Hydrodistillation Extraction Methods Research Articles

Pimpinella anisum essential oil: A natural approach to amplifying fertility and reproductive well-being in the Saida Region

Infertility poses a significant challenge within the sheep population, hindering herd regeneration. Both rams and ewes are susceptible to infertility, prompting our objective of enhancing reproductive performance through the utilization of essential oils as a means to mitigate this issue. Essential oils have long been acknowledged for their medicinal properties and have been extensively employed in traditional medicine. Some essential oils have been reported to exert effects on male reproductive functions in both animals and humans.Pimpinella anisum, scientifically known as green anise, is a medicinal and aromatic annual plant renowned as one of the oldest medicinal herbs and widely used as a spice. In Algeria, essential oils extracted from Pimpinella anisum are consumed on a wide scale; however, their potential in enhancing ram fertility has remained unexplored.To improve the fertility of the Rembi breed sheep population, rams were randomly selected for this study. These rams underwent various experiments to evaluate their response to different concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 mm/ram) of essential oil obtained from anise seeds using the hydro-distillation extraction method. Furthermore, the study encompassed an assessment of their key zootechnical characteristics over a one-year period.

Extraction process optimization of essential oil from Mellissa officinalis L. using a new ultrasound-microwave hybrid-assisted Clevenger hydrodistillation

The limited efficiency of traditional hydrodistillation extraction methods has hindered the development of essential oils (EOs). This study introduces an innovative method for enhancing the production of EOs from Mellissa officinalis L. The method involves ultrasonic and microwave-coupled Clevenger hydrodistillation, which utilizes a proprietary distillation device (PDD) extraction process. Yield optimisation was determined systematically by response surface methodology following single-factor experiments. The maximum extraction yield (0.21 ± 0.0019%) was achieved when the liquid-to-solid ratio, microwave extraction power, and microwave extraction time were set to 9.74 mL/g, 559.60 W, and 75 mins, respectively. The new process produced 74.79% and 73.55% more EOs than the electric furnace heating-assisted PDD and the microwave-assisted traditional Clevenger hydrodistillation. The combination of microwave and a modified PDD showed better results for EOs extraction, and it has great potential to improve the production efficiency of M. officinalis EOs.

Fabrication of basil oil Nanoemulsion loaded gellan gum hydrogel—evaluation of its antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential

The pathogenic suppression of infectious agents is an ongoing strategy to tackle threats from microbial infections. In this regard, we developed and characterized a stable basil oil nanoemulsion-filled hydrogel that combats microbial pathogenicity and enhances the antimicrobial potential. Basil oil was extracted from Ocimum basilicum using the hydrodistillation extraction method. Furthermore, bioactive compounds of extracted basil oil were identified using GC-MS. Basil oil nanoemulsion (BNE) was developed using the ultrasonic emulsification method by incorporating basil oil, span 60, and water. Later, the formulated nanoemulsions were grafted with the gellan gum-based hydrogel matrix. The BNE was evaluated for globule size, zeta potential, FTIR analysis, and surface texture by SEM. A study was conducted to analyze antimicrobial sensitivity, the minimum inhibitory concentration, anti-biofilm potential, and membrane integrity for gram-positive, gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains. The BNE formed with minimum droplet dimensions of 49.2 nm with a zeta-potential of −33 mV showed much more kinetic stability. The developed basil oil nanoemulsion hydrogels (BNEHs) showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus with their ability to impair the consistency of the cell membrane. In addition, the BNEH reported a 20% increase in antibiofilm activity than BNE. The findings demonstrate the possibility of using BNE and BNEH against different microbial pathogens such as potential anti microbial and anti biofilm agents. Further it could be tested for its topical delivery efficacy.

Biological activity and profiling of Salvia sclarea essential oil obtained by steam and hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools

AbstractSalvia sclarea L. or clary sage is cultivated worldwide in temperate and sub‐tropical climates, as an ornamental and essential oil (EO) bearing plant. EO is obtained from fresh spikes in full flowering stage and is recognized as an important commercial product for food, beverage and cosmetic industries. This study investigated the EO composition of S. sclarea grown in Serbia (Southeast Europe) obtained by two different methods, steam (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD). GC‐MS analysis identified oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class of compounds for all EOs (between 81.8% and 88.2% depending on the distillation process). The most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes were linalyl acetate and linalool. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial (modified resazurin microtitre‐plate assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH· assay) and total polyphenol content of obtained EOs were also evaluated. According to the assay used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria were more sensitive to S. sclarea EO in comparison to Gram‐positive bacteria. EOs exhibited low antioxidant capacity, below 3% neutralized DPPH· radicals, reaching up to approximately 400 µg AAE mL‐1. This study also investigated a possibility for predicting retention indices (RIs) of compounds isolated from EOs. In total, 78 experimentally obtained RIs were applied to construct the prediction model. The quantitative structure‐chromatographic retention relationship (QSRR) model was used to anticipate the experimentally obtained RIs. Five molecular descriptors were selected by factor analysis and genetic algorithm to predict RIs. The obtained accuracy of the QSRR model reached r2 = .912, which showed that these models might be applied for predicting retention indices.

Assessing properties of acantholippia deserticola (Phil.) moldenke essential oil: Comparison between hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction methods

Acantholippia deserticola (Rica-Rica) is a native shrub of the Chilean highlands used as a medicinal plant and food dressing. The objective of this study was to compare the physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of its essential oil (EO), based on the process parameters and extraction methods using hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and assessing presence of fatty acids. The process performance as well as the colour parameters, refractive index, fatty acid profile, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. The best process conditions for HD were 90 min, 420 W and 150 g 1000 mL–1; for MAHD, these were 90 min, 700 W and 200 g 1000 mL–1, with yields of 0.45 and 0.49 mL 100 g-1 and antioxidant capacities of 2.38 and 3.92 µmol Trolox g-1 respectively. The collection season, extraction method and its parameters affected the yield and fatty acid profile, influencing EOs’ activity. In terms of mass of herbs, process time as well as energy efficiency and environmental impact, the extraction of MAHD was 8% more efficient. EOs extracted by both methods show a slight inhibitory effect on Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus cereus, and MAHD EO showed a highly inhibitory effect on Streptococcus Group A. The type of extraction method and the process parameters could be set to obtain suitable EOs according to its potential industrial application.

Combined Impact of Ultrasound Pre-treatment and Hydrodistillation on Bioactive Compounds and GC–MS Analysis of Cinnamomum cassia Bark Extract

The extraction of concentrated volatile oils from various plant species is generally carried out by hydrodistillation technique. However, this hydrodistillation technique is expensive owing to more solvent and energy consumption. In this study, effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment prior to hydrodistillation on extraction of Cinnamomum cassia bark oil was evaluated. Process variables for extraction were optimized by Taguchi method. Results revealed that ultrasound pre-treatment hydrodistillation (UAHD) can enhance the yield of the extracted oil when compared with conventional hydrodistillation (HD) technique. To predict the yield of the extracted essential oil significant mathematical model was developed. Optimum parameters were determined according to the mathematical model they were: solid loading 25 g, ultrasound power 600 W, extraction time 35 min, and solvent quantity 100 ml. Further, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results of C. cassia bark oil revealed that UAHD produced more oxygenated compounds than HD extraction method. In addition, UAHD was found to be less energy consuming and environmentally safer than HD extraction method. Moreover, FT-IR spectra indicate that the effect of UAHD extraction method released all the volatile compounds from treated C. cassia bark powder. Finally, the optimum parameters were confirmed by the experiments performed, in which the yield of the oil of 3.17% was obtained. This study demonstrated that ultrasound pre-treatment prior to hydrodistillation could be useful to extract bioactive compounds with reduction in extraction time for extraction of C. cassia bark oil.

Profiling of essential oil chemical composition of some Lamiaceae species extracted using conventional and microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools

AbstractThis study investigated the potential use of microwave energy as an effective technique for the extraction of essential oil (EO) from some plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family growing in Egypt, involving Origanum majorana L., Mentha pipereta L., Mentha longifolia L., Origanum syriacum L., Lavandula angustifolia L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., in comparison with conventional extraction using hydrodistillation (HD) approach, in terms of extraction time, oil yields, and chemical composition. The results showed that the use of microwave in a relevant technique, namely microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) required an extraction of 60 minutes, while HD required 180 minutes. In general, EO yield being extracted by MAHD was higher than those extracted by HD. Gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated noticeable quantitative changes in EOs composition extracted by MAHD and HD extraction methods. Except for O majorana L., GC/MS analysis of extracted oils using MAHD showed higher amounts of oxygenated constituents compared to HD extraction. The results of this study introduced MAHD as rapid, economical and environmental friendly extraction method. A comparative analysis was stated here between the EOs of all plant species under study on chemometric tools such as principal components analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). In general, the PCA results showed that there is significant variation between species in the quality and quantity of EO composition. However, no significant difference is observed based on the extraction method used (HD and MAHD).

