Hydrodynamic Forces Research Articles

Adaptive Opto-Thermal-Hydrodynamic Manipulation and Polymerization (AOTHMAP) for 4D Colloidal Patterning.

Precision colloidal patterning holds great promise in constructing customizable micro/nanostructures and functional frameworks, which showcases significant application values across various fields, from intelligent manufacturing to optoelectronic integration and biofabrication. Here, a direct 4D patterning method via adaptive opto-thermal-hydrodynamic manipulation and polymerization (AOTHMAP) with single-particle resolution is reported. This approach utilizes a single laser beam to automatically transport, position, and immobilize colloidal particles through the adaptive utilization of light-induced hydrodynamic force, optical force, and photothermal polymerization. The AOTHMAP enables precise 1D, 2D, and 3D patterning of colloidal particles of varying sizes and materials, facilitating the construction of customizable microstructures with complex shapes. Furthermore, by harnessing the pH-responsive properties of hydrogel adhesives, the AOTHMAP further enables 4D patterning by dynamic alteration of patterned structures through shrinkage, restructuring, and cloaking. Notably, the AOTHMAP also enables biological patterning of functional bio-structures such as bio-micromotors. The AOTHMAP offers a simple and efficient strategy for colloidal patterning with high versatility and flexibility, which holds great promises for the construction of functional colloidal microstructures in intelligent manufacturing, as well as optoelectronic integration and biofabrication.

Experimental Investigation of the Yaw Misalignment Effect on the Power Performance and System Loading of a Flapping‐Foil Hydrokinetic Turbine

ABSTRACTHydrokinetic turbines (HTs) extract power by utilizing hydrodynamic forces from flow energy. The surplus load not used for power generation acts as a system load and must be considered when designing the turbine. Additionally, due to the variability of the flow direction during tidal power generation, the effect of the yaw misalignment angle on the power generation performance and system loading is an important design consideration. This study investigates the characteristics of an experimental model of an HT that uses two flapping foils, at different yaw misalignment angles through circulating water tunnel experiments. Experimental results show that with a yaw angle change of 10°, the power performance decreases by approximately 10% and the load increases by about 30% compared to an aligned configuration. Notably, the load in the flow‐perpendicular direction was significant, with periodic changes due to repetitive up‐and‐down motions. Consequently, the hydrodynamic force characteristics of the HT differ from those of conventional rotary turbines, necessitating the development of a design method that fits these characteristics for the actual installation of flapping‐foil HTs at tidal current power generation sites.

Numerical investigation of synthetic jet effects on vortex-induced vibrations in tandem circular cylinders

ABSTRACT The influence of symmetric synthetic jets, on the upstream cylinder's (Cylinder 1's) leeward side on VIVs of tandem circular cylinders, was numerically investigated at Re = 150, m* = 2.0. The amplitude responses, frequency responses, hydrodynamic forces and wake patterns were analysed in the reduced velocity U* range of 3.0–14.0. The results indicated that synthetic jets with sufficient momentum coefficients (C u = 2.0 and 4.0) could suppress transverse oscillations of both cylinders, resulting in a symmetric +2S wake pattern. While the standard deviations of lift coefficients for Cylinder 1 decreased accordingly, the time-averaged drag coefficients of both cylinders didn't always follow suit. Complex wake patterns, including 2S + 2S, 2P + 2S, 2P + 2P, 2(P + S) + 2P and 2(P + S) + 2(P + S), were observed when synthetic jets can't dominate Cylinder 1's vortex shedding. Galloping responses of both cylinders can also be initiated.

Research on Course-Changing Performance of a Large Ship with Spoiler Fins

The poor maneuverability inherent to large ships is a non-negligible problem that restricts the development of the shipping industry, as large ships can only cruise at an excessively conservative speed when they encounter complicated traffic conditions; nevertheless, ship collision accidents still occasionally occur. In the present study, the novel concept of spoiler fins for modern large ships is proposed. In order to assess their effectiveness in enhancing ship maneuverability, a KRISO container ship (KCS) was selected to carry a pair of spoiler fins, after which a simplified simulation approach for saving the calculation resource was designed for ship collision avoidance conditions, and a full-scale numerical model, including the ship hull, fin, and fluid field domain, was established. Transient-state hydrodynamic forces were calculated during collision avoidance maneuvers using the CFD method; the pressure and velocity contours around the ship were demonstrated; and the ship motion trajectories under different initial ship speeds were simulated and predicted through the adoption of overset mesh and 6-DOF dynamic mesh techniques. Eventually, the improved course-changing performance, dependent on the spoiler fins, was validated.

