Hydrodynamic Studies Research Articles

Prediction of Hydrodynamic Parameters of the State of the Bottomhole Zone of Wells Using Machine Learning Methods

The relevance of the development of a methodology for the operational assessment of the bottom-hole formation zone (the permeability of the bottom-hole formation zone and the skin factor) is primarily due to economic considerations, since existing approaches to its definition based on hydrodynamic studies lead to shortages and increased risks of failure to ensure the output of the well. In this regard, the use of modern methods of working with big data, such as deep learning of artificial neural networks, will ensure monitoring of the condition of the bottom-hole zone of the well formation without stopping them for hydrodynamic tests, which will reduce losses for oil production enterprises. It will allow for operational analysis for effective and timely application of intensification technologies, enhanced oil recovery. The authors analyzed the existing methods for determining the bottom-hole characteristics of the formation and machine learning approaches in the direction of solving this problem. The article presents a methodology for the operational assessment of the state of the bottom-hole formation zone: the permeability of the near bottomhole zone (NBHZ) and the skin factor using artificial neural network training approaches based on geological, operational data and the results of interpretation of hydrodynamic studies on the example of sandstones of oil fields in the Perm Region. A fully connected neural network was used to predict the NBHZ permeability. The article presents the results of testing various neural network architectures: the number of layers and neurons in layers with the choice of the best one. Some techniques were used to prevent over-training of models. The author’s methodology for assessing the skin factor of wells is proposed using a comprehensive analysis of the constructed statistical models and training models of artificial neural networks to solve the regression problem. In future studies, it is planned to use recurrent and convolutional neural networks to study the dynamic components of the formation of the bottom-hole formation zone and create an integrated approach to solve the problem.

Numerical study of thermodynamic and hydrodynamics in a type B LNG cargo tank during sloshing excitation

The hydrodynamics and thermodynamics properties in a type B liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargo tank during sloshing excitation are investigated in this research using the numerical model that takes phase transition and exterior heat leaking into account. In order to forecast the movement of the vapor–liquid interface, the mesh motion treatment in conjunction with the volume of fluid (VOF) approach is used. The user-defined function (UDF) realizes the sloshing excitation. Its viability is confirmed by comparing the numerical model with related fluid sloshing experiments. The impacts of various sloshing periods, amplitudes, and filling rates on the hydrodynamics and thermodynamic properties were examined using numerical analysis of heat flux, the mass of boil off gas (BOG), internal energy, and pressure in the LNG cargo tank. Even with varying filling rates, the numerical findings demonstrate that resonance happens if the sloshing period corresponds to the natural period. As a result, this research serves as essential for gaining a thorough comprehension of thermodynamic, hydrodynamics and BOG mass properties during sloshing excitations in marine LNG transport.

Salinity mixing in a tidal multi-branched estuary with huge and variable runoff

The study of estuarine hydrodynamics within an isohaline framework has been well established in recent years. However, most studies of estuarine mixing and exchange flow using salinity coordinates have been conducted for idealized estuaries or realistic estuaries with simple bathymetry and constant runoff. In this study, a realistic numerical model is applied to the Changjiang River estuary, a complex multi-branched estuary with huge and variable runoff. The destruction of salinity variance is used to quantify salinity mixing, in which numerical mixing accounts for about one third of the total mixing. The results of total mixing per salinity class mS indicate that the universal law of estuarine mixing applies to realistic simulations under huge and variable runoff when averaged over two spring-neap cycles (28 days). During the flood season, volume integrated salinity mixing is approximately twice that of the dry season due to the double runoff. Salinity mixing at different channels displays distinct characteristics in both horizontal and vertical distributions. The patchy distribution of effective vertical diahaline velocity implies that the volume flux across an isohaline surface can exhibit significant spatial variability. The most vigorous salinity mixing occurs in the North Passage, where about 58 % of the freshwater enters the sea. We found that the estuarine mixing within different branches is linearly correlated with the corresponding water transport. Dikes fringing the navigational channel on both sides downstream of the North Passage significantly increase the length of saltwater intrusion in the North Passage, alter the distribution of horizontal and vertical flow velocities, and further cause significant changes in local mixing, especially near the mouth of the dikes.

