Hydrogen Bond Donor Ability Research Articles

Intermolecular Hydrogen Abstraction from Hydroxy Group and Alkyl by T1(ππ*) of 1-Chloro-4-nitronaphthalene.

Nanosecond transient absorption and theoretical calculations have been used to investigate the intermolecular hydrogen abstractions from alcohols and 1-naphthol by the lowest excited triplet (T1) of 1-chloro-4-nitronaphthalene upon excitation of the compound in organic solvents. The hydrogen abstraction of T1 from hydroxy group of 1-naphthol takes place through an electron transfer followed by a proton transfer through hydrogen bonding interaction with rate constants of ∼109 M-1 s-1. Hydrogen-bonding is crucial in this process, indicated by the observation of a half reduction for T1 yield when increasing the concentration of 1-naphthol. The hydrogen abstraction in this way can be decelerated by increasing solvent polarity and hydrogen-bonding donor ability. The T1 of 1-chloro-4-nitronaphthalene can undergo one-step H atom abstraction from alkyl hydrogen in alcoholic solvents, with rate constants of ∼104 M-1 s-1, and produce radical intermediates with the absorption maximum at 368 nm. DFT calculation results indicate both oxygens of the nitro group are active sites for hydrogen abstraction, and the difference of activation barriers for formation of two radical isomers is only 1.0 kcal/mol.

Chiral guanidines and their derivatives in asymmetric synthesis.

Over the past two decades, chiral guanidines and their derivatives have emerged as one of the most powerful organocatalysts mainly on the basis of their strong basicity and/or hydrogen-bond donor ability. Structurally diverse guanidine catalysts (bicyclic, monocyclic and acyclic types) sprang up and enabled numerous fundamental organic transformations to be realized in high efficiency and stereoselectivity. Moreover, chiral guanidinium salts were successfully employed in H-bond donor catalysis, phase-transfer catalysis and others. Recently, several novel chiral guanidine derivatives [e.g., guanidinium salt, pentanidium, bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane] have been designed and used for the synthesis of valuable molecules. In addition, the combination of chiral guanidines and their derivatives with cationic or anionic metal species dramatically expanded their utility and provided solutions to challenging transformations of importance which cannot be achieved with conventional chiral catalysts. This article reviews current achievements of chiral guanidines and their derivatives in organocatalysis, and updates versatile guanidine-metal salt combinations in asymmetric catalytic reactions. In addition, representative examples of achiral guanidine-related catalysis are also covered.

Size-dependent rate acceleration in the silylation of secondary alcohols: the bigger the faster.

Relative rates for the reaction of secondary alcohols carrying large aromatic moieties with silyl chlorides carrying equally large substituents have been determined in organic solvents. Introducing thoroughly matching pairs of big dispersion energy donor (DED) groups enhanced rate constants up to four times, notably depending on the hydrogen bond donor ability of the solvent. A linear correlation between computed dispersion energy contributions to the stability of the silyl ether products and experimental relative rate constants was found. These results indicate a cooperation between solvophobic effects and DED-groups in the kinetic control of silylation reactions.

Dimethyl sulfoxide/deep eutectic solvents mixtures as media in the reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with piperidine: A solvent effect study

AbstractAromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with piperidine was kinetically investigated in ethylene glycol‐choline chloride and glycerol‐choline chloride as 2 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide, in whole mole fractions, at room temperature. The investigation of the reaction in different concentrations of the piperidine shows that the reaction follows the base‐catalyzed mechanism. The measured rate coefficients of the reaction demonstrated a sharp decreasing in all mixtures with the increasing mole fraction of DESs. Linear free energy relationship investigations confirm that hydrogen bond donor ability in addition to polarity‐polarizability of the media has a major effect on the reaction rate. The decrease in the rate coefficient is attributed to not only hydrogen‐bonding donor interactions of the media with piperidine as both reactant and catalyst but also the preferential solvation of reactants by DES compared with the intermediate of the reaction.

Polymorph Control by Investigating the Effects of Solvent and Supersaturation on Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulfate in Reactive Crystallization

Reactive crystallization and polymorphic transformation of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CHS) in nine pure solvents were studied at 313.15 K. It is found that thermodynamically stable polymorphic form tends to be obtained in solvents with higher solubility of CHS and the conversion rates from form I to form II are also mainly increased with increasing solubility. The solvent hydrogen bond donor ability is essential for determining the solvent effects on solubility and polymorphic formation of CHS. Besides, the reactive crystallization of CHS at different supersaturations in 2-propanol and 2-butanol was monitored online by using ATR-FTIR and FBRM with a calibration-based approach. The results indicate the nucleation induction period is the kinetic-determining stage and supersaturation is a direct factor to determine the polymorphic formation of CHS: form II was obtained with s under 18 while form I was produced when s increases above 21.

