Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection Research Articles

Notch-Driven Cholangiocarcinogenesis Involves the Hippo Pathway Effector TAZ via METTL3-m6A-YTHDF1

Background and AimsNotch and TAZ are implicated in cholangiocarcinogenesis, but whether and how these oncogenic molecules interact remain unknown. MethodsThe development of CCA was induced by hydrodynamic tail vein (HDTV) injection of oncogenes (NICD/AKT) to the FVB/NJ mice. CCA xenograft was developed by inoculation of human CCA cells into the livers of SCID mice. Tissues and cells were analyzed using qRT-PCR, Western blotting analyses, Immunohistochemistry, ChIP-qPCR and WST-1 cell proliferation Assay. ResultsOur experimental findings show that TAZ is indispensable in NICD-driven cholangiocarcinogenesis. Notch activation induces the expression of METTL3 (Methyltransferase like-3) which catalyzes N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of TAZ mRNA and that this mechanism plays a central role in the crosstalk between Notch and TAZ in CCA cells. Mechanistically, Notch regulates the expression of METTL3 through the binding of NICD to its downstream transcription factor CSL in the promoter region of METTL3. METTL3 in turn mediates m6A modification of TAZ mRNA which is recognized by the m6A reader YTHDF1 to enhance TAZ protein translation. We observed that inhibition of Notch signaling decreased the protein levels of both MELLT3 and TAZ. Depletion of METTL3 by shRNAs or by the next generation GapmeR antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) decreased the level of TAZ protein and inhibited the growth of human CCA cells in vitro and in mice. ConclusionThis study describes a novel Notch-METTL3-TAZ signaling cascade which is important in CCA development and progression. Our experimental results provide new insight into how the Notch pathway cooperates with TAZ signaling in CCA, and the findings may have important therapeutic implications.

Oncogenic plasmid DNA and liver injury agent dictates liver cancer development in a mouse model.

Primary liver cancer is an increasing problem worldwide and is associated with significant mortality. A popular method of modeling liver cancer in mice is plasmid hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HTVI). However, plasmid-HTVI models rarely recapitulate the chronic liver injury which precedes the development of most human liver cancer. We sought to investigate how liver injury using thioacetamide contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of liver cancer in two oncogenic plasmid-HTVI-induced mouse liver cancer models. Fourteen-week-old male mice received double-oncogene plasmid-HTVI (SB/AKT/c-Met and SB/AKT/NRas) and then twice-weekly intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide for 6 weeks. Liver tissue was examined for histopathological changes, including fibrosis and steatosis. Further characterization of fibrosis and inflammation was performed with immunostaining and real-time quantitative PCR. RNA sequencing with pathway analysis was used to explore novel pathways altered in the cancer models. Hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors were observed in mice injected with double-oncogene plasmid-HTVI models (SB/AKT/c-Met and SB/AKT/NRas). Thioacetamide induced mild fibrosis and increased alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing cells. However, the combination of plasmids and thioacetamide did not significantly increase tumor size, but increased multiplicity of small neoplastic lesions. Cancer and/or liver injury up-regulated profibrotic and proinflammatory genes while metabolic pathway genes were mostly down-regulated. We conclude that the liver injury microenvironment can interact with liver cancer and alter its presentation. However, the effects on cancer development vary depending on the genetic drivers with differing active oncogenic pathways. Therefore, the choice of plasmid-HTVI model and injury agent may influence the extent to which injury promotes liver cancer development.

PARP-1 selectively impairs KRAS-driven phenotypic and molecular features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

ObjectiveIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer with limited therapeutic options. KRAS mutations are among the most abundant genetic alterations in iCCA associated with poor clinical...

