Hydrogen Energy Applications Research Articles

Phase manipulating toward Ni catalysts via lattice nitrogen endows high energy density hydrogen gas battery

Metastable structures commonly generate unique catalytic effects. However, it is challenging to prepare due to thermodynamic limitations. Here, we first propose a nitrogen insertion strategy for Ni phase manipulating in alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). With the incremental lattice nitrogen, face centered cubic (fcc), bi-mixed fcc and N-induced an unconventional hexagonal close packed (N-u-hcp), tri-mixed fcc-Ni/N-u-hcp-Ni/Ni3N and Ni3N phase evolves successively, with corresponding volcanic HOR activities. Specifically, the biphasic fcc-Ni/N-u-hcp-Ni shows highest activity of 67 A g−1. Theoretical calculations show that lattice nitrogen reduce the formation energy of biphasic Ni, and this biphasic structure could provide electron rich interface to optimize the adsorption of H* and OH*. As a proof-of-concept for Ni-H2 battery, the gas diffusion electrode prepared with this biphasic Ni catalyst achieves an 8 Ah Ni-H2 battery with 163 Wh kg−1. This study provides an inspiration for the controllable synthesis of metastable nano-catalysts and demonstrates the efficient catalysis in practical hydrogen energy applications.

One-step fabrication of P-Co5.47N/Co9S8@NPC heterojunction derived from saccharomycetes cerevisiae as environment-friendly bifunctional high-efficiency electrocatalysts

The one-step green preparation of heterojunction-structured bifunctional high-efficiency electrocatalysts provides a simple method for the green, low-cost, convenient and efficient application of hydrogen energy, meanwhile it is still challenging to achieve. In the present work, the phosphorus-doped two-phase heterojunction P-Co5.47N/Co9S8@NPC nanorods was synthesized on carbon cloth (CC) as a high-quality bifunctional electrode through simple one-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Saccharomycetes cerevisiae were used for the non-toxic phosphorus doping and formation of a carbon nanolayer wrapping Co5.47N/Co9S8 nanorods. Compared with the single-phase electrocatalyst Co9S8@NPC NSs/CC, P-Co5.47N/Co9S8@NPC NSs/CC exhibited more excellent electrocatalytic performance which required overpotentials of 69 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 182.5 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 1.45 V for over water splitting (OWS) at 10 mA cm−2 in KOH solution. The designed P-Co5.47N/Co9S8@NPC NSs/CC presented multiple advantages of nanorod structure, doped structure, abundant heterointerfaces, as well as dual-phase synergy, which triggered outstanding electrocatalytic performance.

In-situ growth of MoSe2 on N-doped Ti3C2Tx for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in alkaline media

Abstract Serious environmental contamination and the energy crisis have heightened public desire for new renewable energy sources. Because of its high energy content and non-polluting qualities, hydrogen energy has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, high-purity hydrogen is typically produced through water electrolysis. The sensible use of electrocatalysts in this process can significantly minimize power usage in the electrolysis of water, which is of great significance to industrial production. However, the electrocatalyst that is inexpensive, has abundant reserves and performs well has yet to be discovered, severely restricting the promotion and application of hydrogen energy. In this paper, a MoSe2/N-doped Ti3C2TX heterostructure with notable electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in an alkaline environment was fabricated via nitrogen doping and in-situ growth of molybdenum selenide. When the current density is 10 mA·cm-2, its overpotential and Tafel slope are 321.87 mV and 139.97 mV·dec-1, respectively. This work serves as a valuable experimental reference for the development of non-noble metal electrocatalysts based on two-dimensional materials.

One-step synthesis of self-supporting porous Cu81(Ni,Co)19 intermetallic catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

The development of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts with excellent performance is the key to the wide-scale application of hydrogen energy. Herein, this work facilely synthesizes the self-supporting porous Cu81(Ni,Co)19 electrocatalysts by dealloying ZrNiCoCuAl amorphous alloy in HF solution. By regulating the composition of ZrNiCoCuAl amorphous alloy dealloying precursor, the porous Cu81(Ni,Co)19 composite synthesized by dealloying Zr60Ni8Co8Cu16Al8 amorphous alloy demonstrates the great HER performance with an overpotential of 35 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 73.3 mV dec−1. The outstanding catalytic performance of porous Cu81(Ni,Co)19 is attributed to the hierarchical porous structure, low charge transfer resistance as well as the synergistic interactions among the Cu, Ni and Co elements. Moreover, the theoretical calculations indicate that the constituent Cu, Co and Ni elements in the Cu81(Ni,Co)19 intermetallic alloy can act synergistically to optimize the free energy of hydrogen adsorption, therefore improve HER activity.