Importance of aliphatic C–H hydrogen bonding on anion recognition

We have designed and synthesised new anion receptors 1 and 2, both of their C–H groups were at the α positions to carbonyl groups and further polarised by the attached polarising substituents. This enabled us to study hydrogen bonding donor ability of C–H bonds. The polarising substituents are electron withdrawing cyano group for host 1, while charged pyridinium group for host 2. As expected from charge effects, host 2 shows roughly an order of magnitude higher binding constants against various anion guests than those of receptor 1. Since the magnitude of polarisation change should be greatest for C–H group among various hydrogen bonding groups, this indicates the importance of C–H hydrogen bonding. In contrast, the relative order of binding constants was the same for both host 1 and 2. The order of association constants was found to be (CH3)2POO− > CH3COO− > C6H5COO− > Cl− > Br−. DFT calculation results were in good agreement with experimental binding constants and confirmed the importance of charged group substitution. In addition, receptor 1 showed the highest association constant for dimethyl phosphinate, which is implicated in many metabolic diseases.

Investigation of the solvent-dependent photolysis of a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, antiviral agent efavirenz.

This study sought to investigate the solvent-dependency on the photolysis of efavirenz to gain insight into the photoprocesses involved. The primary mechanisms were firstly the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (i.e. phototautomerization), which generated the imidic acid phototautomer observed as [M-H]− quasimolecular ion at m/z 314.0070 in the high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the negative mode. Secondly, the photoinduced α-cleavage with the loss of a carbonyl group occurred (i.e. photodecarbonylation) to form the photoproduct at m/z 286.0395. The ultraviolet–visible spectra illustrated a large, hyperchromic, and slight bathochromic effect in both the π→π* and n→π* electronic transitions. The largest bathochromic effect was prevalent in the chloroform solvent, i.e. chloroform (π* = 0.58; β = 0.00; α = 0.44) > methanol (π* = 0.60; β = 0.66; α = 0.98) > acetonitrile (π* = 0.75; β = 0.40; α = 0.19). This is due to the significant interaction of the amino group with the excited carbonyl moiety which is attributed to intramolecular phototautomerization resulting in a larger energy shift of the electronic state. A plausible explanation is due to the hydrogen bond donor ability of the polar methanol and nonpolar chloroform solvents, which stabilized the polarized imidic acid phototautomer by means of hydrogen bonding interactions, as opposed to the aprotic acetonitrile which exhibits no hydrogen bonding interactions. The study would form the basis for further photolytic analyses and syntheses to generate a plethora of novel photoproducts with anti-HIV activity based on the biologically active benzoxazinone framework of efavirenz.

Can THF hydrogen bond to glycine as strong as water?

Hydrogen bond complexation between glycine and THF and between glycine and water involving four lowest-energy glycine conformers have been studied. The complexes have been investigated in the gas phase at the ab initio molecular orbital theory (MP2) with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set and density functional theory (B3LYP) with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. Bader’s theory of atoms in molecules (AIM), natural bond orbital (NBO), and symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) analyses are employed to elucidate the interaction characteristics in the complexes. The premise that the hydrogen bond donor ability of the O–H group of the carboxyl group dominates the interaction between glycine and THF and between glycine and water is confirmed. It is found that in comparison with water, THF binds more strongly to glycine. The quantum studies indicate that contribution of N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds in the complexes, although lower in magnitude to O–H···O interactions, play an important role in the stability of complexes. The blue and red shifts in the stretching frequencies of the hydrogen bond donors X–H (X = O, C, N) have also been related to stabilization energies. Decomposition of the stabilization energy based on the SAPT method clearly indicates the dominant role of the electrostatic interactions in all the complexes under study; however, induction and dispersion interaction terms are relatively higher in glycine–THF complexes.