Hypocrellin A against intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma via multi-target inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling pathways

BackgroundIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide that lacks effective treatment regimens. Hypocrellin A (HA), a natural small compound isolated from S. bambusicola, has multiple biomedical activities, including antitumor activity. PurposeWe intended to investigate the therapeutic effects of HA on ICC and its potential mechanisms. MethodsRBE and HuccT1 cell lines were utilized for in vitro experiments. CCK8 assay, colony formation analysis, RTCA, and immunofluorescence staining of ki67 were employed to evaluate the suppression effects of HA on proliferation. The inhibitory effects of HA on cell migration and invasion were evaluate through transwell and wound healing assays, and Hoechst 33,258 staining was performed to evaluate apoptosis. Additionally, we performed transcriptome sequencing and molecular docking for targeting identification, and immunoblotting and immunofluorescence of key molecules for validation. Two in vivo models, HuccT1 xenografts, and the primary ICC model (KRAS/P19/SB) established via hydrodynamic tail-vein injection were implemented. Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was used to illustrate the multi-target inhibitory effects of HA. ResultsThe IC50 values of HA against RBE and HuccT1 cells were 4.612 μM and 10.01 μM for 24 h, as determined through the CCK8 assay. Our results confirmed that HA significantly repressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of ICC cells at low concentrations. Moreover, HA exerted its anti-cancer effects through multi-target inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling pathways. This inhibitory effect was rescued by Recilisib, an activator of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Bioinformatics analysis of a multi-center RNA-Seq cohort (n = 90) demonstrated significant associations between these target pathways and the occurrence and poor prognosis of ICC. Animal studies suggested that HA strongly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft ICC models, and repressed the tumor number and size in the liver of primary ICC models by suppressing these three crucial pathways. ConclusionHA, a novel natural small molecule, demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy against ICC through its multi-target inhibitory effects on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Moreover, it exhibited notable therapeutic benefits in a primary ICC model (KRAS/P19/SB), positioning it as a novel therapeutic agent for ICC.

Regulation of KIF23 by miR-107 controls replicative tumor cell fitness in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinoma

Regulation of KIF23 by miR-107 controls replicative tumor cell fitness in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinoma

Intrahepatic Exhausted Antiviral Immunity in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Chronic Hepatitis B

Targeting exhausted immune systems would be a promising therapeutic strategy to achieve a functional cure for HBV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, animal models recapitulating the immunokinetics of CHB are very limited. We aimed to develop an immunocompetent mouse model of CHB for intrahepatic immune profiling. CHB mice were created by intrahepatic delivery of the Sleeping Beauty transposon vector tandemly expressing the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) cDNA into C57BL/6J congenic FAH knockout mice via hydrodynamic tail vein injection. We profiled the viral and intrahepatic immune kinetics in CHB mice with or without treatment with recombinant IFNα or the hepatotropic Toll-like receptor 7 agonist SA-5 using single-cell RNA-seq. CHB mice exhibited sustained HBV viremia and persistent hepatitis. They showed intrahepatic expansion of exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells, the frequency of which was positively associated with viral load. Recruited macrophages increased in number but impaired inflammatory responses in the liver. The cytotoxicity of mature natural killer (NK) cells also increased in CHB mice. IFNα and SA-5 treatment both resulted in viral suppression with mild hepatic flares in CHB mice. Although both treatments activated NK cells, SA-5 had the capacity to revitalize the impaired function of Tex cells and liver-recruited macrophages. Our novel CHB mouse model recapitulated the intrahepatic exhausted antiviral immunity in patients with CHB, which might be able to be reinvigorated by a hepatotropic TLR7 agonist.

FDX1 downregulation activates mitophagy and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inducing ROS production

BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming can lead to the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) is a small mitochondrial protein and recent studies have shown that FDX1 plays an important role in tumor cuproptosis, but its role in HCC is still elusive. In this study, we aim to investigate the expression and novel functions of FDX1 in HCC. MethodsFDX1 expression was first analyzed in publicly available datasets and verified by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot. In vitro and in vivo experiments were applied to explore the functions of FDX1. Non-targeted metabolomics and RNA-sequencing were used to determine molecular mechanism. mRFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus transfection, Mito-Tracker Red and Lyso-Tracker Green staining, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, JC-1 staining, etc. were used to analyze mitophagy or ROS levels. Hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HTVi) and patient-derived organoid (PDO) models were used to analyze effect of FDX1 overexpression. ResultsFDX1 expression is significantly downregulated in HCC tissues. FDX1 downregulation promotes HCC cell proliferation, invasion in vitro and growth, metastasis in vivo. In addition, FDX1 affects metabolism of HCC cells and is associated with autophagy. We then confirmed that FDX1 deficiency increases ROS levels, activates mitophagy and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HCC cells. Interestingly, scavenging ROS attenuates the tumor-promoting role and mitophagy of FDX1 downregulation. The results of HTVi and PDO models both find that FDX1 elevation significantly inhibits HCC progression. Moreover, low FDX1 expression is associated with shorter survival and is an independent risk factor for prognosis in HCC patients. ConclusionsOur research had investigated novel functions of FDX1 in HCC. Downregulation of FDX1 contributes to metabolic reprogramming and leads to ROS-mediated activation of mitophagy and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. FDX1 is a potential prognostic biomarker and increasing FDX1 expression may be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit HCC progression.

