Hydrogen Chloride Research Articles

Promotion effect of epoxy group neighboring single-atom Cu site on acetylene hydrochlorination

Carbon materials have been used as the support for catalysts in the field of acetylene hydrochlorination, the influence of inevitable oxygen-containing moieties on the reaction is often ignored and the mechanism of the oxygen-doping structure remains ambiguous. Herein, we explored the effect of the oxygen-containing group (COC) in the support on the activity of single-atom dispersed Cu catalysts. By immersing the Cu single-atom catalyst in an alkaline solution, the epoxy species on the carbon support was cleaved to obtain a pure ether species while the Cu site was modified to a more electron-deficient state. The turnover frequency value of Cu/O-FLP catalyst with epoxy groups was 1.6-fold higher than that of alkaline treated catalyst. Our result indicated that the epoxy groups could assist adjacent single-atom Cu sites to synergistically promote the adsorption and cleavage of the reactant hydrogen chloride toward form COH and CuCl bonds, and reduce the reaction energy barrier. The presence of electron deficient Cu sites and ether species could induce competitive adsorption of the acetylene and hydrogen chloride, thereby reducing the activity of the catalyst. This study highlights the influence of surface oxygen species and the tunability of the support, providing the foundation for the fabrication of higher-activity Cu catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination.

Evidence of rapid hydrogen chloride uptake on water ice in the atmosphere of Mars

In 2020, hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the gas phase was discovered in the atmosphere of Mars with the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission (Korablev et al., 2021). Its volume mixing ratio (VMR) shows a seasonal increase of up to 5 ppbv during the perihelion season, followed by a sudden drop to undetectable levels, contradicting modelling estimates of the HCl lifetime of several months. In the Earth's stratosphere, heterogeneous uptake of HCl onto water ice is known to be a major sink for this species. This reaction is now also considered when modelling HCl abundances in the Martian atmosphere. In this work, we use simultaneous measurements of water ice and HCl obtained by the ACS instrument to find particular structures in the vertical profiles as detached gas layers at ice-free altitudes (“ice-holes”). From these particular examples we conclude that the heterogeneous uptake of HCl onto water ice operates on Mars and is a fast mechanism regulating the HCl abundance in the atmosphere of Mars.

Weakening the integrity of waxy starch granules by selective degradation of amorphous matrices using gaseous hydrogen chloride

Waxy corn starch with 6–12 % moisture was degraded by gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl(g)) then characterized chromatographically and microscopically to investigate the relationship between moisture-resulting changes in unit chain properties of starch and its susceptibility to swelling. Starches with the highest degradation extents at different moisture content had recoveries of 76–83 % (w/w) and the weight-average degrees of polymerization of 66–93 anhydroglucose unit. Additionally, the HCl(g)-degraded starches were still of birefringent granules but with internal cavity. When increasing the swelling temperature from 25 to 40 °C, some granules showed enlarged internal cavity, and some were fragmented. Change in granule morphology, accompanied by leaching of constituting polymers, was particularly evident for starch with preferential degradation of B1 chains over B2+ chains as the moisture content decreased from 9 % to 6 %. These findings not only manifest the impact of changes in B2+ and B1 chains on the swelling characteristic of HCl(g)-degraded granules, but also demonstrate an approach for weakening the integrity of granules by selective degradation of amorphous matrices using HCl(g).

Investigation of the uptake and catalytic effect of calcium and potassium‐based additives under low‐temperature pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride

AbstractManaging plastic waste containing polyvinyl chloride is difficult due to the release of hazardous substances such as hydrogen chloride. Alkaline metal has been proven to minimize the release of hydrogen chloride during thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride. However, most past studies conducted heating experiments under a high temperature which promotes the production of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, low‐temperature pyrolysis was utilized which focuses on the dehydrochlorination stage while minimizing further degradation of hydrocarbons. The effectiveness of calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and potassium carbonate in minimizing the release of hydrogen chloride was also evaluated. Among those three additives, calcium oxide and potassium carbonate have shown some potential in uptaking hydrogen chloride. Especially when the molar ratio of additive to PVC is 1:1.6, calcium oxide reduced the generation of hydrogen chloride to as low as 20%. Potassium carbonate also exhibits an uptake effect but has a slight catalytic effect when the molar ratio is less than 1:1. On the other hand, calcium carbonate not only shows little to no uptake effect, but also promotes the thermal degradation of hydrocarbon.

Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl chloride based carbon materials with high specific surface area

Using PVC as raw material and KOH as activator, the carbon adsorption material with ultra-high specific surface area up to 5677.2 m2/g was prepared by chemical activation method, and its structure was characterized to study its adsorption performance on methylene blue solution; the activated mixture was analyzed for chlorine element and the recovery of chlorine element was calculated. The results show that the surface of the obtained activated carbon material is in the shape of smooth lotus root flakes with well-developed pore structure; the adsorption value of methylene blue adsorption can reach 765.0 mg/g, which can adsorb methylene blue solution quickly and efficiently; the elemental chlorine can be recovered efficiently with a recovery rate of 95.33 %, which can effectively reduce the toxic hydrogen chloride gas produced in the process of PVC pyrolysis. Excellent adsorption capacity of H2, CO2 and CH4. This experiment can provide an effective method for the harmless treatment of PVC.

Imine-Linked 2D Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer Films for Tunable Acid Vapor Sensing.

Two-dimensional (2D) films of conjugated porous organic polymers (C-POPs) can translate the rich in-plane functionalities of conjugated frameworks into diverse optical and electronic applications while addressing the processability issues of their crystalline analogs for adaptable device architectures. However, the lack of facile single-step synthetic routes to obtain large-area high-quality films of 2D-C-POPs has limited their application possibilities so far. Here, we report the synthesis of four mechanically robust imine-linked 2D-C-POP free-standing films using a single-step fast condensation route that is scalable and tunable. The rigid covalently bonded 2D structures of the C-POP films offer high stability for volatile gas sensing in harsh environments while simultaneously enhancing site accessibility for gas molecules due to mesoporosity by structural design. Structurally, all films were composed of exfoliable layers of 2D polymeric nanosheets (NSs) that displayed anisotropy from disordered stacking, evinced by out-of-plane birefringent properties. The tunable in-plane conjugation, different nitrogen centers, and porous structures allow the films to act as ultraresponsive colorimetric sensors for acid sensing via reversible imine bond protonation. All the films could detect hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas down to 0.05 ppm, far exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 5 ppm with fast response time and good recyclability. Computational insights elucidated the effect of conjugation and tertiary nitrogen in the structures on the sensitivity and response time of the films. Furthermore, we exploited the exfoliated large 2D NSs and anisotropic optoelectronic properties of the films to adapt them into micro-optical and triboelectric devices to demonstrate their real-time sensing capabilities.

Selective measurement of Cl2 and HCl based on dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometry combined with semiconductor cooling.

This study presents an efficient approach for the precise detection of chlorine gas (Cl2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), harmful pollutants frequently emitted from chlor-alkali and various industrial processes. These substances, even in trace amounts, pose significant health risks. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), known for its sensitivity in pollutant detection, traditionally struggles to differentiate between Cl2 and HCl due to the similarity of their product ions, Cl-. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a novel technique combining dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometry (DANP-IMS) with an automatic semiconductor cooling system. This unique combination utilizes the differential cryogenic removal efficiencies of Cl2 and HCl to segregate these gases before analysis. By applying DANP-IMS, we achieved selective measurement of Cl- ion signal intensities under both standard and cryogenic conditions, facilitating the accurate quantification of total chlorine and Cl2 levels. We then determined HCl concentrations by deducting the Cl2 signal from the total chlorine readings. Our approach demonstrated detection limits of 2.0 parts per billion (ppb) for Cl2 and 0.8 ppb for HCl, across a linear detection range of 0-200 ppb. Moreover, our method's capability for real-time atmospheric monitoring of Cl2 and HCl near industrial sites underscores its utility for environmental monitoring, offering a robust solution for the separate and precise measurement of these pollutants.