Optimizing Reverse Osmosis Feed Spacer Design for Enhanced Dimethylphenol Removal from Wastewater: A Study of Hydrodynamics and Performance Indicators

Due to its high pollutant rejection and low energy usage, the spiral wound module of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most commonly used technology utilised in wastewater treatment. For a spiral wound module, the presence of a feed spacer is important as a key solution to mitigate the concentration polarisation phenomenon, due to disorderly fluid flow, and to improve the mass transfer coefficient. Undoubtedly, improvements in the spiral wound module design, mainly in the symmetrical shape of the feed spacer, can have a significant impact on the cost and probable use of these modules. Despite the wide interest in appraising the impact of feed spacer geometry and orientation on the performance of a spiral wound module for RO process-based water desalination, the hydrodynamics of feed spacers (pressure drop and mass transfer coefficient) and the associated influences of feed spacer design (the height of the feed spacer, the angle of the filaments, and the porosity) on the removal of pollutants from wastewater have not yet been addressed. The current investigation aims to fill this gap by studying the hydrodynamics and design parameters of the selected parallelogram feed spacer type ultrafiltration (UF−3) for the removal of dimethylphenol from wastewater. Using model-based simulation, the impacts of UF−3 feed spacer design parameters, including the height, angle between the filaments (orientation), and porosity on the pressure drop, friction factor, axial flow fluid velocity, mass transfer coefficient, water flux, dimethylphenol rejection, recovery rate, and specific energy consumption are detailed in this study. The study intends to demonstrate the optimum design features of UF−3 feed spacer that should be considered to assure the highest elimination of dimethylphenol from wastewater in addition to the lowest specific energy consumption.

DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC OF WATER WELLS UMERDUHUMA AQUIFER SOUTH-WESTERN IRAQ

Hydrogeochemical analyses were done for UmErduhuma aquifer in S-W Iraq which have got cation and anion concentrations . This study shows the origin of the water is rainfall except well No.2 where is marine . the chemical of the water type of the wells No. 3,4,5,6, and 7 are calisum-sulfate while the wells No. 1 and 2 are sodium- sulfate . They are useful to irrigation jobs but they are not use in a human activity without biological and chemical treatment . The hydrodynamic study shows that the hydrodynamic activity is high so that hydro carbonic accumulation is a little , except well No.(2).

The impact of rock filtration heterogeneity on fresh groundwater reserve prediction calculations in the Nefteyuganskoye field

In hydrogeology, filtration heterogeneity of rocks usually means heterogeneity of waterconductivity of an aquifer. Methods for determining water conductivity are primarily designed forhomogeneous aquifers. However, natural hydrogeological objects are often heterogeneous, whichcan complicate the interpretation of experimental data from hydrodynamic studies and lead toerrors in calculating groundwater reserves. The article shows the impact of rock filtration hetero-geneity on reserve calculation forecasts. The studies, including hydrodynamic testing (clusterpumping), were carried out at the Nefteyuganskoye field, which is one of the major fresh ground-water deposits of the Latitudinal Ob region. The experimental data from four experiments wereinterpreted using the Theis model. The parameters of the aquifer are determined: coefficient ofwater conductivity and pressure conductivity factor. The article presents predictive calculations forthe reduction of water levels in the center of a large well. The forecast was conducted for threeoptions, taking into account the filtration heterogeneity of the aquifer in the field. Consequently,the impact of filtration heterogeneity on the forecast calculations was determined. The calculationerror in estimating groundwater reserves at the Nefteyuganskoye field could be as high as 51 %.The article suggests conducting long-term hydrodynamic studies in subsurface areas with filtrationheterogeneity to obtain reliable field parameters. This will cover the disturbance of an aquifer with alarger size than the filtration heterogeneity of rocks.

