES shows superior round-trip efficiencies when operated at higher liquid air discharge flow rates (>80 kg/s). The results provide insights into the system modeling of LAES and HES integrated with a sub-critical coal power plant, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy storage solutions.

Techno-economic feasibility of integrating hybrid battery-hydrogen energy storage system into an academic building

Green hydrogen production and storage are vital in mitigating carbon emissions and sustainable transition. However, the high investment cost and management requirements are the bottleneck of utilizing hybrid hydrogen-based systems in microgrids. Given the necessity of cost-effective and optimal design of these systems, the present study examines techno-economic feasibility of integrating hybrid hydrogen-based systems into an outdoor test facility. With this perspective, several solar-driven hybrid scenarios are introduced at two energy storage levels, namely the battery and hydrogen energy storage systems, including the high-pressure gaseous hydrogen and metal hydride storage tanks. Dynamic simulations are carried out to address subtle interactions in components of the hybrid system by establishing a TRNSYS model coupled to a Fortran code simulating the metal hydride storage system. The OpenStudio-EnergyPlus plugin is used to simulate the building load, validate against experimental data, according to the measured data and monitored operating conditions. Aimed at enabling efficient integration of energy storage systems, a techno-enviro-economic optimization algorithm is developed to simultaneously minimize the levelized cost of the electricity and maximize the CO2 mitigation in each proposed hybrid scenario. The results indicate that integrating the gaseous hydrogen and metal hydride storages into the photovoltaic-alone scenario enhances 22.6% and 14.4% of the annual renewable factor. Accordingly, the inclusion of battery system to these hybrid scenarios gives a 30.4% and 20.3 % boost to the renewable factor value, respectively. Although the inclusion of battery energy storage into the hybrid systems increases the renewable factor, the results imply that it reduces the hydrogen production rate via electrolysis. The optimized values of the levelized cost of electricity and CO2 emission for different scenarios vary in the range of 0.376–0.789 $/kWh and 6.57–9.75 ton, respectively. The multi-criteria optimizations improve the levelized cost of electricity and CO2 emission by up to 46.2% and 11.3%, with respect to their preliminary design.

Optimizing the economic viability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells operated with oxygen-enriched cathode air for residential hydrogen energy storage systems

The recovery and utilization of oxygen in residential hydrogen energy storage systems significantly impact economic factors. This study introduces an algorithm tailored to optimize oxygen concentration (fraction) across varied operational conditions, encompassing considerations for both efficiency (positive aspect) and lifetime (negative aspect). Initially, an enhanced air supply system (ASS), functioning with oxygen-enriched cathode air, is devised following the forefront scheme. Moreover, a dynamic model is formulated based on MATLAB/Simulink® software for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The model enables quantitative assessment of system gains in relation to various current densities and oxygen fractions, and its accuracy is partially validated through experimental data. Further, a model correlating stack lifetime to oxygen concentration (fraction) is established using experimental data obtained from other researchers. Finally, the optimal oxygen fractions are determined and managed, with a comparison of the effects before and after optimization. The optimized results indicate a 13% improvement in stack net power at rated operating conditions and a 24% improvement at peak operating conditions, and the system efficiency is improved by 24% and 43% at rated and peak operating conditions, respectively. In addition, the minimum value of system efficiency is observed to be 54%, and there is a notable attenuation of the concentration polarization phenomenon. This approach contributes to mitigating the challenge of lower system efficiency in normal PEMFCs for residential hydrogen energy storage systems (RHESSs) attributed to inadequate gas supply pressure.

A comparative performance analysis of sensible thermal energy storage (with concentrated solar field and sCO2 Brayton Cycle) and hydrogen energy storage (with solar PV field)

Utility scale energy storage is an integral part of renewable energy installations to achieve sustainable and reliable transition to a net zero energy economy. There exists a myriad of such storage solutions each having unique characteristics. This paper attempts at a systems level quantitative study and comparison between two different energy storage technologies, Thermal Energy Storage System (TESS) which is already mature, and Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) which gained a lot of momentum recently, with the former coupled with a concentrated parabolic trough solar field using molten salt as heat transfer fluid and a power block running on high efficiency sCO2 Brayton cycle while the latter is coupled with a solar photovoltaic (PV) field. So that comparisons can be made on similar scale, both the systems are normalized on the total equipment area used for capturing incident solar irradiation, i.e., total aperture area for the PTC field and total flat surface area of PV modules. Both the systems are subjected to year-long variations of ambient conditions and solar irradiance and off-design performances are simulated over various seasons. The results show superior performance of TESS in terms of roundtrip efficiency (96% as opposed to 32% with HESS) which also results in superior capacity utilization factor (CUF of 64.5% and 48% for TESS and HESS respectively) and better specific energy and energy density. However, HESS offers virtually infinite idling time where TESS has a shorter self-discharge time (17 h), and better power performance (specific power and power density) in 10MWe output range.