REACTION OF 1-ANTIPYRYL-4-AROYL-5-METHOXYCARBONYL-1H-PYRROLE-2,3-DIONES WITH ARYLAMINES

In this work, we investigated the reaction of 1-antipyryl-4-aroyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with aromatic amines, which resulted in the production of 1-antipyryl-5-arylamino-4-aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ones. The reactivity of previously synthesized antipyryl-substituted monocyclic 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones was studied using the example of reactions with NH-mononucleophilic reagents such as aniline, p-toluidine and 1-naphthylamine. The studied 1-antipyryl-4-aroyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones are generated by boiling 1-antipyryl-4-aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-chloro -1,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ones in an absolute toluene environment for 20-30 min, followed by distillation of part of the solvent and hydrogen chloride. Arylamines were added to the resulting concentrated hot solution in a 1:1 ratio. The resulting adduct is a light yellow crystalline substance. Apparently, the reaction of 1-antipyryl-4-aroyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with aromatic amines occurs through a nucleophilic attack by the amino group at the most electron-deficient position of the pyrrole ring. For all synthesized compounds, physical properties are given, such as solubility, melting points. The elemental composition was determined, and the structure of the molecules is established using NMR and IR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra of solutions of the obtained compounds contain two singlets of the protons of the methyl groups of the antipyryl fragment in the region of 2.17-2.18 ppm. and 3.17-3.19 ppm, singlet of protons of the methoxycarbonyl group in the region of 3.69-3.71 ppm, singlet of protons of the amino group in the region of 6.53-6.68 ppm (1H, NH). The IR spectra of the products contain stretching vibrations of the ketone group in the region of 1653-1658 cm-1, the ester carbonyl group in the region of 1716-1718 cm-1, as well as a signal in the region of 3375-3388 cm-1 (NH). The described interaction proceeds quickly and with high yields. The reaction is a convenient preparative method for the synthesis of 1-antipyryl-5-arylamino-4-aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ones, which are of interest for further study of various types of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and others.

LiCl in situ decorated metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous carbon for efficient solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting.

Solar-powered sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology is a promising solution to the freshwater scarcity in arid regions. Existing adsorbent materials still face challenges in aspects such as cycling stability and adsorption kinetics and require further development. Herein, we presented a strategy for the in situ fabrication of high-performance adsorbents, lithium chloride (LiCl)-decorated metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous carbon sorbents (PCl), via high-temperature pyrolysis and hydrogen chloride (HCl) vapor treatment. The sorbents display high adsorption capacity across a wide range of humidity water adsorption capacities in a wide humidity range with the maximum adsorption capacity of 7.87 g g-1, and rapid response to the solar-driven process and excellent cyclic stability. The LiCl nanocrystals in PCl can be utilized efficiently and decorated within the porous framework stably, and demonstrate water adsorption at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% RH, of 1.34, 1.69, 2.56 and 4.23 gH2O·gLiCl-1, respectively, and significantly higher water uptake and release rates than bulk LiCl. This may provide new guides for designing efficient solar-driven AWH.

Ionic liquids as a shuttle for releasing and capturing hydrogen chloride: a new way to utilize waste HCl generated in organic reactions

An ionic liquid, 1-[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-oxopropyl]-3-methylimidazolium chloride, was used as a shuttle to release and capture hydrogen chloride, enabling waste HCl to be used in organic reactions.

The use of deep eutectic solvents as a promising approach in the design of microwave-based green gas sensors

Highlighting the use of deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the sensitive material of a new sustainable microwave gas sensor through the development of a simple and low-cost device sensitive to hydrogen chloride.

Chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic waste for recycling of critical metals

Chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste to recover critical metals is a promising way to solve two important problems (polyvinyl chloride disposal and critical metal recovery) in waste management and is being transferred on a larger scale in the “CHM-Technology” project. Various polyvinyl chloride containing plastic wastes were pyrolyzed to generate a hydrogen chloride rich vapor. This hydrogen chloride rich vapor is used in a second step to chlorinate indium in liquid crystal displays. Indium chloride has a lower boiling point than indium-tin-oxide and evaporates. This is cooled down and generates a metal concentrate together with the decomposed volatile materials from liquid crystal displays. The chlorine content in the polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste residues is reduced. The products solid, oil, hydrochloric acid and gas can be used for new products. For metal purification the metal concentrate is mixed with water, filtrated, distilled and an electrolysis is carried out to recover metallic indium. Nine waste containing PVC were used with significant differences: when more hydrochloric acid and less volatile organic fraction was produced, more indium was transferred to the metal concentrate. The best recovery of indium (78% purity after electrolysis) was 39 wt-% from LCD panels containing 83 mg In/kg.