Current Research Status on The Production, Storage, And Application of Hydrogen Energy

With the development of society, the demand for energy has significantly increased, and the hydrogen energy industry is an important engine for optimizing energy structure and promoting the transformation of traditional energy. Hydrogen energy is a clean and renewable energy source with abundant sources. The unit mass of hydrogen contains a large amount of energy and can be applied in a wide range of fields. Therefore, analyzing and comparing the hydrogen energy industry chain will contribute to the healthy development of the hydrogen energy industry. This article first investigates the initial stage of development, current situation, and policies of hydrogen energy in China, Japan, and the United States, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the research status and planning of hydrogen energy in different countries. Secondly, the current mature hydrogen production methods (reforming hydrogen, electrolysis hydrogen) and hydrogen storage methods (high-pressure hydrogen storage, solid-state material hydrogen storage, organic liquid hydrogen storage materials) Hydrogen application are analyzed, and their advantages are proposed. Finally, based on research analysis, the future hydrogen energy market is introduced. This research result also provides certain reference value for enterprises that need to transform and enter the hydrogen energy field.

Model establishment and process analysis of liquid hydrogen energy storage

Under the general trend of energy reform, the key role of hydrogen energy has been becoming increasingly prominent. Hydrogen is not only an ideal efficient clean energy, but also commonly used as a cryogenic working medium, in the field of cryogenics and refrigeration. Compared with gas phase at high pressure, liquid hydrogen (LH2) has advantages such as high density and low transportation cost, which make it more suitable for large-scale development. As an energy storage medium, LH2 provides cold energy and electricity to smooth out fluctuations and reduce abandonment of wind and solar. However, there are few studies on the comprehensive LH2 industry chain of production-storage-transportation-utilization.In this article, a model and analysis of the energy storage process utilizing LH2 is established. This includes purification and liquefaction, storage and transportation, regasification, power generation, and other related processes. The selection of appropriate methods and equipment is systematically addressed. Furthermore, an evaluation is conducted on its efficiency, economy, environmental impact and expansibility, in comparison with other energy storage methods. Ultimately, these findings aim to seek solutions for rationalizing efficient and low-cost utilization of LH2 energy storage, and provide novel insights into the practical application of hydrogen energy.

Analysis of Current Utilization of Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen energy is recognized as a clean energy with the characteristics of convenient storage and transportation, diverse utilization ways, and a high utilization rate. It can help to solve the energy crisis, global warming, and environmental pollution. At present, many countries have listed hydrogen energy as an important part of the national energy system. This paper comprehensively considers the application of hydrogen energy in the field of energy and chemical industry, and summarizes the utilization status of hydrogen energy in the country and abroad as a clean renewable energy carrier in fuel cell vehicles and fuel cell forklifts. The utilization of hydrogen clean energy as an energy carrier is conducive to the collaborative development of renewable energy. It is pointed out that hydrogen production, storage and transportation, and fuel cell technology are still the key factors restricting the development of hydrogen energy.

Two-dimensional flake Co/Co2N0.67 modified by molybdenum oxides achieves enhancement of bifunctional hydrogen electrocatalysis

To address the urgent need for non-precious metal-based catalysts in the industrial preparation and application of hydrogen energy, we present a secondary hydrothermal strategy to prepare a Mo-modified cobalt carbonate precursor, resulting in the Mo–Co/Co2N0.67 catalyst. The cobalt-based materials exhibit a layered flake structure due to molybdenum modification, exposing more active sites, while molybdenum oxide modification enhances hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). In alkaline HER measurements, Mo–Co/Co2N0.67 achieves a remarkable current density of 10 mA cm−2 at only 27 mV. The overall water splitting of Mo–Co/Co2N0.67 + RuO2 can reach 10 mA cm−2 at 1.52 V voltage. In alkaline HOR measurements, it exhibits the current density of 2.92 mA cm−2@0.1 V vs. RHE and an exchange current density (J0) of 2.96 mA cm−2. This work highlights the effective regulation of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts through Mo modification, providing valuable insights for the development of efficient non-precious metal-based hydrogen electrocatalysis within the context of anion exchange membrane unitized reversible fuel cells (AEM-URFC).