Mechanical Analysis of the Critical Conditions for Trapping and Detachment of Microscale Air Bubbles on the Pure Water Freezing Front.

Icing is a widespread phase change phenomenon with implications for daily life and industrial production. Air bubbles form on the freezing front of pure water with dissolved air during the icing, which may affect the physical properties of ice. Controlling the behavior of air bubbles will be one method to change the physical properties of ice. To analyze the critical conditions for trapping and detachment of microscale air bubbles on a pure water freezing front, a mathematical model describing the forces on air bubble is developed on the basis of the principle of force equilibrium. Results show that the average accuracy of the present model in predicting the average air bubble detachment radius is about 62%, which is 30% higher than the model with the best prediction accuracy in the literature. Buoyant, temperature gradients, and hydrodynamic forces push air bubbles to detach from the freezing fronts, while adhesion force and gravity impede their detachment. Temperature gradient and adhesion forces are the main factors affecting the detachment of air bubbles from freezing fronts. The temperature gradient has the greatest effect on the air bubble detachment radius, while the tilt angle and liquid density have a lesser effect. When the temperature gradient is increased from 1000 to 10 000 K/m, the air bubble detachment radius decreases by 37.78%. Studying the forces acting on the air bubbles on the pure water freezing front is an important reference for the production of special ice bodies, phase change cold storage, and de-icing technology.

Analysis of fluid forces impacting on the impeller of a mixed flow blood pump with computational fluid dynamics.

This study presents four different impeller designs to compare hydrodynamic forces. Numerical simulation studies are performed via computational fluid dynamics to specify and investigate the hydraulic forces impacting the impeller of the mixed-flow blood pump with a volute. The design point of this pump is that the flow rate is 5 L/min, the rotational speed is 8000 rpm, and the manometric head is 100 mmHg. The designed impellers are placed in the same volute and simulation studies are performed with the same mesh size (17.3 million cells) of the pumps. The simulation studies have been conducted in setting 1050 kg/m3 blood density, 35 cP fluid viscosity, and SST-kω turbulence model. Additionally, this study examines the changes in hydraulic forces and hydraulic efficiency with fluid viscosity. As a result of experimental simulation studies, the highest hydraulic efficiencies of 40.87% and 39.5% are achieved in the case of the shaftless-grooveless and shafted-grooveless impeller, respectively. The maximum axial forces are obtained from the pump with the shaftless-grooveless impeller. Whereas radial forces, maximum values are calculated in the pump with the shaftless-outer groove impeller for all flow rates. Finally, the wall shear stresses, which are important for blood pump designs, are evaluated and the maximum value of 227 Pa is observed in the pump impeller with a shaftless-grooved.

Dynamic response analysis of a floating bridge structure under combined actions from seismic loading and waves at different incident angles

Abstract This paper investigates the complex coupled response of a cross-sea floating bridge under the combined actions of seismic loading and wave at different incident angles. The bridge structure is modeled using the finite element method, considering the interaction between the girder, pier, pontoon, and mooring chains. Wave forces are calculated based on potential theory, and an added mass approach is applied to simulate the hydrodynamic forces induced by the earthquake. Simulations were conducted using a one-year random wave at three different incident angles of 0o, 45o, and 90o, combined with three-dimensional seismic loading of varying magnitudes: 0.3 g, 0.5 g, and 1 g. The simulation results indicate that the direction of the incident wave significantly influences the bridge's response. The coupling effect between wave and seismic forces on the floating bridge's response is not simply additive. Generally, when the earthquake magnitude is low, the wave loading significantly impacts the bridge's dynamics. However, as the earthquake magnitude increases, the bridge's response becomes dominated by the seismic forces, rendering the influence of wave forces negligible.

Profiling Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells through Spatially Resolved Immunocapture on Nanoporous Micropillar Arrays.