Using electrolytic hydrogen production and energy storage for balancing a low carbon electricity grid: Scenario assessments for India

Nuclear reactors and variable renewables will play a significant role in the global energy transition as providers of low carbon electricity to various end use sectors. Real time balancing of power demand and supply without modulation or curtailment is possible using electrolytic hydrogen plants and energy storage systems. The generation mix adopted and load profiles are unique to a country and this study considers the specific case of India. This work analyses the use of grid connected water electrolysers, grid scale battery storage, hydrogen storage and fuel cells as flexible loads and dispatch schemes for grid balancing. Based on postulated long term power generation scenarios for India, the minimum required system sizes for grid balancing are estimated and techno-economic uncertainties are assessed. The use of water electrolysers is prioritized to make use of excess power, while minimizing battery storage requirement. This scheme can potentially produce a substantial share of low carbon hydrogen in India for use in industrial decarbonization, thus reducing the need for additional generation infrastructure.

A Bi-level optimization for the planning of microgrid with the integration of hydrogen energy storage

Microgrid (MG) integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) has become increasingly popular, especially when the lack of resources and environmental pollution are serious. However, the uncertainty of RES is the major problem when operating MG. The hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) is a prominent solution for the RES uncertainty since it can store excess energy, supply when in shortage, help to regulate power consumption, and improve MG's flexibility. In this research, a bi-level optimization model for planning the microgrid is proposed. The upper layer of the optimization model aims to minimize the total operation cost of the MG, while the lower level focuses on minimizing the operation cost of the hydrogen energy storage system. The results demonstrate that the proposed bi-level model can help to reduce the operation cost of MG by 42.75% in comparison with typical single level optimization model. Additionally, the electricity generated by diesel generators has also decreased by 52.43%, resulting in a significant reduction in CO2 emissions and contributing to environmental protection.

Hydrogen energy storage integrated grid: A bibliometric analysis for sustainable energy production

Hydrogen energy storage and grid integration are emerging as key technologies for efficient energy generation and decarbonization, addressing the unpredictability of renewable sources like wind and solar. Hydrogen serves as a flexible energy carrier, enabling storage and conversion back to energy, and supporting various applications. Since there is a lack of bibliometric investigation in the grid-connected hydrogen energy storage system, this review conducted the bibliometric analysis and analyzed the role of hydrogen in enhancing grid-connected systems' sustainability and flexibility, based on data from the Scopus database. The principal search terms that have been used to identify the publications are “Hydrogen AND Storage AND ("Grid-connected" OR "On-grid" OR “Grid-tied” OR “Integrated grid” OR “Grid integration”)” and several keywords have also been utilized in the filter including “Hydrogen Storage”, “Hydrogen”, “Hydrogen Production” and “Grid-connected”. The chosen documents type is only comprised of ‘Article’ and ‘Review’. By conducting an analysis of publication trends, citation patterns, co-authorship, and keyword usage, significant and informative observations regarding the development of grid-connected hydrogen storage system research from 2013 to 2023 (up until November) were unveiled. Notably, 86.55% of the articles focused on simulation study, while the rest are focusing in experimental work, reviews, and technical overview of integrated-grid hydrogen storage system. China is establishing itself as prominent participant, while International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is recognized as a notable medium for distributing research on the integrated-grid hydrogen storage system. Compressed hydrogen tank emerges as a prominent type of storage because of its less energy requirement to increase the density of hydrogen that allow more efficient transportation for hydrogen. The review also underlines numerous factors, issues, challenges, and difficulties that next-generation hydrogen energy storage production should overcome with regards to system sustainability.