A Novel Green Technology Kaffir Lime Extract as Lizard Repellent

The ubiquity of lizard in homes and has caused huge problem to human. They are one of the very important agents to transmit Salmonella that cause food poisoning towards human being. Through this research the potential of Kaffir lime peel toward lizard was reported. The process to produce Kaffir lime extract is hydrodistillation extraction method. The repellency test of essential oil will be assess at different concentration (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The duration of observation will be test from 3 to 6 hour duration. The results has shown that the concentration up to 50% and above of essential oil from Kaffir lime peel extraction may reflect the lizards in a state of discomfort.

Comparative Evaluation of Essential Oils of Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Obtained from Solvent-Free Microwave and Hydrodistillation Extraction Methods

Till date, no study has ever looked into the effect of extraction method on the chemical constituents of the essential oil of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the effect of hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods on the chemical constituents of H. petiolare derived essential oils. The SFME derived essential oil was deep yellow and of higher yield than the pale yellow essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation. There were substantial amounts of monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohols, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpene alcohols in both essential oils obtained. The SFME derived essential oil had 62 compounds as against the 52 derived through hydrodistillation. The SFME derived essential oil can therefore be suggested to be of better quality than of the hydrodistillation method. The compounds obtained in the essential oils have high pharmaceutical and cosmetic values, and as observed in this study, their quantity is dependent on method of extraction.

Characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from patchouli: Comparing microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation methods

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) is a promising and advanced technology that uses microwave heating to extract essential oils from dry leaves. Currently available conventional methods are time consuming, thermally unsafe and require costly solvents. In the current study, MAHD and traditional hydrodistillation (HD) techniques were compared and their effectiveness in the separation of the essential oil from dry patchouli leaves have been studied. The patchouli oil that obtained from MAHD and HD extraction methods were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and the impact of the two extraction methods on the plant morphology were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results indicated that MAHD method extracted 5 % of essential oil at solid to solvent ratio of 1:12 g/ml from patchouli leaves as compared to 4 % obtained using HD method at 45 minutes of extraction time. In addition, MAHD method can retain 16 compounds while only 11 chemical compounds were extracted using HD. Thus, MAHD showed a greater potential for better production of the essential oil from patchouli leaves as compared to HD method.

Essential Oil from Vietnamese Mandarin (<i>Citrus reticulata Blanco</i>) Using Hydrodistillation Extraction Process and Identification of it’s Components

In this research, the hydrodistillation extraction method has been adopted to extract the essential oil from Vietnamese Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel purchased from Thu Duc, Vietnam. Various extraction conditions influencing the oil yield were investigated. The obtained essential oil was evaluated for physicochemical characteristics. GC–MS studied the chemical composition of the oil. The results showed that with the ground Mandarin peel, the ratio of peel to solvent ratio 1:4 (g/mL), extraction time of 150 minutes at a temperature of 110-120°C, the highest essential oil yield was attained at 5%. Bioactive components found at high content included limonene (97.655%), were followed by β-Myrcene (1.395%), 1R-α-Pinene (0.561%), L-β-pinene (0.264%), Sabinene (0.126%).

A study on the extraction of essential oil of Persian black cumin using static supercritical CO2 extraction, and comparison with hydro-distillation extraction method

ABSTRACTThe essential oil of Persian black cumin was extracted using static supercritical CO2 technique at different temperatures, extraction times, and number of extractions. The composition of extracted oil was measured by GC-MS analysis and 25 components were identified. It was found that the oil recovery was reduced by increasing the temperature. Maximum recovery was achieved at two-step extraction that was about 49%. Both dissolution rate and solubility limited the oil recovery at the tested extraction conditions. The oxygenate components have less dissolution rate than the terpenes. The application of experimental data for design of an efficient dynamic extraction system was discussed.