The phenotype of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers valuable insights into monitoring cancer metastasis and recurrence. While microfluidics presents a promising approach for capturing these rare cells in blood, the phenotypic profiling of CTCs remains technically challenging. Herein, we developed a nanoporous micropillar array chip enabling highly efficient capture and in situ phenotypic analysis of CTCs through enhanced and tunable on-chip immunoaffinity binding. The nanoporous micropillar array addresses the fundamental limits in fluidic mass transfer, surface stagnant flow boundary effect, and interface topographic and multivalent reactions simultaneously within a single device, resulting in a synergistic enhancement of CTC immunocapture efficiency. The CTC capture efficiency increased by approximately 40% for cancer cells with low surface marker expressing. By manipulating fluidic velocity (hydrodynamic drag force) on the chip, a cell adhesion gradient was generated in the capture chamber, enabling individual CTCs with varying expression levels of epithelial cellular adhesion molecules to be immunocaptured at the corresponding spatial locations where equilibrium drag force is provided. The clinical utility of the nanoporous micropillar array was demonstrated by accurately distinguishing early and advanced stages of breast cancer and further longitudinally monitoring treatment response. We envision that the nanoporous micropillar array chip will provide an in situ capture and molecular profiling approach for CTCs and enhance the clinical application of CTC liquid biopsy.

Experimental study on hydrodynamic performance and structural forces of curved and vertical front face pile-supported permeable breakwaters

This paper presents an experimental study on the hydrodynamic characteristics and structural forces of pile-supported permeable breakwaters under regular wave conditions. The study evaluates three distinct configurations: one featuring a vertical superstructure, another with a permeable curved superstructure, and a third that combines a permeable curved superstructure incorporating a perforated diaphragm. Experiments were conducted under regulated wave conditions, focusing on pressures, forces, and hydrodynamic scattering coefficients associated with each structural form. Results from the experiments indicate that, under the conditions tested in this study, the curved permeable superstructure significantly reduces wave reflection coefficients and forces acting on critical elements. The curved permeable superstructure maintains reflection coefficients below 0.3 while ensuring low transmission coefficients. Moreover, the study explores dynamic water pressure on an inclined perforated plate and identifies an asymmetric double-peak phenomenon in the pressure time series, signifying the transition from regular waves to breaking waves. The critical wave steepness for the occurrence of double peaks was found to be lower than the breaking limit steepness. Filter analysis elucidates the generation mechanism and evolution pattern of this double-peak phenomenon, revealing the influence of relative water depth, with second-order harmonics dominating near the bottom and second- and third-order harmonics prevalent at the free water surface. This research contributes to the understanding of the hydrodynamic performance of pile-supported permeable breakwaters and underscores the benefits of the curved permeable superstructure design in reducing wave reflection and structural forces. The findings provide valuable insight for the further development and application of pile-supported breakwater structures.

Experimental decomposition of nonlinear hydrodynamic loads and hydroelastic responses in wave–structure interactions of monopile wind turbines

This study explores the nonlinear effects of hydrodynamic loads and hydroelastic responses in monopile-supported offshore wind turbines, with a focus on their harmonic structures. High-quality experimental data were collected in a shallow water basin across various irregular waves. Their harmonic components up to the fourth order were successfully isolated using a novel four-phase decomposition technique, which effectively extracts harmonics from random time series. The results highlight significant contributions of higher-order harmonics across various sea states. Specifically, two physical models were employed: a flexible monopile to capture structural hydroelastic deformations during large wave events and a rigid monopile to accurately estimate hydrodynamic loads without hydroelastic effects. Additionally, numerical results from fully nonlinear potential-flow calculations were compared, revealing that while the potential-flow solver underestimates total wave loading, especially for higher harmonics. In terms of the free-surface elevations and hydrodynamic forces, this study confirms that their higher-order harmonics align well with the scaling of their corresponding linear components in both amplitude and phase. This enables the prediction of higher-order profiles based solely on their linear components. However, this efficient model is inadequate for accurately estimating the higher-order harmonics of monopile's hydroelastic responses during these extreme wave events, highlighting the need for further refinement.