New Insights into the Effects of Tetrahydrofuran and Dioxane on the Selectivity of Ternary Eluent Compositions in RP-HPLC Systems

The present paper discusses the tendencies in the retention changes of a diverse set of organic model compounds on HPLC C18 stationary phases in aqueous ternary eluent mixtures containing tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane, and one short chain aliphatic alcohol (ethanol, n-propanol or isopropanol). The set of compounds consisted of steroid and non-steroid molecules with different hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptor abilities. Every eluent mixture contained 75 V/V% water and 25 V/V% organic solvent(s). The composition of the mixture was changed in 5 V/V% steps, starting with the binary alcohol–water mixtures and finishing with the binary ether–water mixtures. The results show clearly the dependency of retention times on the eluent composition, the size of the molecules, and the occurence of the hydrogen bond donor/acceptor groups. The isopropanol–tetrahydrofurane–water mixtures resulted in selective changes in the retention times of the compounds with acidic groups or with other non-acidic OH or NH protons in the neighborhood of electron-withdrawing groups. Every compound has shown elevated retention times in the isopropanol–dioxane–water, n-propanol–tetrahydrofuran–water, or n-propanol–dioxane–water mixtures. Clear trends could not be observed in the eluents with ethanol. The probable reason for the retention enhancement is the adsorption of the organic components of the mobile phase on the surface of the stationary phase. The different effects of the alcohols may originate from the interaction of their varying aliphatic alkyl chains with the C18 chains. This phenomenon may result in different availability of the C18 chains for dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the model compounds.

Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of CO2 and epoxides to cyclic carbonates over multifunctional tri-s-triazine terminal-linked ionic liquids

Novel metal-free tri-s-triazine terminal-linked ionic liquids have been developed from various precursors of urea-derivative-based ionic liquid/urea by a co-condensation method. These were successfully used for the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides producing cyclic carbonates under mild and green conditions in which no co-catalyst and solvent were needed. The tri-s-triazine terminal-linked ionic liquids so prepared possess multiple functionalities of hydrogen bond donor ability, nucleophilicity, and Lewis base property, which are vital to the ring-opening of epoxide and the activation of CO2. Reaction parameters (temperature, CO2 pressure, catalyst loading, time, water content) for cycloaddition of CO2 with propylene oxide (PO) to propylene carbonate (PC) over tri-s-triazine terminal-linked ionic liquids were optimized. It has been shown that, under the optimal conditions, the catalyst is also versatile to CO2 cycloaddition with other epoxides, can be reused in up to five consecutive recycles without significant loss of activity, and can still remain active in the presence of moderate amounts of water. A possible reaction mechanism has been proposed. The single-component, metal-free, multifunctional, and easily recyclable tri-s-triazine terminal-linked ionic liquids reported here can be an effective and ecofriendly catalyst for highly efficient CO2 fixation.

Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Acylation Promoted by Hexafluoroisopropanol

The Friedel-Crafts (FC) acylation, discovered by Charles Friedel and James Crafts, is utilized to synthesize aryl ketones. The traditional intermolecular FC acylation requires a stoichiometric amount of Lewis acid (i.e., AlCl3) catalysts to drive the reaction to completion due to complex formation between product ketones and catalysts.We have discovered a modified FC acylation where hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) was used as a promoter and solvent. Due to the strong hydrogen-bond donor ability of HFIP, it was shown that multiple arylalkyl acyl chlorides are able to undergo intramolecular FC acylation in HFIP at room temperature. In this work, we seek to refine this procedure for the optimized synthesis of 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. The procedure involves (1) the conversion of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoic acid to 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoyl chloride with thionyl chloride, followed by (2) the FC acylation of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoyl chloride to form 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one in HFIP.This methodology illustrates an improvement over traditional FC acylation as it requires no additional reagents or catalysts and generates no byproducts. In addition, it is operationally simple, requiring only solvent evaporation and product purification after reaction completion.

A computational study of ion speciation in mixtures of protic ionic liquids with various molecular solvents: Insight into the solvent polarity and anion basicity

The ion pairing state of the ionic liquids greatly depends on the cosolvent which subsequently affects the properties and the functionalities. Density functional calculations have been performed to study the ion pairing formation process of protic ionic liquids (PILs) ([Et3NH][CH3SO3]/TEAMS or [Et3NH][CF3SO3]/TEATF) dissolved in different solvents. The clusters involving the cation, anion, and different number of solvent molecules have been used to simulate the contact ion pairs (CIPs) and the solvent-separated ion pairs (SIPs) in the mixtures with varying solvent concentrations. The geometric, energetic data, and the natural bond orbital analysis suggest the smallest number of the water molecules required to break the TEAMS CIPs is four, while it is three for TEATF. This is consistent with the experimental prediction that if the mixture of TEAMS and water was replaced by TEATF and water, the transition process began at a lower water concentration. Furthermore, the calculated results also confirm that the weakly polar organic solvents favor the CIP form at all solvent concentrations, while the high polarity solvents promote dissociation of the CIP to generate the SIP form for particular PILs. The different separation nature of the given solvents can be interpreted in terms of their distinct hydrogen bond donor and acceptor abilities.