Comparative microwave catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin in nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres

In this paper, a cleaner pyrolysis strategy combining microwave heating, catalyst and carbon dioxide was explored for converting biomass components into higher quality products. Catalytic pyrolysis was more favorable for the decomposition and conversion of complex biomass structures. For furfural residue pyrolysis, potassium sulfate contained in sample served as the main catalytic component. Potassium sulfate promoted the increase of phenols in bio-oil. Notably, carbon dioxide atmosphere promoted the decomposition of substances and exerted a significant effect on biomass pyrolysis, which increased bio-oil yield and declined gas yield. When the pyrolysis atmosphere was changed from nitrogen to carbon dioxide, the ID/IG ratio decreased from 1.07 to 0.74, indicating that carbon dioxide decreased defect structure in biochar. Carbon dioxide enriched the porous structure and surface roughness of biochar. Also, carbon dioxide as a carrier gas was found to be more effective than nitrogen in improving the heating values of biochar and the acidity of bio-oil under carbon dioxide was lower than that under nitrogen, which was conducive to the subsequent utilization of biochar and bio-oil. Carbon dioxide promoted the production of alcohols, alkenes, and alkanes in bio-oil. Beneficially, the interaction of cellulose and lignin inhibited the release of hydrogen chloride. At last, this study also provides insights into the mechanism of catalyst and CO2 on biomass microwave pyrolysis.

Visual detection and efficient capture of hydrogen chloride and ammonia vapours by a sustainable dual emissive metal-organic framework.

A convenient, fast, selective, sustainable detection and capture of hydrochloric acid and ammonia vapours in the solid state with bare eye colour switching is observed by a robust microporous 2D zigzag Zn-MOF based material. Here ESIPT off/on based dual emission alteration has been employed for sensing.

Ensuring the safety of citizens by rescuers/police officers in case of a chemical attack (accident at a chemical enterprise) in the conditions of marital law

The work deals with the urgent problem of ensuring the safety of life of the population in the conditions of martial law, introduced in Ukraine – providing premedical assistance to victims of a chemical attack (as a result of the action of dangerous factors of a man-made accident at a specialized chemical enterprise).
 The potential possibilities of means of defeating the units of the chemical forces of the aggressor state are analyzed, the cases of the use of chemical weapons by the occupiers in relation to both the units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the civilian population during the war in Ukraine, as well as the real situations of destroyed chemical plants in many regions of the country, are described and summarized.
 On the basis of the analysis of operational publications in the Internet and scientific works of a great number of scientists, the general algorithm of rescue actions during the evacuation of victims of a chemical attack/accident (workers/residents) was considered, modern approaches in the order of providing premedical aid both at chemical enterprises and at home conditions when people are injured by the most common chemical substances were clarified, recommendations concerning compliance by police officers with established rules of conduct at the scene of the incident are offered.
 The main signs that characterize the beginning of a chemical attack in the conditions of martial law and allow the population to identify it quickly are given: 1) chemical alarm signals; 2) features of air raids or enemy artillery fire; 3) simultaneous mass death of small animals, birds and insects.
 The peculiarities of the effect on the human body of such substances as chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), nitrogen (nitrogen N), nitric acid, oxide (dioxin) of nitrogen, for each of which characteristic symptoms of damage for the victim are determined, the procedure for providing premedical aid to victims in case of damage by them, as well as under the influence of chemical weapons (sarin, phosgene) has been specified.
 Based on the analysis of special literature and the results of the conducted research, a generalization was made regarding the importance of training the population in effective (and therefore safe) actions in the event of a chemical attack by the military units of the aggressor state (a man-made accident at chemical enterprises), the need to observe the established rules of conduct and safety measures in the case of a missile/artillery attack by the occupiers, regardless of the region or territory of fighting actions in Ukraine

Extraction and Characterization of Keratin Protein from Chicken Feathers using Alkaline Hydrolysis Method: Effects of Sodium Sulphide Concentration and Shelf-life Evaluation

This study investigated the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers through alkaline hydrolysis using sodium sulphide as a digesting agent. The protein was precipitated using hydrogen chloride and confirmed through biuret test, solubility test, sulfur test, and FTIR analysis. The effect of varying sodium sulphide concentrations (0.5 M, 0.75 M, and 1 M) on the extracted keratin was evaluated. Results showed that a higher concentration of sodium sulphide produced a higher yield of keratin, with 1 M producing 65.8% yield. However, the shelf-life of wet keratin extracted using 1 M concentration was four weeks, compared to six weeks for 0.5 M and 0.75 M concentrations. The dried keratin was unaffected after six weeks. The study suggests that a higher concentration of the reducing agent produced a higher yield of keratin protein but with a shorter shelf-life if drying was not carried out. The utilization of abundant waste generated by poultry industries is crucial in reducing pollution and creating opportunities for valuable product development. The extraction of keratin from chicken feathers provides an eco-friendly approach to waste management and creates opportunities for product development.