Bi-level configuration and operation collaborative optimization of shared hydrogen energy storage system for a wind farm cluster

Energy storage is indispensable to achieve dispatchable and reliable power generation through renewable sources. As a kind of long-duration energy storage, hydrogen energy storage systems are expected to play a key role in supporting the net zero energy transition. However, the high cost has become an obstacle to hydrogen energy storage systems. The shared hydrogen energy storage (SHES) for multiple renewable energy power plants is an emerging mode to mitigate costs. This study presents a bi-level configuration and operation collaborative optimization model of a SHES, which applies to a wind farm cluster. Different operation modes, including the ‘electricity‑hydrogen-electricity (E-H-E)’ mode and the ‘electricity‑hydrogen (E-H)’ mode, are considered. Results show that SHES system offers substantial advantages over individual hydrogen energy storage solutions. It achieves a notable reduction in annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs by 9.5 % and a significant increase in annual profit by 10.49 %. Moreover, the SHES system demonstrates a lower wind curtailment rate of 0.24 %, in contrast to the 0.37 % observed in individual cases. SHES will play a more significant role in larger wind farm clusters. The aforementioned advantages of SHES systems become even more pronounced in larger wind farm clusters, where their impact on cost reduction and efficiency is significantly amplified.

Development and assessment of a novel isobaric compressed hydrogen energy storage system integrated with pumped hydro storage and high-pressure proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

In the work, a novel isobaric compressed hydrogen energy storage system integrated with pumped hydro storage and high-pressure proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer is proposed to improve system performance. By integrating pumped hydro storage, the gas storage chamber can operate with a constant pressure at a counter-hydraulic pressure, enhancing the effectiveness and energy storage density of the system. Utilizing high-pressure proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer technology directly to produce high pressure hydrogen and oxygen simplifies the system structure by eliminating the need for gas compressors and cooling unit, thereby improving system stability. Additionally, insulated storage reservoirs are employed in the proposed system to store working fluids, maximizing system performance by minimizing potential waste heat losses. Furthermore, the electrical, thermal, and exergy efficiencies, as well as energy storage density of the proposed system, are assessed using thermodynamic techniques. The results indicate that the round-trip electrical efficiency, round-trip thermal efficiency, round-trip exergy efficiency, and energy storage density of the system can reach 35.39%, 81.03%, 37.89% and 53.46 kWh/m3, respectively. Lastly, parametric studies are conducted to further evaluate system performance under various working conditions.

Integration of cascaded coordinated rolling horizon control for output power smoothing in islanded wind–solar microgrid with multiple hydrogen storage tanks

This paper presents a strategy based on the hierarchical rolling horizon control, also called model predictive control (MPC), for efficiently managing a hydrogen-energy storage system (HESS) within an islanded wind–solar microgrid. An electrolyzer uses electricity generated from renewable sources to produce clean hydrogen, which is then re-electrified by a fuel cell as needed to meet the microgrid’s loads. The main contribution lies in the incorporation of multiple hydrogen storage tanks in the HESS, distinguishing it from existing literature, which typically focuses on a single tank. The incorporation of multiple tanks in the HESS enables the storage of large volumes of hydrogen for long-term use, allowing the microgrid to operate autonomously without interaction with the utility grid. In order to ensure optimal performance, the selection of the most suitable device for operation at each time-step is crucial. The proposed control strategy takes into account the economic and operational costs, degradation aspects, and physical constraints of the HESS, while simultaneously ensuring the tracking of reference demands and with the highest priority smoothing out the variations of renewable energy sources. Numerical simulations and a lab-scale microgrid setup demonstrate that the controller effectively manages the HESS thus satisfying economic constraints and optimizing device costs, even when deviations occur between the predicted and real-time scenarios. Furthermore, the inclusion of multiple hydrogen tanks allows the microgrid to both mitigate fluctuations in renewable power sources and effectively meet load demand.

Prospects of Hydrogen Application as a Fuel for Large-Scale Compressed-Air Energy Storages

A promising method of energy storage is the combination of hydrogen and compressed-air energy storage (CAES) systems. CAES systems are divided into diabatic, adiabatic, and isothermal cycles. In the diabatic cycle, thermal energy after air compression is discharged into the environment, and the scheme implies the use of organic fuel. Taking into account the prospects of the decarbonization of the energy industry, it is advisable to replace natural gas in the diabatic CAES scheme with hydrogen obtained by electrolysis using power-to-gas technology. In this article, the SENECA-1A project is considered as a high-power hybrid unit, using hydrogen instead of natural gas. The results show that while keeping the 214 MW turbines powered, the transition to hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide emissions from 8.8 to 0.0 kg/s, while the formation of water vapor will increase from 17.6 to 27.4 kg/s. It is shown that the adiabatic CAES SENECA-1A mode, compared to the diabatic, has 0.0 carbon dioxide and water vapor emission with relatively higher efficiency (71.5 vs. 62.1%). At the same time, the main advantage of the diabatic CAES is the possibility to produce more power in the turbine block (214 vs. 131.6 MW), having fewer capital costs. Thus, choosing the technology is a subject of complex technical, economic, and ecological study.