Nanoporous NiPt alloy by dealloying of amorphous NiZrPt metallic glass for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

The development of high-performance and low-cost alkaline hydrogen precipitation catalysts is critical for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. In this work, the nanoporous alloy catalysts were synthesized by dealloying melt-spun NiZrPt ribbons. The optimal sample after dealloying shows excellent HER performance in alkaline medium, with a small overpotential of 15 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 20 mV/dec. The material characterization reveals that the incorporation of Ni modulates the electronic structure of Pt. After selective dealloying of Zr and Ni, a Pt-enriched nanoporous structure was formed on the catalyst surface. Meanwhile, the remaining Ni sites acted as synergistic sites to activate the Pt sites, which allowed for better hydrogen adsorption energy and faster kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Besides, the favorable mechanical flexibility of the material makes it potential for self-supporting electrode. This work presents a way to prepare low-Pt efficient catalysts by amorphous alloy dealloying.

Self-assembled flower-like ZnIn2S4 coupled with g-C3N4@ZIF-67 heterojunction for improved photocatalytic hydrogen performance

Enhancing the photocatalytic performance of ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) photocatalysts is a formidable task due to their structural and compositional challenges. In this investigation, a flower-like ZnIn2S4 was synthesized, coupled with a g-C3N4@ZIF-67 heterojunction, using a hydrothermal approach. Incorporating carbon-based composites led to a special electron trapping effect, effectively mitigating the photocatalytic limitations arising from the broader band gap, weak conductivity, and poor photocatalytic response activity of GCN. Consequently, introducing carbon-based composites facilitated the construction of a stable photocatalytic heterojunction. The formed heterojunction was characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, FE-TEM, EDS, XPS, electrochemical and Mott-Schottky measurements. The composite heterojunction photocatalyst, showcasing a bifunctional design, exhibited outstanding hydrogen production performance, reaching approximately 5964 μmol g−1h−1, along with remarkable stability, outperforming pure ZIS samples. Establishing a built-in electric field at the GCN-ZIS and ZIS semiconductor interface enabled the efficient separation of photogenerated charges. This design preserved the exceptional redox capability of the semiconductors. Further, it boosted the hydrogen production efficiency of the constructed bifunctional ZIS-GCN-ZIF heterojunction, presenting a promising strategy for advancing heterojunctions in hydrogen energy applications.

Research Progress and Application Prospects of Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Technology.

Solid-state hydrogen storage technology has emerged as a disruptive solution to the "last mile" challenge in large-scale hydrogen energy applications, garnering significant global research attention. This paper systematically reviews the Chinese research progress in solid-state hydrogen storage material systems, thermodynamic mechanisms, and system integration. It also quantitatively assesses the market potential of solid-state hydrogen storage across four major application scenarios: on-board hydrogen storage, hydrogen refueling stations, backup power supplies, and power grid peak shaving. Furthermore, it analyzes the bottlenecks and challenges in industrialization related to key materials, testing standards, and innovation platforms. While acknowledging that the cost and performance of solid-state hydrogen storage are not yet fully competitive, the paper highlights its unique advantages of high safety, energy density, and potentially lower costs, showing promise in new energy vehicles and distributed energy fields. Breakthroughs in new hydrogen storage materials like magnesium-based and vanadium-based materials, coupled with improved standards, specifications, and innovation mechanisms, are expected to propel solid-state hydrogen storage into a mainstream technology within 10-15 years, with a market scale exceeding USD 14.3 billion. To accelerate the leapfrog development of China's solid-state hydrogen storage industry, increased investment in basic research, focused efforts on key core technologies, and streamlining the industry chain from materials to systems are recommended. This includes addressing challenges in passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and hydrogen refueling stations, and building a collaborative innovation ecosystem involving government, industry, academia, research, finance, and intermediary entities to support the achievement of carbon peak and neutrality goals and foster a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient modern energy system.