A study with PUREX aqueous-organic pair in Taylor-Couette mixing field

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the Taylor-Couette mixing field are important activities for concurrent process intensification work for miniaturization of the chemical reactor volume and enhancing the energy input per unit volume. In the literature, many studies have been reported for mixing of conventional two-phase systems of industrial interest. However reported studies on mixing of PUREX aqueous organic pair in Taylor-Couette field are rare and few. Utilizing an indigenously developed Taylor-Couette column, hydrodynamic and mass transfer studies with PUREX aqueous-organic pair are reported in this study. Mass transfer and hydrodynamics runs were conducted with PUREX aqueous-organic pair. Aqueous dispersed conditions were employed for d→c mass transfer. Mass transfer performance was highly dependent on rotor speed till a critical value. Macro, meso and micromixing time values were evaluated for Taylor-Couette mixing. Prototyping of the system was completed with a special run with 0.1 M TODGA/n-dodecane nitric acid pair for mutual separation of Cs(I) and Sr(II).

A full-scale operational digital twin for a water resource recovery facility-A case study of Eindhoven Water Resource Recovery Facility.

Digital transformation for the water sector has gained momentum in recent years, and many water resource recovery facilities modelers have already started transitioning from developing traditional models to digital twin (DT) applications. DTs simulate the operation of treatment plants in near real time and provide a powerful tool to the operators and process engineers for real-time scenario analysis and calamity mitigation, online process optimization, predictive maintenance, model-based control, and so forth. So far, only a few mature examples of full-scale DT implementations can be found in the literature, which only address some of the key requirements of a DT. This paper presents the development of a full-scale operational DT for the Eindhoven water resource recovery facility in The Netherlands, which includes a fully automated data-pipeline combined with a detailed mechanistic full-plant process model and a user interface co-created with the plant's operators. The automated data preprocessing pipeline provides continuous access to validated data, an influent generator provides dynamic predictions of influent composition data and allows forecasting 48 h into the future, and an advanced compartmental model of the aeration and anoxic bioreactors ensures high predictive power. The DT runs near real-time simulations every 2h. Visualization and interaction with the DT is facilitated by the cloud-based TwinPlant technology, which was developed in close interaction with the plant's operators. A set of predefined handles are made available, allowing users to simulate hypothetical scenarios such as process and equipment failures and changes in controller settings. The combination of the advanced data pipeline and process model development used in the Eindhoven DT and the active involvement of the operators/process engineers/managers in the development process makes the twin a valuable asset for decision making with long-term reliability. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A full-scale digital twin (DT) has been developed for the Eindhoven WRRF. The Eindhoven DT includes an automated continuous data preprocessing and reconciliation pipeline. A full-plant mechanistic compartmental process model of the plant has been developed based on hydrodynamic studies. The interactive user interface of the Eindhoven DT allows operators to perform what-if scenarios on various operational settings and process inputs. Plant operators were actively involved in the DT development process to make a reliable and relevant tool with the expected added value.

Development of Oil and Gas Condensate Fields

In the world, with the development of science, brand new technologies are being created to generate energy resources (e.g., hydrogen energy, electric car, etc.). These inventions will reduce the consumption and cost of hydrocarbon resources. This leaves oil and gas resource producers with only one option – accelerated development of oil and gas fields with low capital investment. This monograph is devoted to the development of oil and gas fields in a short period of time with a reduction in the volume of drilling operations and well quality by at least 50%. The developed technology of simultaneous split operation will give an impetus to volumetric production of hydrocarbons, accelerated field development and reduction of capital investments, as well as lead to the production of all recoverable and non-recoverable reserves from the subsoil. This monograph also delves into the technological aspects of operating wells in the Altyguyi gas condensate field. The scientific work examines the operational and technological aspects of hydrodynamic and thermohydrodynamic studies. To support this research, patents for invention No. 643 and 644, dated January 6, 2015, were obtained (application numbers 14/101317 and 15/101320). These patents cover the “Simultaneous method of separate and joint operation of several productive horizons by one chink and device for its realization” and the “Method of dual oil and gas production from one well in a multizone”. Based on the findings of the conducted analyses, studies, and calculations, the implementation of the intensification of the gas condensate field using the oil and gas DC method by one well is justified. This approach represents a first in global practice and aims to reduce capital investments and accelerate development.