Techno-economic Analysis of Optimal Grid-Connected Renewable Electricity and Hydrogen-to-Power Dispatch

One of the significant challenges in renewable integration is balancing supply and demand. The variability in generation and demand forces the grid to experience significant market price volatility. Moreover, electricity curtailment is adhered to during low-demand periods. Hydrogen Energy storage systems (HESS) can provide power dispatch flexibility and facilitate the reduction in curtailment. Unlike other storage systems such as batteries, the energy and power capacities for HESS design can be decoupled, resulting in a long-duration storage solution. In our paper, we perform electricity dispatch optimization from renewable sources such as solar and wind to the electricity market, where hydrogen is optimally produced using electrolysis, stored during low electricity prices, and converted to electricity using fuel cells to support the grid. The capital cost optimization suggests high profits for investors leveraging market price volatility even with low HESS round-trip efficiency and high upfront costs.

Multi-Agent Deep Reinforced Co-Dispatch of Energy and Hydrogen Storage in Low-Carbon Building Clusters

Low-carbon communities integrate various energy producers and consumers and have been forming an important architecture for future multi-energy system to tackle challenges in improving energy utilization efficiency, alleviating environmental pollution, and achieving reliability of energy supply systems. This paper proposes a multi-building network model containing hydrogen energy storage systems, and verifies the applicability of the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) algorithm in solving the multi-energy coordinated dispatch of a multi-building network by comparing various energy dispatch methods. First, the model of hydrogen storage system based on liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) is completed by unifying the process of electrolysis, storage and release of energy from hydrogen storage system, and an energy dispatch method is further constructed by utilizing the hydrogen storage system, heat storage system, and renewable energy generation equipment in the building for coordinated energy supply to the load. Secondly, the observation space and action space of grid-interactive building multi-energy dispatch in the network are respectively established by considering the ability of MADDPG algorithm to learn deterministic policies for continuous actions. Finally, the advantage of grid-interactive buildings containing hydrogen storage systems to reduce operating costs is validated in a numerical simulation based on three dispatch scenarios for six buildings. Four deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms are used to compare the operating costs with model predictive control (MPC) algorithms in a network model containing six grid-interactive buildings, and validate the advantages of MADDPG in optimizing the cost of co-dispatching multi-energy sources in networked grid-interactive buildings.

Techno-economic configuration of a hybrid backup system within a microgrid considering vehicle-to-grid technology: A case study of a remote area

This paper assesses the feasibility of the hybrid backup system within the microgrid that incorporates vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The proposed strategy is verified through a real case study in a remote area of Egypt. Several operating configurations for the hybrid backup system are studied. In this study, the proposed backup sources are the battery energy storage system (BESS), the hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), and the electric vehicle battery (EVB). To improve the robustness and reliability of the system, an enhanced power management strategy for the hybrid backup system is implemented. The main objectives are to minimize the operational costs, the wasted energy in the dummy load, and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The optimization problem is performed using the african vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA). The results clearly indicate that the proposed AVOA outperforms other recent algorithms, specifically the reptile search algorithm (RSA) and the snake optimizer (SO). The AVOA shows a 14.377 % reduction in computational time compared to the RSA, while it is nearly equal to the computational time of SO. Based on the technical and economic analysis, the configuration that combines the three backup sources has superiority over the other configurations. When using AVOA, the cumulative operating cost throughout the day for this configuration is approximately 13066.21$. The BESS/EVB backup system has an operating cost of 13120.66 $, while the BESS/HESS and BESS backup systems have operating costs of 13084.27 $ and 13,085 $, respectively. Regarding accuracy, the three algorithms achieve close results.

Efficiency Optimization Strategies for Wind-Solar Driven Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems

This research focuses on optimizing wind-solar driven hydrogen energy storage systems. It addresses efficiency challenges through mathematical modeling and optimization. The study establishes mathematical representations, including probability distribution models for energy inputs, and defines output efficiency linked to electrolysis and fuel cell processes. Various optimization strategies, such as linear programming, nonlinear programming, and genetic algorithms, are explored. Case analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the strategy's effectiveness. The study concludes by highlighting its practical implications and the promising future of wind-solar driven hydrogen energy storage systems.