HDI-STARR-seq: Condition-specific enhancer discovery in mouse liver in vivo.

STARR-seq and other massively-parallel reporter assays are widely used to discover functional enhancers in transfected cell models, which can be confounded by plasmid vector-induced type-I interferon immune responses and lack the multicellular environment and endogenous chromatin state of complex mammalian tissues. Here, we describe HDI-STARR-seq, which combines STARR-seq plasmid library delivery to the liver, by hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HDI), with reporter RNA transcriptional initiation driven by a minimal Albumin promoter, which we show is essential for mouse liver STARR-seq enhancer activity assayed 7 days after HDI. Importantly, little or no vector-induced innate type-I interferon responses were observed. Comparisons of HDI-STARR-seq activity between male and female mouse livers and in livers from males treated with an activating ligand of the transcription factor CAR (Nr1i3) identified many condition-dependent enhancers linked to condition-specific gene expression. Further, thousands of active liver enhancers were identified using a high complexity STARR-seq library comprised of ~ 50,000 genomic regions released by DNase-I digestion of mouse liver nuclei. When compared to stringently inactive library sequences, the active enhancer sequences identified were highly enriched for liver open chromatin regions with activating histone marks (H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3), were significantly closer to gene transcriptional start sites, and were significantly depleted of repressive (H3K27me3, H3K9me3) and transcribed region histone marks (H3K36me3). HDI-STARR-seq offers substantial improvements over current methodologies for large scale, functional profiling of enhancers, including condition-dependent enhancers, in liver tissue in vivo, and can be adapted to characterize enhancer activities in a variety of species and tissues by selecting suitable tissue- and species-specific promoter sequences.

HDI-STARR-seq: Condition-specific enhancer discovery in mouse liver in vivo.

STARR-seq and other massively-parallel reporter assays are widely used to discover functional enhancers in transfected cell models, which can be confounded by plasmid vector-induced type-I interferon immune responses and lack the multicellular environment and endogenous chromatin state of complex mammalian tissues. Here, we describe HDI-STARR-seq, which combines STARR-seq plasmid library delivery to the liver, by hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HDI), with reporter RNA transcriptional initiation driven by a minimal Albumin promoter, which we show is essential for mouse liver STARR-seq enhancer activity assayed 7 days after HDI. Importantly, little or no vector-induced innate type-I interferon responses were observed. Comparisons of HDI-STARR-seq activity between male and female mouse livers and in livers from males treated with an activating ligand of the transcription factor CAR (Nr1i3) identified many condition-dependent enhancers linked to condition-specific gene expression. Further, thousands of active liver enhancers were identified using a high complexity STARR-seq library comprised of ~50,000 genomic regions released by DNase-I digestion of mouse liver nuclei. When compared to stringently inactive library sequences, the active enhancer sequences identified were highly enriched for liver open chromatin regions with activating histone marks (H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3), were significantly closer to gene transcriptional start sites, and were significantly depleted of repressive (H3K27me3, H3K9me3) and transcribed region histone marks (H3K36me3). HDI-STARR-seq offers substantial improvements over current methodologies for large scale, functional profiling of enhancers, including condition-dependent enhancers, in liver tissue in vivo, and can be adapted to characterize enhancer activities in a variety of species and tissues by selecting suitable tissue- and species-specific promoter sequences.