Near-surface turbulent dissipation at a laboratory-scale confluence: implications on gas transfer

AbstractRiver confluences contribute to the outflux of saturated dissolved gases in the water resulting from high dam discharges. This process is related to gas transfer across the water–air interface, which is primarily controlled by turbulent dissipation near the water surface. However, the near-surface turbulence dissipation is rarely reported in confluence hydrodynamics studies. This study conducted experiments with different discharge ratios to investigate near-surface turbulent motions at a laboratory-scale confluence. The higher dissipation rate $$\varepsilon H/U_{m}^{3}$$ ε H / U m 3 of near-surface turbulence was mainly located inside the interfacial shear layer between the two incoming streams (~ 10–4) and the bank separation zone (10–4–10–3) where high shear was found in the mean flow. By contrast, the dissipation rates were much lower inside the incoming flows and outside the two regions of high shear (~ 10–5). The magnitudes of the dissipation rate inside the shear layer were comparable in experiments where the mixing interface was in the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode or in the wake mode. The dissipation rate was found to increase away from the free surface outside the shear layer, while it was more uniformly distributed over the depth inside the layer possibly due to the presence of strongly-coherent, vertically-orientated vortices. In the far field, the mean shear within the shear layer was largely weakened. Nonetheless, the effects of flow separation persisted and laterally expanded to occupy the entire cross section. The dissipation rate $$\varepsilon H/U_{m}^{3}$$ ε H / U m 3 of the confluent flow was more than 10–4 even at a distance of 10 times the channel width in the post-confluence channel.

Generation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Fusioning WV-2 Images and RTK-derived Topobathymetric Data

Digital terrain models (DTMs) are digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent the bare ground surface. They are created by multiple sources, including satellite remote sensing, aerial photography, and ground-based surveys, and are often combined with other data sources to create highly detailed models. As the demand for accurate and detailed information about the Earth's surface continues to grow, DTMs have become an increasingly important tool for researchers in different fields. This study aims to create a DTM with a spatial resolution of 0.50 m for São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil, integrated with a topobathymetric map of three water courses running along the borders of the study area. For the conventional DTM generation, a WV-2 stereo pair was used. A total of 55 ground control points (GCPs) were collected using the GNSS-RTK method, being 60% used for model building and 40% employed for validation. The topobathymetric survey was accomplished using a GNSS-RTK device placed along the analyzed open streams. For validation purposes, we used bias and MAE metrics. Overall, the methodology presented in this article provides a useful approach for generating high-resolution DTMs that can be used in a range of applications, especially in urban hydrodynamic studies.

Hydrodynamic modeling study of nature-based hybrid coastal defense strategy applied in salt marsh restoration

In open coasts with high wave and tidal energy, the creation of salt marsh wetlands presents significant challenges. Combining artificial structures with salt marshes is a novel hybrid coastal protection strategy. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether this method will facilitate salt marsh restoration and if the integrated protection system will effectively dissipate waves. This study is based on the salt marsh restoration (SMR) project in Jiangsu Province, China, which aims to restore salt marsh wetlands and enhance overall hazard reduction by constructing submerged dikes nearshore to create an ideal dynamic environment. In this study, the free-surface flow modeling system TELEMAC was used to simulate the wave, hydrodynamic, and sediment processes. Based on the hydrodynamic modeling, we used the Window of Opportunity (WoO) model to predict the seedling establishment after the implementation of SMR. In addition, we quantified the wave attenuation effect of salt marsh vegetation and submerged dikes. The results demonstrate that submerged dikes with appropriate crest elevations are advantageous for SMR, and the combination of submerged dikes and salt marsh vegetation substantially enhances wave attenuation. This study quantifies the impact of a novel hybrid coastal protection strategy, which contributes to the synergistic development of SMR and the reduction of coastal hazards.

Hydrodynamic performance study of shore-based oscillating water column wave energy conversion device

Hydrodynamic performance study of shore-based oscillating water column wave energy conversion device

Hydrodynamic studies of innovative membrane reactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste.