Advances in metal-organic frameworks for hydrogen storage

With the advancement of science and technology and the rapid growth of the population, the global consumption of energy is increasing rapidly. Traditional fossil fuels are non-renewable resources, and their combustion emits large amounts of greenhouse gases, intensifying the pace of global warming. Therefore, people are looking for renewable resources as an alternative. Among them, hydrogen has attracted much attention due to its high energy density, the combustion product of water, and its wide range of sources. However, efficient and safe storage strategies are required to realize the wide application of hydrogen energy. One of the best materials for storing hydrogen at the moment is metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a three-dimensional porous structure material that has drawn interest because of its large surface area, tunability, and recyclability. For this reason, the preparation techniques for MOFs are initially summarized in this article. The fundamentals of MOFs' hydrogen storage were then described, along with the ways in which various circumstances affect how well they store hydrogen. In conclusion, pertinent ideas for modification were put out to enhance their hydrogen storage effectiveness and offer direction for the creation of materials for hydrogen storage.

Study on backfire characteristics of port fuel injection single-cylinder hydrogen internal combustion engine

Hydrogen energy is one of the most promising sources of carbon neutrality from well to wheel. Among various applications of hydrogen energy, hydrogen internal combustion engines serve as the critical technical pathway. Nevertheless, several challenges persist, primarily related to abnormal combustion resulting from excessive flame propagation velocity. Of these challenges, backfire emerges as the most recurrent and pressing issue to be resolved in the port fuel-injected hydrogen internal combustion engine (PFI-H2ICE). In order to delve into the characteristics and mechanisms of backfire, this study concentrates on a critical internal parameter, namely the start of injection (SOI), and comprehensively assesses the backfire occurrences under varying lambda and engine speed conditions. Experimental findings reveal that SOI encompasses one of the pivotal factors influencing backfire. Backfire predominantly arises within two ranges of SOI conditions: the region before −430 degCA ATDC (Zone I) and the stretch between −360 degCA ATDC and − 280 degCA ATDC (Zone II). In the process of employing EGR to depress the effects of backfire on subsequent tests, it was incidentally found that the Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor (UEGO) installed on the intake manifold for executing EGR rate calculations acted as a hotspot (with temperatures exceeding 100 °C). This not only intensified the backfire strength and the scope in Zone I but also caused the most severe backfire events to occur after −270 degCA ATDC (in Zone III). Despite this, the EGR strategy still demonstrated a significant backfire suppression effect, only exhibiting almost no influence on backfire caused by hotspots within the intake manifold. With an escalation in engine speed, the intensity of backfire diminishes, and the range of backfire occurrence decreases accordingly. By exercising control over SOI within the operating range from -430degCA to -360degCA ATDC (Zone A), the risk of backfire can be dramatically reduced, thereby achieving nearly backfire-free operation. Detailed analysis of cylinder pressure indicates that backfire may also give rise to other abnormal combustions, such as misfire, pre-ignition, and knock, in subsequent cycles. Moreover, this effect amplifies in tandem with an increase in mixture concentration. A certain degree of mutual promotion among diverse abnormal combustions is also observed. This study furnishes the most direct and practical foundation for internal and external strategies in the realm of backfire control.

Research on optimization layout of hydrogen refueling facility network based on renewable energy hydrogen production mode

Within the transportation sector, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles represent the most efficient method of harnessing hydrogen energy. The establishment of a hydrogen refueling facility network that encompasses the entire cycle of hydrogen energy production, transportation, and application contributes to the effective promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. However, existing research predominantly focuses on hydrogen production and the conversion of refueling stations, neglecting the economic and stability considerations of the full-cycle use of hydrogen energy. This study proposes a hydrogen refueling facility network planning model that utilizes hydrogen energy throughout its full cycle. Firstly, a hydrogen demand estimation model based on the application scenarios of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles which clarifies the hydrogen requirements in each scenario is proposed. Regional hydrogen energy needs and the costs of building hydrogen refueling stations are then considered, using a set cover model to optimize the overall layout of existing and new refueling stations. Finally, taking into account the supply costs of renewable energy hydrogen production points and regional supply stability, a hydrogen refueling facility network planning model is constructed. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is selected as a case study, establishing a large-scale hydrogen supply network based on renewable energy hydrogen production, transportation, and usage.