Macrophage hitchhiking for systematic suppression in postablative multifocal HCC.

HCC, particularly the multifocal HCC, features aggressive invasion and dismal prognosis. Locoregional treatments were often refractory to eliminate tumor tissue, resulting in residual tumor cells persisting and subsequent progression. Owing to problematic delivery to the tumor tissue, systemic therapies, such as lenvatinib (LEN) therapy, show limited clinical benefit in preventing residual tumor progression. Therefore, more advanced strategies for postablative multifocal HCC are urgently needed. Motivated by the chemotaxis in tumor penetration of macrophages, we report a strategy named microinvasive ablation-guided macrophage hitchhiking for the targeted therapy toward HCC. In this study, the strategy leverages the natural inflammatory gradient induced by ablation to guide LEN-loaded macrophages toward tumor targeting, which increased by ~10-fold the delivery efficiency of LEN in postablative HCC in vivo. Microinvasive ablation-guided macrophage hitchhiking has demonstrated significant antitumor activity in various HCC models, including the hydrodynamic tail vein injection multifocal HCC mouse model and the orthotopic xenograft HCC rabbit model, systematically inhibiting residual tumor progression after ablation and prolonging the median survival of tumor-bearing mice. The potential antitumor mechanism was explored using techniques such as flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. We found that the strategy significantly suppressed tumor cell proliferation and neovascularization, and such enhanced delivery of LEN stimulated systemic immune responses and induced durable immune memory. The macrophage hitchhiking strategy demonstrates exceptional therapeutic efficacy and biosafety across various species, offering promising prospects for clinical translation in controlling residual tumor progression and improving outcomes following HCC ablation.

Abstract 7102: The central dogma of hepatocellular carcinoma: Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes

Abstract Cancer is a disease condition characterized by remarkable heterogeneity, wherein numerous molecular features display considerable disparities even with the same patient cohorts, leading to varied treatment outcomes. The primary factor contributing to the substantial differences observed across cancers stems from unique combinations of genetic mutations. Epigenetic alterations further contribute to differential gene expression and splicing, thereby enhancing transcriptomic diversity. The protein products originating from the cancer transcriptome constitute the specific intracellular and extracellular environment, consequently exerting supplementary effects on epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes. The complex interplay and mutual influence between genetic aberrations, transcriptomes, and proteomes significantly contribute to shaping the extensive spectrum of molecular characteristics observed in cancer. With label-free mass spectrometry, RNA-sequencing, and low-pass whole genome sequencing, the quantification of the proteome, transcriptome, and genetic abbreviation of the cancer can be evaluated. With the mouse hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HDVI) models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), different subtypes of HCC derived from different genetic abbreviations can be generated. With the proteome, transcriptome, and genetic abbreviation data of the better-defined HCC from HDVI models and HCC patients, the patient-derived HCC can be classified according to the origin of the genetic abbreviation used in the generation of the HDVI-derived HCC. Furthermore, the proteome of patient-derived plasma will be analyzed, and the signature change unique to HCC classified by different origins of genetic abbreviation will provide an abstract of the proteome, transcriptome, and genetic abbreviation of the HCC tissue. The transcriptomics and proteomics data of HDVI mice produced from five distinct sets of genetic abbreviations have been measured. The proteome and transcriptome of tissue, as well as the proteome of plasma, from a small cohort of HCC patients were studied and classified using this resource to illuminate the fundamental landscape of HCC. The final results will be presented and discussed at the meeting. Citation Format: Hoi Tang MA, Chun Yin YU, Lau Yan NG. The central dogma of hepatocellular carcinoma: Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7102.