High Vulnerability of Rhodolith Bed Frameworks and Underlying Sediment to Ongoing Ocean Climate Change

ABSTRACTRhodoliths are non‐geniculate, free‐living coralline red algae that can accumulate on the seafloor and form structurally complex habitats supporting highly biodiverse communities termed rhodolith beds. Limited understanding of key rhodolith kinetical attributes and how they scale with environmental variability limits ability to predict changes in rhodolith bed distribution and abundance in a globally changing ocean climate. We carried out two experiments in an oscillatory wave tank to test the effects of (1) rhodolith (Boreolithothamnion glaciale) density and wave velocity on rhodolith displacement and abrasion over a hard substratum and (2) rhodolith density on rhodolith displacement and the stability of underlying sediment. We established that on a hard substratum, (1) a threshold wave velocity of ~0.3 m s−1 is required to induce noticeable displacement in average‐sized rhodoliths and (2) rhodolith abrasion increases (quasi‐linearly) with wave velocity up to this threshold. We also showed that (3) for a same rhodolith density, rhodolith displacement is at least two times smaller on a sedimentary than hard substratum and (4) the loss of sediment underneath rhodoliths decreases (quasi‐linearly) with an increase in rhodolith density. Rates documented and strong scaling with changes in water motion and rhodolith density indicate that relatively small changes in the density of rhodoliths or hydrodynamic forces can quickly destabilize rhodolith bed frameworks and underlying sediment. These rates can be used to develop predictive models of change in rhodolith bed distribution and abundance that can in turn inform development of more accurate, science‐based rhodolith bed conservation strategies.

Experimental and numerical investigations on responses of ship rolling motion coupled with liquid sloshing inside three tanks with and without baffles

Rolling response of a floating production storage and offloading coupled with sloshing inside three liquid tanks with and without baffles under different wave periods is analyzed experimentally in a towing tank. The main focuses of this study are to examine the effect of baffles on natural period and amplitude of ship rolling motion coupled sloshing for various tank filling depths. The experimental results show that baffles decrease the natural period of ship rolling motion for low filling conditions (20% and 30%). However, when the filling depths are high (e.g., 60% and 70%), the natural period is increased due to the installation of the baffles. The changing of natural period is revealed quantitatively by the change of the sloshing-induced added mass calculated by the numerical potential flow model. The amplitude of ship rolling motion coupled with sloshing without baffles reveals two typical phenomena, namely the anti-rolling effect at low filling conditions and the enhanced-rolling effect at high filling conditions, depending on the dominant factor between the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic forces. Baffles are effective in suppressing the amplitude of ship rolling motion, especially at its natural period. Their effect is more obvious for low filling condition than that for high filling conditions. This is because baffles are more effective in stopping the fluid inside the tanks from flowing to the inclined side when the filling depth is low. It is also found that baffles can decrease the sloshing-induced mass at low filling conditions and increase that at middle and high filling conditions. The above-mentioned changes are the reasons for the decrease and increase in the natural period of ship rolling motion at low and high filling conditions, respectively, due to the application of baffles.

Course control in a self-consistent model of cuttlefish movement

We developed a simulation model to mimic cuttlefish movement. We developed a simulation model to mimic cuttlefish movement, representing an elongated body with two undulatory fins that generate propulsive forces for underwater movement. Our mathematical model concurrently solved equations for both body mechanics and fluid dynamics, using the Navier–Stokes equations to describe the latter. To implement this self-consistent model, we utilized deformable mesh techniques. This enabled us to compute both the apparatus’s movement performance characteristics and hydrodynamic flow parameters, such as vorticity and pressure fields. Our study focused on examining how oscillations of the left and right fins, each with different parameters, impact the apparatus’s maneuverability. We found that differences in frequencies between the left and right fins resulted in a peak turning angle velocity. We also explored how the interplay between hydrodynamic forces influences the apparatus’s course control.

Numerical study of liquid sloshing in three-dimensional flexible cylindrical tank under multi-directional seismic excitation

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of the flexibility of three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical tank on liquid sloshing inside the tank as well as the influence of the hydrodynamic forces on the structure's deformation. A ground-supported cylindrical flexible tank filled with water and subjected to seismic excitation is investigated using a numerical coupling methodology to take into account the fluid–structure interactions. The Navier–Stokes equations in the fluid domain are solved using the finite volume method, while the finite element method is used to solve the linear-elastic equations of the structure. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation is applied for the moving mesh in two-phase flow system. The simulations are conducted using free open-source software: OpenFOAM for fluid dynamics and FEniCS for solid mechanics, both utilize the preCICE library for data exchanging and fluid–structure coupling. The numerical methodology is validated by the experimental and numerical results given in literature. A multi-directional earthquake ground motion is then considered as external loading, and the elasticity of the tank wall is varied to investigate the effect on the fluid sloshing. It has been shown that the more flexible the tank walls are, the greater will be both the sloshing height and the structural deformations during an earthquake event. Several flow field information and structural responses have been provided, such as the sloshing height, hydrodynamic pressure, structure deformations, and structural stress distribution. The potential elephant's foot buckling phenomenon at the lower part of tank can also be predicted.