Quantitative structure–permeability relationships at various pH values for neutral and amphoteric drugs and drug-like compounds

Human intestinal absorption is a key property for orally administered drugs and is dependent on pH. This study focuses on neutral and amphoteric compounds and their membrane permeabilities across the range of pH values found in the human intestine. The membrane permeability values for 15 neutral and 60 amphoteric compounds at pH 3, 5, 7.4 and 9 were measured using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). For each data series the quantitative structure–permeability relationships were developed and analysed. The results show that the membrane permeability of neutral compounds is attributed to a single structural characteristic, the hydrogen bond donor ability. Amphoteric compounds are more complex because of their chemical constitution, and therefore require three-parameter models to describe and predict membrane permeability. Analysis of the models for amphoteric compounds reveals that membrane permeability depends on multiple structural characteristics: the partition coefficient, hydrogen bond properties and the shape of the molecules. In addition to conventional validation strategies, two external compounds (isradipine and omeprazole) were tested and revealed very good agreement of pH profiles between experimental and predicted membrane permeability for all of the developed models. Selected QSAR models are available at the QsarDB repository (http://dx.doi.org/10.15152/QDB.184).

Environment-sensitive quinolone demonstrating long-lived fluorescence and unusually slow excited-state intramolecular proton transfer kinetics

A new small fluorescent dye based on 3-hydroxybenzo[g]quinolone, a benzo-analogue of Pseudomonas quinolone signal species, has been synthesized. The dye demonstrates interesting optical properties, with absorption in the visible region, two band emission due to an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction and high fluorescence quantum yield in both protic and aprotic media. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the ESIPT reaction time is unusually long (up to 8 ns), indicating that both forward and backward ESIPT reactions are very slow in comparison to other 3-hydroxyquinolones. In spite of these slow rate constants, the ESIPT reaction was found to show a reversible character as a result of the very long lifetimes of both N* and T* forms (up to 16 ns). The ESIPT reaction rate is mainly controlled by the hydrogen bond donor ability in protic solvents and the polarity in aprotic solvents. Using large unilamellar vesicles and giant unilamellar vesicles of different lipid compositions, the probe was shown to preferentially label liquid disordered phases.

Solvation analysis of some Solvatochromic probes in binary mixtures of reline, ethaline, and glyceline with DMSO

Binary mixtures of solvents are widely used in chemical processes in order to tune the polarity properties of the media and to facilitate chemical and physical processes. In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were considered as new green media for chemical processes. Solvatochromic behavior was investigated at 25°C over the whole range of mole fractions of binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide with urea-choline chloride (reline), ethylene glycol-choline chloride (ethaline), and glycerol-choline chloride (glyceline) with as common DESs. In these DESs the molar ratio of choline chloride to urea, ethylene glycol and glycerol is 1:2. Results showed that the polarity and hydrogen bond donor ability of the DESs decreases with increasing mole fraction of dimethyl sulfoxide as a molecular solvent, while hydrogen bond acceptor ability of the media increases with mole fraction of DMSO. Deviation from ideal behavior, observed for solvatochromic parameters, confirmed preferential solvation of the solutes in these media. On the other hand, molecular dynamic simulations and quantum mechanics calculations concluded interaction energies between DES components and showed clearly different compositions in the solvation shells of the solutes in the solvent mixtures.