This paper presents the study concerning the impact of the basic operational parameters on the performance of an innovative microfiltration membrane reactor applied for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The concept and basic hydrodynamics of the reactor with tubular ceramic membranes and a propeller agitator were shown. Besides, the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn straw was studied to check reactor functionality. It has been proven that the proposed reactor construction can improve the microfiltration of lignocellulosic suspension by reducing the cake layer on the membrane surface. Increasing the rotational speed of the propeller agitator also improved the filtration efficiency. The permeate flux during the microfiltration experiments was lower for smaller lignocellulose biomass fraction (D<425 μm) when compared to the less fragmented corn straw (425<D<900 μm). For larger solid fractions, a stirring speed increase enhanced the separation efficiency regardless of the differences in biomass concentration. In contrast, this trend for the finer biomass fraction was only noticeable for the highest used biomass concentration (C=2.0%). Considering the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn straw, membrane separation of reaction products positively influenced the process yield, and the results depended on the applied operational parameters.

Numerical study of microalgae cultivation process in a batch liquid foam-bed photobioreactor using CFD approach

Microalgae have different uses as feedstock of beneficial chemicals such as polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, they have been applied in the renewable energy, food, agriculture and feed industries, and in wastewater treatment. The growth and cultivation of microalgae are highly regarded by researchers worldwide. So, a variety of systems and designs have been used to cultivate microalgae. A research team recently proposed a new experimental design of photobioreactors based on a liquid foam flow at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. In this study, a numerical study of hydrodynamics and mass transfer of this novel system was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This method is based on the simultaneous solution of transfer equations including hydrodynamic equations, mass transfer, cell growth, and radiation transport equation. The simulation was performed in an unsteady and three-dimensional state in COMSOL 5.5 software. The flow regime was considered laminar and mixture model and transport dilution species physics were used to model the behavior of two-phase fluid. Manual geometry grid generation was performed after defining the velocity and concentration boundaries. The number of optimal meshes was determined to be approximately 1.2 × 105 using the mesh independence test. The simulation results were validated according to the concentration-time curve. The cell density, 22 g l−1, is minimal in the center. The maximum biomass is 30.9 g l−1 at the bed wall after 80 h at 1446 μmol photon. m−2. s−1 light flux for the minimal cell density.

Integration of advanced technologies to improve the efficiency of gas condensate field development

In the context of constantly growing global energy demand and rapid changes in the energy sector, the study and implementation of advanced technologies in the development of gas condensate fields is of critical importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate methods to increase the efficiency of production and sustainable use of energy resources by optimising the development of gas condensate fields using advanced technologies. The methods used include analytical method, classification, functional method, statistical method, synthesis. Within the framework of this study, the technological aspects of using wells of the Altyguyi gas condensate field were investigated and extensive laboratory and field analyses were conducted aimed at the correct implementation of the double injection method for simultaneous extraction of gas from one reservoir and oil from another, with an emphasis on their contribution to the development of wells through this approach. The paper also considers aspects of operation and technology, including hydrodynamic and thermohydrodynamic studies, when analysing well designs considering compatibility intervals and mining and geological drilling conditions, based on predictive curves of reservoir pressure and rock fracture pressure. As a result of the analyses, studies and calculations, the implementation of the method of intensification of gas condensate field production using the oil and gas approach of dual injection in one well was substantiated. This approach is focused on reducing capital investments and accelerating the development process. The practical significance of this research lies in the development and implementation of innovative technologies to optimise the production processes of gas condensate fields, which contributes to improving the efficiency of hydrocarbon production and promotes the sustainable use of energy resources

Production of Hydrogen from Rice Straw through Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Optimally Prepared Crude Cellulase Mixture Followed by Fermentation and Its Hydrodynamic Study