Effect of different metal element substitution on microstructural and comprehensive hydrogen storage performance of Ti0·9Zr0·1Mn0·95Cr0·7V0.2M0.15 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo) alloy

Hydrogen is now being used as a renewable clean energy carrier. One of the main issues with the application of hydrogen energy is a shortage of security and efficient hydrogen storage technology. TiMn-based alloys are considered promising hydrogen storage materials, but their comprehensive hydrogen storage properties and cyclic stable performance limit their further practical application. The hydrogen storage properties of alloys can be enhanced by substituting transition metal elements. Therefore, the comprehensive hydrogen storage performance of the Ti0·9Zr0·1Mn0·95Cr0·7V0.2M0.15 (M ​= ​Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo) alloys was systematically investigated according to the Mn element on the B side is partially replaced by variety of transition metal elements. The M ​= ​Ni alloy, which showed the highest hydrogen storage capacity among the group of alloys, was used to explore cycle stability. The plateau pressures of the series alloys decreased in order, Fe ​> ​Co ​> ​Ni ​> ​Cu ​> ​Mo. Aspects of hydrogen absorption kinetics, all of the alloys can reach full hydrogen absorption saturation within 400 ​s at 303 ​K. The Ti0·9Zr0·1Mn0·95Cr0·7V0·2Mo0.15 alloy possessed the fastest hydrogen absorption kinetic rate (t0.9 ​= ​65 ​s) and the smallest hysteresis factor. This suggests that the substitution of Mo elements is effective in improving the hysteresis of the Laves phase alloys. Among the series of alloys, the M ​= ​Ni alloy exhibited the best overall hydrogen storage performance, which hydrogen storage capacity can reach 1.81 ​wt% and 97% of its capacity is kept after 100 cycles.

Recent Advancements on Sustainable Electrochemical Water Splitting Hydrogen Energy Applications Based on Nanoscale Transition Metal Oxide (TMO) Substrates.

The development of green hydrogen generation technologies is increasingly crucial to meeting the growing energy demand for sustainable and environmentally acceptable resources. Many obstacles in the advancement of electrodes prevented water electrolysis, long thought to be an eco-friendly method of producing hydrogen gas with no carbon emissions, from coming to fruition. Because of their great electrical conductivity, maximum supporting capacity, ease of modification in valence states, durability in hard environments, and high redox characteristics, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have recently captured a lot of interest as potential cathodes and anodes. Electrochemical water splitting is the subject of this investigation, namely the role of transition metal oxides as both active and supportive sites. It has suggested various approaches for the logical development of electrode materials based on TMOs. These include adjusting the electronic state, altering the surface structure to control its resistance to air and water, improving the flow of energy and matter, and ensuring the stability of the electrocatalyst in challenging conditions. In this comprehensive review, it has been covered the latest findings in electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and Hydrogen Evaluation Reaction (HER), as well as some of the specific difficulties, opportunities, and current research prospects in this field.

Recent developments and challenges in resistance-based hydrogen gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors.

In recentyears, the energy crisis has made the world realize the importance and need for green energy. Hydrogen safety has always been a primary issue that needs to be addressed for the application and large-scale commercialization of hydrogen energy, and precise and rapid hydrogen gas sensing technology and equipment are important prerequisites for ensuring hydrogen safety. Based on metal oxide semiconductors (MOS), resistive hydrogen gas sensors (HGS) offer advantages, such as low cost, low power consumption, and high sensitivity. They are also easy to test, integrate, and suitable for detecting low concentrations of hydrogen gas in ambient air. Therefore, they are considered one of the most promising HGS. This article provides a comprehensive review of the surface reaction mechanisms and recent research progress in optimizing the gas sensing performance of MOS-based resistive hydrogen gas sensors (MOS-R-HGS). Particularly, the advancements in metal-assisted or doped MOS, mixed metal oxide (MO)-MOS composites, MOS-carbon composites, and metal-organic framework-derived (MOF)-MOS composites are extensively summarized. Finally, the future research directions and possibilities in this field are discussed.