Abstract 772: Investigation of gender disparity in liver tumor formation using a hydrodynamic tail vein injection mouse model

Abstract The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major form of liver cancer, is 4 times higher in men than in women. This gender disparity is difficult to study since it is believed to be multifactorial, due in part to differences in risk factors, behaviors, and hormones. The liver is a sexually dimorphic organ that is extremely susceptible to interactions with estrogens and androgens. Estrogen has been proven to have a protective effect against HCC with a demonstrable gender-related hormonal effect on the growth of HCC, though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HTVI) mouse model allows for the induction of liver tumors in the host. Eliminating the social and behavioral aspects of the gender disparity will allow us to determine what role estrogen plays in tumor development. In our study, a gender disparity in tumor development was observed between 6-week-old male and female FVB/NJ mice injected via HTVI of plasmids expressing c-MET, a mutated beta-catenin (b-Cat) and Sleeping Beauty transposon. HTVI of a Luciferase and Sleeping Beauty transposon expressing plasmid showed no significant difference in photon flux by bioluminescence imaging between male and female mice 24 hours after injection. When imaging was repeated one week after injection, the photon flux reduced by an order of magnitude in both male and female mice with the female mice showing more uniform reduction than the male mice. Similar luciferase gene copy number was detected in the liver tissue of male and female mice. These data suggest that there appears to be no gender difference in the transient expression and stable integration of the transfected plasmid. Plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was used to monitor tumor formation in the mice that were injected with c-MET and b-Cat without luciferase as luciferase is immunogenic. The male mice had significantly higher AFP levels at 3.5 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks post-injection than the female mice. At termination, the liver weight confirmed that female mice had much lower tumor burden than the males. We are currently using quantitative PCR to confirm similar copy number of exogenous c-MET and b-Cat inserted in the tumor cell genome and using RT-qPCR and Western blotting to determine whether the transgene expression is different in tumors from male and female mice. To determine whether estrogen played a role in preventing tumor development and progression in female mice, six-week-old male and ovariectomized female mice have been injected with the same oncogene plasmid combination plus the sleeping beauty. Interestingly, AFP levels between male and ovariectomized female mice were comparable when measured at 3 weeks. We will present our findings at the meeting. Citation Format: Araceli Bernal, Morgana McLaughlin, Ankur Tiwari, Francisco Cigarroa, LuZhe Sun. Investigation of gender disparity in liver tumor formation using a hydrodynamic tail vein injection mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 772.

Abstract 5335: Immune cell population variations in the livers of commonly used mouse strains

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the distribution of major immune cell populations differ across mouse strains in peripheral blood and hematopoietic organs at baseline. Additionally, variations in immune responses exist between mouse strains in Leishmania spp. and Melanoma models, but these studies in the context of liver diseases including Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) have not been carried out. With the effort to state if these variations exist within the liver, we performed comprehensive spectral flow cytometry analysis on the liver and spleens of three female mouse strains commonly used in cancer research (BALB/c, C57BL/6, and FVBN). NAFLD was induced by providing mice with a methionine choline deficient diet. To promote HCC, a single genotype (myc/p53+/-) was induced by administering transposon-based vectors to overexpress Myc-Luc and CRISPR/Cas-9 vectors to knock down p53 via hydrodynamic tail-vein injection. To confirm vector integration and monitor tumor growth (luciferase activity), in vivo imaging was performed at different time points. As a result, we confirm throughout this study that differences exist within immune cell populations of the liver and spleen at baseline. Moreover, we depict differences in the shift of immune cell populations across mouse strains in the pathologic states included. In NAFLD, there is an increase of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, NK cells, ILC1s, T regulatory cells (Tregs), TH1, and TH2, and a decrease of CD4+ T cells, B cells, γδ-T cells, and NKT cells in the liver across all mouse strains, when compared to controls. However, the population of neutrophils in BALB/c decreases, and the population of CD8+ T cells increases in C57BL/6 mice, which differs from the patterns of change seen in the other mouse strains. Moreover, in spleens, NAFLD promotes an increase of TH1 and NK cells, and a decrease of TH2 and NKT Cells across the mouse strains included in the study, whereas the patterns of change differ between mouse strains among the remaining immune cell types. When evaluating liver immune cell population shifts on our HCC model, BALB/c mice showed a decrease in macrophages and ILC1s, C57BL/6 mice showed a decrease in γδ-T cells, prominent shifts across Neutrophils, TH1, and NKT cells, and null changes in TH2 and CD4+ T cell shifts, and FVBN mice had a less prominent decrease of B cells, which differed from the shifts observed in the mouse strains used for comparison. Immune cell populations in the spleens of our HCC mouse model also presented with differences across the mouse strains studied. In conclusion, we highlight that key differences in immune profiles exist across commonly used mouse strains for cancer research in the presence of liver pathology including HCC, suggesting that mouse strains could be possible confounders in the study of immune oncology of HCC. Citation Format: Francisco J. Rodriguez-Matos, Patrick Huang, Rajiv Trehan, Benjamin Ruf, Chi Ma, Tim F. Greten. Immune cell population variations in the livers of commonly used mouse strains [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5335.