Production of hydrogen from rice straw was conducted through alkaline pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. The hydrodynamic study was performed to investigate the effect of mixing to hydrogen gas produced during the heterogenous mixture in the fermentation tank. 2 % NaOH was found effective in reducing the lignin content in rice straw as evidenced from quantitative data and confirmed by the SEM image. Based on the optimum values of pH and temperature as well as the stability of enzyme, the hydrolysis was performed at pH 5.5 and 40 oC. The mixture of crude cellulases was able to give higher conversion than cellulase from one source of fungi and also higher than the conversion using pure commercial cellulase from Aspergilus niger. A unit activity ratio of 1 U A. niger cellulase to 2 U Trichoderma reesei cellulase was able to increase the reducing sugar concentration by 16%. Hydrogen fermentation was affected by the stirring speed in which increasing the stirring speed from 46 to 165 rpm increased the hydrogen recovery from 0.025 to 0.085 mol H2/mol glucose. Simulations showed that the intensity of turbulence was greatest in the impeller area. By increasing rotational speed, the intensity of turbulence in all parts of the reactor will be more evenly distributed which can increase the diffusion of the substrate to the cell surface and increase the rate of biogas leaving out the solution. Furthermore, by increasing the stirring speed, the volume fraction of biogas at the bottom of the reactor is getting smaller which indicates more gas has risen to the surface and left the reactor. The study was the first report to study the hydrodynamic of hydrogen production from lignocellulose during the heterogenous fermentation mixture.

Complex of hydrodynamic studies of wells and formations at the Uzen field

The effectiveness of monitoring the development process depends on the availability of complete and high-quality information about the hydrodynamic parameters of productive formations, reservoir reservoir properties, technical condition of wells, etc. The purpose of oil, petroleum gas and reservoir water research is to obtain comprehensive data on their properties and composition, which are within the productive horizons of deposits, as a rule, are fickle. Ignoring the heterogeneity of oil properties over the area of the deposit and the lack of control over changes in physico-chemical properties during the operation of the field can lead to serious errors in predicting the parameters of field development. One of the most important sources of information is hydrodynamic (field) studies of formations and wells. The advantage of hydrodynamic methods for increasing oil recovery is that they are relatively easy to implement and do not require large economic costs. At the Uzen field, the assessment of the initial productive and filtration characteristics of the formations was carried out on the basis of studies of steady-state filtration (MSS) performed during testing of oil-saturated reservoir intervals during exploration and at the initial stage of industrial development of the field when the deposit was operating under natural depletion mode. The article presents the results of a study by the method of steady-state selections (MSS), a study by the method of pressure recovery (PRC).

Hydrodynamic studies of well No 32 the southern section of the Chinarev field of the West Kazakhstan Region

The article analyzes the factors influencing the development of high-quality and cost-effective oil and gas reserves in the region (assessment, design). In order to operate wells, directions for calculating the size of reserves have been found. Scientific and technical trends of its (wells) development are considered. A comprehensive analysis of integrated surveys was carried out at well No.32 of the Chinarevsk oil and gas condensate field, located in the southern section of the district. Hydrodynamic studies were carried out by interpreting the pressure recovery curve (PRC) to determine reservoir pressure, porosity and reservoir properties of the reservoir and the state of the bottom whole zone. These studies confirmed the low porosity properties of the reservoir: permeability - 0.004 μm2, conductivity - 0.056 μm2*m, hydraulic conductivity - 0.055 μm2*m/mPa*s. The skin factor varied in the range from -0.92 to 18.4, which indicates deterioration in the state of the bottom hole formation zone.

Hydrodynamic modeling study on a sector of the Timis River

To determine the water flow regime through the minor and major bed of the Timiș River, in the area associated with the studied sector, (levels, flow rates, hydrodynamic slopes, flood zones), as well as determining the discharge capacity of the bed on this analysis section, it was necessary to carry out a discrete numerical modeling in different variants of water flow transit. The assessment of the existing situation was based on the current topographic elevations materialized on the situation plan, the cross-sections and the maximum flows corresponding to the arranged regime, by the Waters National Administration. The analysis sector of the Timiș River was divided into segments (40) limited at the ends by (41) cross- sections obtained in accordance with the actual topographic elevations. The numerical modelling was carried out with the specialized program HECRAS version 4.1 and version 6.3.1. The calibration of the numerical model was carried out at the transit of the historical hydrograph where the maximum level reaches the recorded value Hmax and corresponds to a maximum value of the flow rate Qmax. Next, the transit of the synthetic flood hydrograph was carried out resulting in the identification of the flooded areas on the discrete numerical model as well as where the flow reaches the maximum value.