Numerical simulations of the effects of KC number and entrapped water on the subsea cover hydrodynamic characteristics

ABSTRACT The entrapped water in subsea structures with openings significantly influences hydrodynamic forces and structural stability. This study utilises Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model to investigate oscillatory flows around a subsea cover under varying conditions, including different levels of entrapped water (obtained by different opening dimensions) and KC numbers. Numerical simulations are validated through experimental data from oscillatory flows over a subsea cover on a plate. The study examines lift and in-line force coefficients to assess the impact of opening dimensions and KC numbers on hydrodynamic forces. Findings show that opening size primarily affects the lift coefficient due to changes in the behaviour of entrapped water. The influence of entrapped water decreases as both the KC number and opening size increase. A 30% opening yields the smallest lift-to-in-line ratio ( C Lrms / C Drms ) and reduced C Lrms and C Lstd values. Additionally, the flow fields around the cover are also discussed. Smaller openings reduce the amplitude of velocity, vorticity, and pressure inside the cover. Openings mitigate vortex formation and shedding caused by jets between the structure and the wall. The results also reveal a phase shift in lift coefficients for different opening sizes. These findings provide critical insights for the hydrodynamic behaviour and design of similar subsea structures.

A two-dimensional numerical characterization on the droplet dynamics in the electric field by VOSET method

A coupled volume-of-fluid and level set (VOSET) model is extended to the simulation of electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) flow. The good accuracy of proposed model is validated by comparing with previous results. Although the electrostrictive force might be greater than the Coulomb and dielectric forces under certain conditions, it has no influence on droplet dynamic behaviors except the pressure distribution. The electro-coalescence of droplet pair is systematically investigated. In addition to the coalescence and repulsion, two droplets might neither coalesce nor repulse with the repulsive hydrodynamic force and attractive electric force strike a balance. The electro-coalescence of two droplets always happens as long as the electric conductivity ratio is smaller than the permittivity ratio. The critical permittivity ratio separating the coalescence and repulsion of droplets increases as the increase of electric conductivity ratio. The electro-coalescence time of two droplets decreases as the permittivity ratio and electric capillary number increase. Nevertheless, the electro-coalescence time shows different variation tendency as the increase of electric conductivity ratio with different permittivity ratios and electric capillary numbers.

Mass and momentum balance during particle migration in the pressure-driven flow of frictional non-Brownian suspensions

The transient shear-induced particle migration of frictional non-Brownian suspensions is studied using particle-resolved simulations. The numerical method – the fictitious domain method – is well suited to heterogeneous flows thanks to a frame-invariant formulation of the subgrid (lubrication) corrections that does not involve the ambient flow (Orsi et al., J. Comput. Phys., vol. 474, 2023, 111823). The paper aims to give an accurate quantitative picture of the mass and momentum balance during the flow. The various assumptions and local constitutive laws that together form the suspension balance model (SBM) are thoroughly examined. To this purpose, the various quantities of interest are locally averaged in space and time, and their profile across the channel is extensively studied, with specific attention to the time evolution of the different contributions, either hydrodynamic in nature or from contact interactions, to the shear and normal stresses. The latter, together with the velocity gradient in the wall-normal direction and the volume fraction profile, yield the local constitutive laws, which are compared with their counterpart obtained in homogeneous shear flow. A fair agreement is observed except in a layering area at the boundaries and at the very centre of the channel. In addition, the main assumption of the SBM, i.e. the local relation between the hydrodynamic force on the particles and the particle flux, is meticulously investigated. The hydrodynamic force is found to be mainly a drag, except in the lower range of the probed volume fractions, where a non-drag contribution is observed.