Fluorescence properties and sequestration of peripheral anionic site specific ligands in bile acid hosts: Effect on acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity

The increase in fluorescence intensity of model acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors like propidium iodide (PI) and ethidium bromide (EB) is due to sequestration of the probes in primary micellar aggregates of bile acid (BA) host medium with moderate binding affinity of ca. 102–103M−1. Multiple regression analysis of solvent dependent fluorescence behavior of PI indicates the decrease in total nonradiative decay rate due to partial shielding of the probe from hydrogen bond donation ability of the aqueous medium in bile acid bound fraction. Both PI and EB affects AChE activity through mixed inhibition and consistent with one site binding model; however, PI (IC50=20±1μM) shows greater inhibition in comparison with EB (IC50=40±3μM) possibly due to stronger interaction with enzyme active site. The potency of AChE inhibition for both the compounds is drastically reduced in the presence of bile acid due to the formation of BA-inhibitor complex and subsequent reduction of active inhibitor fraction in the medium. Although the inhibition mechanism still remains the same, the course of catalytic reaction critically depends on equilibrium binding among several species present in the solution; particularly at low inhibitor concentration. All the kinetic parameters for enzyme inhibition reaction are nicely correlated with the association constant for BA-inhibitor complex formation.

ChemInform Abstract: Tuning Reactivity and Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Aliphatic C—H Bonds to Alkoxyl Radicals: Role of Structural and Medium Effects

AbstractReview: 50 refs.

Thermodynamics of Complexation between Thiourea-based Receptor and Acetate in Water/Acetonitrile Mixture.

A thiourea-based receptor has been extensively studied for selective anion recognition for reasons of its strong hydrogen bond donor ability. In the present study, the thermodynamics of complexation between a thiourea-based receptor and acetate was examined in a water/acetonitrile mixture. The receptor used in this study was N,N'-bis(p-nitrophenyl)thiourea (BNPTU). UV/vis spectroscopic titration and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments clearly revealed endothermic and entropy-driven complexation of BNPTU with acetate in water/acetonitrile mixtures. Since the endothermic peaks found in water/acetonitrile mixtures were about three times greater than those in acetonitrile, it appears that preferential hydration of both receptor and acetate was responsible for the endothermic and entropy-driven complexation reaction. The thermodynamic properties found in this study have the potential to contribute to the design of a thiourea-based anion receptor.

Surfactant Binary Systems: Ab Initio Calculations, Preferential Solvation, and Investigation of Solvatochromic Parameters

Solvatochromic UV–vis shifts of three probes 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisol, and Reichardt’s dye in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether (Triton X-100 or TX-100) with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and water have been investigated at 298 K. Structural and intermolecular interactions of solvatochromic probes were determined in these systems. Solvatochromic parameters, including normalized polarity (ETN), dipolarity-polarizability (π*), hydrogen-bond donor (α), and hydrogen-bond acceptor (β) abilities, were measured at a wide range of mole fraction (0 ≤ X ≤ 1) with 0.1 increment. Interestingly, a similar behavior of ETN and α is observed in alcohols/TX-100 mixtures. The ETN parameters obtained from absorbance of Reichardt’s dye within various mixtures of surfactant were observed to be lower than predicted values from ideal additive behavior. A negative deviation from ideality is shown by ETN parameter in all alcohols/TX-100 mixtures, while a fluctuated behavior for other probes can be seen. The optimized geometries exhibit that the hydroxyl (−OH) group on the side chain of TX-100 significantly affects the arrangement of the selected solvents around TX-100. All binary systems show complex behavior for chosen probes. The results demonstrate that 4-nitroanisole and Reichardt’s dye have stronger interactions with binary mixtures of alcohols/TX-100 systems. Synergistic solvation behavior for water/TX-100 was observed. Preferential solvation model was applied for the first time in the surfactant binary mixtures and from this model information solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions were interpreted. Preferential solvation (specific solute–solvent interactions) or the solvent–solvent interaction is the reason for deviation from ideal behavior of probes. As a main result, alkyl chain length of alcoholic solvents does not have impressive effects on predicted trends of solvatochromic parameters. Ab initio calculations of solvents/TX-100 mixtures demonstrate the following trend for magnitude order of interactions: water > methanol > ethanol >1-propanol. Electrostatic potential map is another confident evidence for predicted order.

Solvatochromic and Single Crystal Studies of Two Neutral Triarylmethane Dyes with a Quinone Methide Structure.

The crystal structure of two neutral triarylmethane dyes with a p-quinone methide core was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The spectroscopic characteristics of both compounds in 23 solvents with different polarities or hydrogen-bonding donor (HBD) abilities has been studied as a function of three solvatochromic parameters (ET(30), π* and α). Both compounds 1 and 2 showed a pronounced bathochromic shift of the main absorption band on increasing solvent polarity and HBD ability. The correlation is better for compound 2 than for compound 1. The stronger effect and better correlation was observed for compound 2 with the increment of the solvent HBD ability (α parameter).