Abstract 2694: The role of innate lymphoid cells and innate like T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract The major focus of cancer immunotherapy has been on conventional T cells due to their unique recognition of specific peptide antigens. Despite advances in the cancer immunotherapy field, including the use of atezolizumab and bevacizumab as first-line therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the overall mortality rate of HCC continues to rise. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and innate-like T cells (ILTC) are broadly categorized within the innate lymphoid population as playing an important role in inflammation, tissue repair and immune tolerance. Their ability to react rapidly to stimulants in their local tissue environment as well as to recruit and activate a variety of other immune cells makes these cells attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy. However, previous studies looking at ILCs and ILTCs in cancer have revealed both pro- and anti-tumor functions. Furthermore, the complex interplay between these cell populations in the tumor microenvironment is not well understood, particularly over the natural course of tumor development. In this study, we aim to better elucidate the role of ILC and ILTC populations in HCC progression in terms of both their kinetics and role as potential therapeutic targets. We performed hydrodynamic tail vein injections in mice with two different plasmid combinations to alter expression of commonly mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressors in human HCC (MYC;TP53 and MYC;CTNNB1). Histologic analysis of the livers was performed to determine appropriate time points to assess ILC and ILTC populations. We then designed a comprehensive 29-plex spectral flow panel to assess broad kinetic changes in the frequency of ILC, ILTC, and conventional T cell populations. We show that in early time points (4-7 days post-injection) when neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes has already occurred, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, group 1 ILCs, ILC2s, and ILC3s expand in frequency for both tumor models. Cytokine analysis shows a generalized decreased trend across timepoints in effector cytokine production in MAITs and group 1 ILCs, suggesting gradual dysfunction over time. Taken together, these preliminary findings show that ILC and ILTC populations expand early during tumor progression but gradually decrease in functionality with tumor progression. Citation Format: Patrick Huang, Benjamin Ruf, Rajiv Trehan, Dana Soika, Chi Ma, Tim F. Greten, Firouzeh Korangy. The role of innate lymphoid cells and innate like T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2694.

Abstract 2703: Targeting STING pathway as a therapeutic strategy against β-catenin driven immune escape and resistance to anti-PD1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract β-catenin mutation occurs in around 40% of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC); yet no precision therapies are available to treat this tumor subset. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now widely used for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC. Unfortunately, preliminary evidence showed that β-catenin mutation drives resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in HCC. In this study, we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying β-catenin mutation during HCC pathogenesis to develop novel therapeutics targeting β-Catenin-driven HCC. Firstly, three HCC cohorts were examined, including 70 untreated, 20 treated patients with nivolumab, and patients from a public TCGA database. By single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we identified that anti-PD-1 treatment displayed effectiveness with the increase of CD27+CD8+ T-cell infiltration, correlating to improved prognosis with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. Importantly, multiplex IHC staining showed that β-catenin activation is associated with significantly reduced CD8+CD27+ T cell infiltration in tumors (n=70), demonstrating that β-catenin promoted immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1 treatment involved defective cytotoxic T-cell activity. Subsequently, we found that the interaction of β-Catenin with sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mediated suppression of IRF3/IRF7 activity, resulting in inhibition of Type I interferon (IFN-I) production. However, by CRISPRi screening, we found that disruption of β-catenin-SIRT1 interaction via STING caused persistent high-level IFN-I response which increased the transcription of T-cell costimulatory molecule CD27 via IL10/STAT3/BATF signaling on infiltrated CD8+ T cells. This effect was also confirmed in the STING null mice, emphasizing that STING signaling is a therapeutic target to overcome β-catenin driven immune escape. Further, using hydrodynamic tail-vein injection murine HCC models, we found that the STING agonist inhibited β-catenin-SIRT1 activity, restored IFN signaling to rescue T-cell cytotoxic capacities, and enhanced the anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy. In conclusion, we demonstrated that STING reprogrammed β-Catenin mutated the HCC tumor microenvironment and a combination of STING and anti-PD-1 treatment represents an effective novel therapeutic strategy for HCC patients with β-Catenin mutation. Citation Format: Qingmei Zhang, Jiacheng Bi, Oscar Wai-Ho Yeung, Tao Ding, Wing-Lim Chan, Yueqin Zhu, Jiang Liu, Kevin Tak-Pan Ng, Kwan Man. Targeting STING pathway as a therapeutic strategy against β-catenin driven immune escape and resistance to anti-PD1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2703.