Composition Analysis of Essential Oil from Melaleuca bracteata Leaves Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and its Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities

To extract essential oil from Melaleuca bracteata leaves without thermal degradation, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was developed and optimized using a response surface method (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under the optimized extraction conditions, a higher essential oil yield of 4.55% was achieved in comparison to that of 1.02% via the conventional hydrodistillation extraction method, which suggested that UAE could be used as an alternative and efficient extraction method for the essential oil from M. bracteata leaves. Furthermore, the composition of the essential oil extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 42 constituents, including methyl eugenol (86.5%), methyl cinnamate (4.33%), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, methyl ester (1.77%), and germacrene D (1.24%) were identified in the essential oil of M. bracteata leaves. The essential oil showed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and reducing property. Additionally, remarkable bacteriostatic activity was observed against the tested pathogens, including Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC31532, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Serratia marcescens MG1, and Serratia marcescens H30. These results indicated that the essential oil from M. bracteata leaves had potential applications due to its antioxidative and antimicrobial activities.

Influence of flower to water ratio and distillation time of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) flowers on essential oil content and composition in the western Himalayas

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of flower to water ratio and distillation time of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) flowers on essential oil content and composition in the western Himalayas. Essential oil was produced by hydrodistillation extraction method using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The experiment consists of 12 treatments; four flower to water ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) and three distillation time (3, 4 and 5 h). We hypothesized that the chemical constituents of damask rose essential oil are eluted at different times during the hydrodistillation process and vary with flower to water ratios, resulting in oils with different composition. The compositions of the essential oils were characterized by GC–MS. A total of 25 compounds were identified, constituting over 89.1 ± 1.3% to 96.2 ± 2.3% of oil composition. Flower to water ratio influenced the essential oil content and significantly higher rose oil was recorded by 1:2 flower to water ratio (0.051%). Distillation time did not significantly affect the essential oil content. Distillation of flowers in 1:2 ratio for 3 h recorded the highest citronellol + nerol content (41.1 ± 0.2%) as compared to other treatments.

Extraction of essential oils from damask rose using green and conventional techniques: Microwave and ohmic assisted hydrodistillation versus hydrodistillation

Damask rose is cultivated as the main species used in the production of rose water and relevant essential oils (EOs) of rose for its fragrance and therapeutic applications. Since the flowers are highly perishable, the extraction of oil should be done rapidly in order to produce rose EO successfully and optimally. Solvent free microwave-assisted extraction (SFME) and ohmic assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) are advanced and green distillation techniques, which utilize microwave, and ohmic heating processes respectively for the extraction of EOs. In this study, SFME and OAHD of EOs were performed on fresh flowers of damask rose, and the findings were compared with the traditional hydrodistillation (HD). The findings of EO analysis indicated considerable alterations in EOs compounds extracted by SFME and OAHD methods compared with the traditional HD. To reach the desirable temperature of extraction (nearly 100 °C) and to get the first EO droplets’ evaporation with steam, the mixture was heated for 2.50 ± 0.29 min in SFME and for 17.33 ± 0.33 min in OAHD, while for the HD the heating had to take more than 40 min (42.66 ± 0.32 min). The total extraction time of EOs extracted from damask rose by using the green extraction procedures (SFME and OAHD) were compared with HD extraction method. Extraction by SFME occurred much earlier than extraction by OAHD. Also in this study, the analysis of EOs indicated that the chemical profile of damask rose may fluctuate quantitatively with respect to the constituents and structure of the extracted molecules. This would depend on the system of extraction that influences the characteristics of the EOs.

Modeling and Optimization of the Operating Conditions of Marrubium vulgare L. Essential Oil Extraction Process: Kinetic Parameters Estimation through Genetic Algorithms

Advanced control and optimization of extraction processes are very important in the field of chemical engineering for the development of processes arising in high yield with minimal costs of time and energy. The main contributions of the current study lie in the following aspects: the first deals with the experimental study of hydrodistillation extraction method performed on a medicinal plant (Marrubium vulgare L.) as well as the optimization of the different parameters influencing the extraction yield, such as heating, drying and grinding the plant and solvent to solid ratio, in order to determine the operating conditions favorable to the realization of the extraction process, resulting in high yield, the second phase is dependent on the first, which is devoted to the mathematical modeling by exploiting three models from the literature. Furthermore, the parameters estimation of the kinetic models was carried out using genetic algorithms. The obtained coefficients of correlation and the root mean square error, show that predicted and experimental data were in good agreement.