Migration of a slip-spin solid spherical particle in a micropolar fluid-filled circular cylindrical tube

A combined study analytically and numerically for the axially symmetric creeping flow due to a slip-spin solid sphere surface moving in a microstructure fluid of micropolar type along the centreline of a circular cylindrical tube is introduced. This investigation was presented under low Reynolds number conditions. A general solution is obtained by superposing the essential solutions in both spherical and cylindrical coordinates to solve the Eringen micropolar field equations. The condition of the microrotation, along with couple stress, is used at the surface of the solid particle; while the microrotation is used at the inner cylindrical surface. Boundary conditions are imposed initially on the inner cylindrical surface using Fourier transforms and subsequently on the outer surface of the solid particle using a collocation technique. This paper aims to study the wall interaction problem of a translating slip-spin solid spherical particle in a micropolar fluid along the centreline of a circular cylindrical tube. The study also investigates the effect of the addition of slip conditions for velocity and microrotation on the surface of a solid particle. There is good convergence in the numerical findings obtained for the normalised hydrodynamic drag force (the tube-corrected factor) applying on the surface of the solid particle for several values of the micropolarity coefficient, slip-spin coefficients, and the ratio between the radius of the solid particle and tube. Regarding the flow of a solid spherical particle along the centreline of a cylindrical tube, our drag findings compare favourably to the solutions found in the literature. We found that the normalised drag force acting on the solid particle monotonically increases with the increase of the particle-to-tube radius ratio and reaches infinity in the limitless, with the increase of the micropolarity coefficient, and with the increase of the slip-spin coefficients for a steady ratio of particle-to-tube radius.

Influence of interface on nondeformable micropolar drop migration

Abstract In this article, an analytical approach is considered to study the issue of specifying Stokesian motion due to a micropolar sphere drop translating at a concentric instantaneous position within a spherical fluid-fluid interface that divides two immiscible fluids, one of which is bounded and the other is unbounded. Here, the focus is on the situation where there are two microstructure-related fluid phases (micropolar fluids) out of the three. The motion is considered to have low Reynolds numbers; thus, the drop's surface and fluid-fluid interface have insignificant deformation. For both the components of the microrotation and velocity, general solutions to the slow axisymmetric motion of the micropolar/viscous fluid in a spherical coordinate system are obtained based on a concentric position. Boundary conditions are fulfilled at the drop's surface and the fluid-fluid interface. Especially, the boundary condition for the microrotation-vorticity is utilised at the fluid-fluid interface; while the continuity of tangential couple stress and microrotation are also utilised at the drop's surface. Findings indicate that the normalised hydrodynamic force increases monotonically as the droplet-to-interface radius ratio increases, acting on a moving micropolar sphere droplet and becoming unlimited when the drop's surface touches the fluid-fluid interface. The numerical findings for the normalised force operating on the micropolar sphere droplet at different values of the suitable parameters are introduced in both graphical and tabular form. Our numerical findings are compared with the suitable data for the special cases stated in the literature. This current investigation is significant within the domains of industrial, biological, medicinal, and natural processes, for example, liquid-liquid extraction, raindrop formation, blood cells moving through a vein or artery, suspension rheology, sedimentation, and coagulation.

Enhancing Vibration Control in Smart Beams: A Comparative Study of Piezoelectric-Based Controllers Under Fluid-Induced Vibrations

Smart structures with integrated piezoelectric elements play a pivotal role in mitigating vibrations across diverse applications, by safeguarding against structural damage and performance degradation. This study delves into the active control of vibrations in beams, particularly in fluid-immersed environments where hydrodynamic forces induce complex beam oscillations. The dynamic behavior of geometrically nonlinear, simply supported beams integrated with piezoelectric elements was examined. The position of the piezoelectric patch was optimized through the GA algorithm to minimize the settling time. The optimal location for the piezoelectric patch was determined in the middle of the beam. The investigation encompasses harmonic excitation forces spanning frequencies from 10[Formula: see text]Hz to 200[Formula: see text]Hz. Our study evaluates the system’s response under two critical conditions: one with the presence of external hydrodynamic forces and the other without. To achieve effective vibration control, we employ both Proportional-Derivative (PD) and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC), optimizing their parameters for minimum settling time as an objective function. The results underscore the remarkable superiority of the SMC, reducing settling times by an impressive 50% when compared to the PD controller. Additionally, the SMC demonstrates the ability to significantly reduce control efforts, as evidenced by actuator voltage. In the context of forced vibrations, the SMC maintains its superior performance, especially at lower frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the emergence of chattering affects the SMC’s performance, although it remains more effective than the PD controller in low-frequency scenarios. This study sheds light on the effectiveness of piezoelectric-based control strategies for smart beams, offering valuable insights into their performance under various vibration conditions. These findings hold significant promise for practical applications where vibration control is critical.