CRKL dictates anti-PD-1 resistance by mediating tumor-associated neutrophil infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma

The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by treatment resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance remain elusive. We aimed to identify the role of CT10 regulator of kinase-like (CRKL) in resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC. Gene expression in HCC specimens from 10 patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy was identified by RNA-sequencing. A total of 404 HCC samples from tissue microarrays were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Transgenic mice (Alb-Cre/Trp53fl/fl) received hydrodynamic tail vein injections of a CRKL-overexpressing vector. Mass cytometry by time of flight was used to profile the proportion and status of different immune cell lineages in the mouse tumor tissues. CRKL was identified as a candidate anti-PD-1-resistance gene using a pooled genetic screen. CRKL overexpression nullifies anti-PD-1 treatment efficacy by mobilizing tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), which block the infiltration and function of CD8+ T cells. PD-L1+ TANs were found to be an essential subset of TANs that were regulated by CRKL expression and display an immunosuppressive phenotype. Mechanistically, CRKL inhibits APC (adenomatous polyposis coli)-mediated proteasomal degradation of β-catenin by competitively decreasing Axin1 binding, and thus promotes VEGFα and CXCL1 expression. Using human HCC samples, we verified the positive correlations of CRKL/β-catenin/VEGFα and CXCL1. Targeting CRKL using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing (CRKL knockout) or its downstream regulators effectively restored the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in an orthotopic mouse model and a patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroid model. Activation of the CRKL/β-catenin/VEGFα and CXCL1 axis is a critical obstacle to successful anti-PD-1 therapy. Therefore, CRKL inhibitors combined with anti-PD-1 could be useful for the treatment of HCC. Here, we found that CRKL was overexpressed in anti-PD-1-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and that CRKL upregulation promotes anti-PD-1 resistance in HCC. We identified that upregulation of the CRKL/β-catenin/VEGFα and CXCL1 axis contributes to anti-PD-1 tolerance by promoting infiltration of tumor-associated neutrophils. These findings support the strategy of bevacizumab-based immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy, and CRKL inhibitors combined with anti-PD-1 therapy may be developed for the treatment of HCC.

METTL16 promotes liver cancer stem cell self-renewal via controlling ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation

BackgroundWhile liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation, progression, recurrence, and treatment resistance, the mechanism underlying liver CSC self-renewal remains elusive. We aim to characterize the role of Methyltransferase 16 (METTL16), a recently identified RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase, in HCC development/maintenance, CSC stemness, as well as normal hepatogenesis.MethodsLiver-specific Mettl16 conditional KO (cKO) mice were generated to assess its role in HCC pathogenesis and normal hepatogenesis. Hydrodynamic tail-vein injection (HDTVi)-induced de novo hepatocarcinogenesis and xenograft models were utilized to determine the role of METTL16 in HCC initiation and progression. A limiting dilution assay was utilized to evaluate CSC frequency. Functionally essential targets were revealed via integrative analysis of multi-omics data, including RNA-seq, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)-seq, and ribosome profiling.ResultsMETTL16 is highly expressed in liver CSCs and its depletion dramatically decreased CSC frequency in vitro and in vivo. Mettl16 KO significantly attenuated HCC initiation and progression, yet only slightly influenced normal hepatogenesis. Mechanistic studies, including high-throughput sequencing, unveiled METTL16 as a key regulator of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation and mRNA translation and identified eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit a (eIF3a) transcript as a bona-fide target of METTL16 in HCC. In addition, the functionally essential regions of METTL16 were revealed by CRISPR gene tiling scan, which will pave the way for the development of potential inhibitor(s).ConclusionsOur findings highlight the crucial oncogenic role of METTL16 in promoting HCC pathogenesis and enhancing liver CSC self-renewal through augmenting mRNA translation efficiency.