Antimicrobial Activity and Composition of Essential Oil from Echinophora platyloba

The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their derivatives has been recognized for a long time. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Echinophora platyloba essential oil against Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Aspergillus niger. The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation extraction method using Clevenger apparatus. E. platyloba oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity determined by detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for bacteria and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for the fungi strain. Broth micro-dilution and paper disc diffusion methods used for antimicrobial activity tests. Results obtained by GC-MS analysis showed 47 constituents identified in the essential oil composition with the main compounds including: asarone (10.15 %), anethole (7.39 %), eugenol (6.74 %), dimethyl styrene (6.55 %), dimethyl styrene isomer (5.28 %), nuciferol (5.087 %). E. platyloba oil showed the MIC of 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/ml respectively for the mentioned microbes. The inhibition zones formed by the essential oil and standard antibiotic discs showed that E. platyloba essential oil was inhibitory to all of the microbes at the concentrations of 3.12, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. Results confirmed the possibility of using this essential oil in food systems to prevent the growth of some foodborn microorganisms.

Yield and Essential Oil Response in Coriander to Water Stress and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) contains essential oil, and various extracts from the seeds possess anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous and anti-mutagenic activities. Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 12 and 24 kg-ha−1 P) on the seed yield, and volatile oil of Egyptian cultivar of coriander under water stress conditions. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation extraction method using Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis of the oil was done by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Increasing water amounts and P fertilization rates increased plant height, number of branches, number of umbels and seed yield. Essential oil yields increased significantly with increasing water regimes from 50 % to 100 % of ET crop. Irrigation applied at 100 % of crop water need, combined with 24 kg-ha−1 P, gave the best seed and oil yields results. Coriander plants have high water use efficiency (WUE) at 50 % ET crop, and 24 kg-ha−1 P whilst irrigation at 100 % ET crop without any phosphorus application gave the lowest WUE. Concerning essential oil constituents, linalool was the major compound in coriander fruits.

Terpenoid 분석을 통한 취나물류의 향기지표물질 비교

A comparison of essential oils composition of Aster tataricus L. (gaemichwi), Ligularia fischeri (gomchwi), Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai (miyeokchwi), and Aster scaber (chamchwi) was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification of volatile flavor characteristics in chwi-namuls. The essential oils were extracted by the hydro distillation extraction method. One hundred volatile flavor components were identified from gaemichwi essential oil. <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-Pinene (11.5%) was the most abundant compound, followed by myrcene (8.9%) and <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-pinene (7.5%). Ninety-one volatile flavor components were identified from the essential oil of gomchwi. Aromadendrene (14.8%) was the most abundant component, followed by <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-caryophyllene (7.6%) and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene (7.3%). Ninety-five volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of miyeokchwi, moreover, spathulenol (15.7%) was the most abundant component. Ninety-six volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of chamchwi. Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (21.9%) was the most abundant component, followed by <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-caryophyllene (9.5%) and <TEX>${\delta}$</TEX>-terpinene (8.9%). The essential oil composition of gaemichwi was characterized by a higher contents of pinenes. The essential oil composition of gomchwi can be easily distinguished by the percentage of aromadendrene. Spathulenol and epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene were regarded as the characteristic odorants of miyeokchwi and chamchwi, respectively.

HPLC Determination of the Major Active Flavonoids and GC–MS Analysis of Volatile Components of Dysphania graveolens (Amaranthaceae)

Dysphania graveolens is used mainly in Mexican traditional medicine against gastrointestinal ailments. Previous investigations revealed that its flavonoids are important active principles; however, there is not a reliable and accurate analytical method for determining these compounds in the crude drug or preparations of the plant. In addition, its volatile chemical composition remains unknown. The main goals were to develop a validated HPLC method for quantifying the active flavonoids (pinostrobin (1), pinocembrin (2) and chrysin (3)) of D. graveolens and to establish its volatile composition. Separation was carried out on a Licrospher100 RP18 column with a linear gradient acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid and aqueous 0.1% formic acid. Accuracy was determined by spiking the crude drug with the standards, the recoveries were between 99% and 101%. A systematic description of the volatile components of D. graveolens was assessed via GC-MS using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation extraction methods. The developed HPLC method represented a powerful technique for the quality control of D. graveolens allowing the quantification of the three active flavonoids. For each compound a linear response was evaluated within the range of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL for pinostrobin (1), 0.25-1.25 mg/mL for pinocembrin (2) and 0.05-0.5 mg/mL for chrysin (3). According to SPME the major components in D. graveolens were p-cymene (84.85%) and eucalyptol (11.26%). On the other hand, the essential oil had eucalyptol (42.89%) and p-cymene (16.51%) and did not contain ascaridol. Thus the most relevant volatile components in the species were monoterpenoids.