Numerical study on the shock wave and vortex and their coupling effect on the behavior of the flame induced by the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release

High-pressure hydrogen storage is currently the mainstream way of hydrogen storage. However, the risk of spontaneous ignition and subsequent jet flame are serious obstacles to the wide application of hydrogen energy. To further reveal the interaction of shock waves, vortices and flame induced by the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release under the effect of release process and burst pressure, a numerical study is conducted by employing LES, RNG, EDC models and detailed hydrogen/air combustion mechanism. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of flow field and flame splitting process outside the tube between this numerical study and previous experimental results validate the numerical results. It is found that an initial vortex is formed at the edge of the jet. Then, several vortices are generated at the edge of the jet and ahead of the Mach disk. The number of vortices in the outer side of the barrel shock is larger when the opening time is shorter. After moving out of the tube, the flame front becomes hemisphere and the lateral edge has a hemispherical bulge which is induced by the initial vortex. The temperature is low and the hydrogen concentration is high in the high-speed region which is induced by the reflected shock wave, leading to the splitting of the flame into two parts: the first and the second half of the flame. However, the flame cannot be formed at the initial stage when the opening time increases to 150 μs and the flame area is larger than with smaller opening times. After splitting, under the affection of the vortices generated at the lateral side, the first half of the flame rotates backward and gradually merges with the second half of the flame, finally forming a complete hydrogen jet flame.

First-principles study on a Li-decorated two-dimensional g-C6N6 monolayer: A promising ambient temperature reversible H2 storage material

Designing novel materials that exhibit superior reversibility and function under ambient conditions can facilitate the development of hydrogen energy applications. Two-dimensional (2D) g-C6N6 monolayers show great potential for use in hydrogen storage owing to their nanoporous structure, ultralight mass, and flexible electronic structure. However, the hydrogen storage potential of these materials is limited by the naturally weak interaction between 2D materials and hydrogen molecules caused by van de Waals forces. To address this issue, we studied the hydrogen storage performance of the complex by decorating active Li ions on a 2D g-C6N6 substrate through first-principles calculations. Our results showed that modifying the Li ions did not cause the original planar structure to deform but rather induced more active sites for hydrogen adsorption by establishing an electrostatic field between the Li ions and the g-C6N6 monolayer. Through this modification, reversible hydrogen storage was achieved under ambient conditions with an average adsorption energy of −0.197 eV/H2 and a high gravimetric capacity of 5.88 wt%. The electronic properties of the material were systematically investigated, and the results suggested that the enhanced capacity of the Li@ g-C6N6 system to store hydrogen resulted from the formation of a polarization field and the induced electrostatic effect. Our research offers a new possibility for achieving reversible hydrogen energy storage at room temperature.

A Study on the Thermal Behavior of Series and Parallel Connection Methods in the Process of Hydrogenation of Ship-Borne Hydrogen Storage Cylinder

As a subdivision of the hydrogen energy application field, ship-borne hydrogen fuel cell systems have certain differences from vehicle or other application scenarios in terms of their structural type, safety, environmental adaptability, and test verification. The connection method of the ship-borne hydrogen storage cylinder (SHSC) is very important for the hydrogen fuel cell ship, and the structural parameters of the SHSC are particularly important in the hydrogen refueling process. To ensure the safe and reliable operation of the hydrogen-powered ship, research on the filling of the SHSC under different connection modes was carried out during refueling. In our study, a thermal flow physical model of the SHSC was established to research the hydrogen refueling process of the series and parallel SHSCs. The influence of series and parallel modes of the SHSCs on the hydrogen refueling process was explored, and the evolution law of the internal flow field, pressure, and temperature of series and parallel SHSCs under different filling parameters was analyzed by numerical simulation. Our results confirmed the superiority of the parallel modular approach in terms of thermal safety during refueling. The results can supply a technical basis for the future development of hydrogen refueling stations and ship-board hydrogenation control algorithms.