STAT3 Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides Suppress Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer Cells and a DDC-Induced Liver Injury Mouse Model.

Liver damage caused by various factors results in fibrosis and inflammation, leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Fibrosis results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix components. The role of STAT proteins in mediating liver inflammation and fibrosis has been well documented; however, approved therapies targeting STAT3 inhibition against liver disease are lacking. This study investigated the anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of STAT3 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) in hepatocytes and liver fibrosis mouse models. STAT3 decoy ODN were delivered into cells using liposomes and hydrodynamic tail vein injection into 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-fed mice in which liver injury was induced. STAT3 target gene expression changes were verified using qPCR and Western blotting. Liver tissue fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were assessed in animal experiments using staining techniques, and macrophage and inflammatory cytokine distribution was verified using immunohistochemistry. STAT3 decoy ODN reduced fibrosis and inflammatory factors in liver cancer cell lines and DDC-induced liver injury mouse model. These results suggest that STAT3 decoy ODN may effectively treat liver fibrosis and must be clinically investigated.

Hydrodynamic Transfection of Hepatocytes for the Study of Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis.

Hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HTVi), also called hydrodynamic gene transfer (HGT), is attracting increasing interest for modeling hepatic carcinogenesis. This highly versatile approach reproducibly provides efficient in vivo transfection of hepatocytes with naked DNA. Here, we give an in-depth description of the injection procedure, which is key for the success of the method. HTVi requires the injection of a large volume of a solution containing plasmids into the tail vein of the mouse. The transient right heart overload created by the injection forces the blood to flow back into the hepatic veins, enlarging the endothelial fenestrae and permeabilizing a fraction of hepatocytes for a few seconds. This results in the uptake of plasmids by the permeabilized hepatocytes, giving rise to their in vivo transfection. Including the Sleeping Beauty transposon system among the injected plasmids leads to the stable transfection of a subset of hepatocytes. HTVi is a powerful technique which enables numerous applications in liver cancer biology, such as a study of oncogene cooperation, of tumor heterogeneity, and interaction with the tumor microenvironment.

Oncofetal TRIM71 drives liver cancer carcinogenesis through remodeling CEBPA-mediated serine/glycine metabolism.

Rationale: Tumor cells remodel transcriptome to construct an ecosystem with stemness features, which maintains tumor growth and highly malignant characteristics. However, the core regulatory factors involved in this process still need to be further discovered. Methods: Single cell RNA-sequncing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-sequencing profiles derived from fetal liver, normal liver, liver tumors, and their adjacent samples were collected to analyze the ecosystem of liver cancer. Mouse models were established to identify molecular functions of oncofetal-related oncogenes using hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Results: We found that liver cancer rebuilt oncofetal ecosystem to maintain malignant features. Interestingly, we identified a group of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that were highly overexpressed with oncofetal features. Among them, TRIM71 was specifically expressed in liver cancers and was associated with poor outcomes. TRIM71 drove the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and knockdown of TRIM71 significantly abolished liver cancer cell proliferation. Mechanistically, TRIM71 formed a protein complex with IGF2BP1, bound to and stabilized the mRNA of CEBPA in an m6A-dependent manner, enhance the serine/glycine metabolic pathway, and ultimately promoted liver cancer progression. Furthermore, we identified that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with e1A binding protein p300 (EP300) inhibitor A-485 repressed TRIM71, attenuated glycine/serine metabolism, and inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation with high TRIM71 levels. Conclusions: We demonstrated the oncofetal status in liver cancer and highlighted the crucial role of TRIM71 and provided potential therapeutic strategies and liver cancer-specific biomarker for liver cancer patients.