Synergistic enhancement of hydrogen storage performance of Mg-La-Ni alloy by CeO2@C composite catalyst

An enhanced chemical blowing carburation method was successfully employed to synthesize a CeO2@C composite catalyst. The catalyst comprises highly dispersed CeO2 nanoparticles within a porous carbon matrix, demonstrating a well-developed micropore structure, an ultrahigh specific surface area, and a high density of defects. Various amounts of CeO2@C were mechanically milled with an Mg96La3Ni alloy to investigate its hydrogen storage properties. The results demonstrated that incorporating CeO2@C significantly refined the Mg-based alloy, leading to an increase in both specific surface area and the number of active sites. The addition of CeO2@C greatly enhanced the hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloy, with the optimal amount being 5 wt % CeO2@C. At 360 °C, the alloy could absorb 78.1% of its maximum hydrogen capacity within 2 min, and release an equal amount of hydrogen within 5 min, with the desorption activation energy decreasing to 107.33 kJ/mol H2. The incorporation of CeO2@C significantly reduced the desorption activation energy of the alloy while leaving its thermodynamic performance unaffected. The CeO2 nanoparticles and carbon matrix synergistically catalyze the reactions, with the former primarily facilitating nucleation and the latter facilitating hydrogen diffusion. This study offers novel insights into the design of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials. The enhanced hydrogen storage performance demonstrated in this work shows the potential of CeO2@C modified Mg-based alloys for practical applications in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, portable power sources, and other hydrogen energy storage systems.

Optimal configuration of multi microgrid electric hydrogen hybrid energy storage capacity based on distributed robustness

The combination of energy storage and microgrids is an important technical path to address the uncertainty of distributed wind and solar resources and reduce their impact on the safety and stability of large power grids. With the increasing penetration rate of distributed wind and solar power generation, how to optimize capacity configuration of hybrid energy storage capacity to improve system economy and reliability has become a research hotspot. This article establishes a multi microgrid interaction system with electric‑hydrogen hybrid energy storage. The microgrid system uses distributed wind and solar power as the power source. Then, considering the uncertainty of wind and solar power, a distributed robust model with the goal of system operation economy and reliability was established. This model is used to optimize the configuration of energy storage capacity for electric‑hydrogen hybrid energy storage multi microgrid system and compare the economic costs of the system under different energy storage plans. Finally, the article analyzes the impact of key factors such as hydrogen energy storage investment cost, hydrogen price, and system loss rate on energy storage capacity. The results indicate that reducing the investment cost of hydrogen energy storage is the key to reduce operating cost of multi microgrid hybrid energy storage system.

Comparative transient assessment and optimization of battery and hydrogen energy storage systems for near-zero energy buildings

This research study aims to address the integration of solar energy systems that can be incorporated into buildings to provide zero-energy buildings. In this study, a typical building is considered located in Bandar Abbas city, Iran. Since renewable energy is not always available, energy storage becomes crucial to supplying the energy needed. The primary objective of this case study is to compare two different methods of energy storage: battery and hydrogen storage. TRNSYS, a powerful program for transient simulation is used to model the energy system. TRNSYS's energy system simulation provides consumers with several notable benefits, but it lacks optimization methods. A neural network-genetic algorithm optimization is suggested as a solution to solve this issue. The results indicate that in systems with battery and H2 storage, 39 % and 37 % of the buildings' required electricity can be generated by PV panels, respectively. The findings show that integrating a storage system into the primary system enhances the system's energy security and reduces reliance on grid power. Following that, the optimal value related to the power of the electrolyzer, and fuel cell is computed using a neural network-genetic algorithm optimization approach. The optimal configuration has the least loss of power supply probability (LPSP), CO2 emission, and installation costs. MATLAB software is used to perform the optimization process. According to evaluated data, the hydrogen storage system results in total CO2 generation, LPSP, and total cost of 342 (ton/year), 0.841, and 0.637 (EUR.hr−1), respectively. Also, a parametric study on the battery-based system showed that with the best capacity (7 kW), the values of LPSP, CO2, and cost are 0.5412, 249 (ton/year), and 0.2751 (EUR.hr−1), respectively. Consequently, the battery is an appropriate storage solution for this case study.