Effectiveness of the activities of the federal project “Clean air” by the quality of atmospheric air and risk for the health (by means of the example of the city Bratsk)

Introduction. The study is relevant due to the necessity to adequately assess the effectiveness of activities performed within the “Clean Air” Federal Project using ambient air quality and public health risks as key performance indicators. 
 The purpose of the work was to comparatively assess ambient air quality and airborne health risks for Bratsk population over 2020 –2022 when activities planned within the “Clean Air” Federal Project were being implemented in the city.
 Materials and methods. The analysis was based on data obtained by instrumental measurements of ambient air quality performed within social-hygienic monitoring programs. More than thirty thousand measuring results were considered; they covered 20 chemicals and were taken at two monitoring posts. Carcinogenic and acute and chronic non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed in conformity with the existing regulatory documents.
 Results. Between 2020 and 2022, a decrease in ground levels of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, and some other technogenic chemicals was registered at social-hygienic monitoring posts in Bratsk. These chemicals were subject to specific activities stipulated by the “Clean Air” Federal Project and performed by economic entities. However, public health risks remained impermissible. Thus, an acute risk of respiratory diseases equaled 3.24 during 2022 and a chronic risk of respiratory diseases reached 5.43 in the same year whereas their permissible level should not exceed 3.0. 
 Limitations. Analysis is possible only if there is a sufficient number of instrumental studies at points located in residential buildings to assess the risk (least 300 one-time or 75 daily samples for each impurity). 
 Conclusion. The study results indicate still necessary to take further efforts to provide a safer environment for Bratsk population and to continue monitoring of chemicals that create impermissible health risks. The most important task is to manage systemic operative data exchange between systems for environmental and social-hygienic monitoring to provide adequate assessment of a sanitary-hygienic situation as well as objective evaluation of key performance indicators of the “Clean Air” Federal Project

Study on the pyro-hydrolysis of CaCl2 with steam and CO2 by experiments and DFT calculation

The pyro-hydrolysis method is a crucial way to treat calcium chloride (CaCl2)-containing solid waste to achieve environmental friendliness and efficient utilization. In this paper, we have conducted both DFT (density functionary theory calculation) calculations and experiments by flowing carbon dioxide (CO2) and steam (H2O) on the CaCl2 in a fluidized bed. The thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the pro-hydrolysis reaction can proceed more vigorously at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C. The structure characterization of residues collected from the pyro-hydrolysis of CaCl2 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The XRD patterns show that a small amount of CaCl2 was decomposed into calcium chloride hydroxide (Ca(OH)Cl) in a fluidized bed with O2 at temperatures above 450 °C. Nevertheless, with the presence of CO2, CaCl2 can convert into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) at a lower temperature. The SEM-EDS displays a swelling structure that appears on the CaCl2 particles surface after the thermal decomposition with CO2, and the content of Cl element at a specific position is significantly reduced. DFT calculations is shown that when CO2 and H2O are bonded to form a carbonic acid complex adsorbed on the surface, the energy barrier for the rupture of the H-OH bond and Ca-Cl bond is dramatically decreased, and the dissociated H+ combined with the Cl- to form hydrogen chloride (HCl). The overall reaction pathway only adsorbs 1.099 eV energy. This research is useful for promoting knowledge of the chlorine evolution mechanism for pyro-hydrolysis of CaCl2 in CO2 atmosphere.

Regulating Hetero-Nucleation Enabling Over 14% Efficient Kesterite Solar Cells.

Developing well-crystallized light-absorbing layers remains a formidable challenge in the progression of kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells. A critical aspect of optimizing CZTSSe lies in accurately governing the high-temperature selenization reaction. This process is intricate and demanding, with underlying mechanisms requiring further comprehension. This study introduces a precursor microstructure-guided hetero-nucleation regulation strategy for high-quality CZTSSe absorbers and well-performing solar cells. The alcoholysis of 2-methoxyethanol (MOE) and the generation of high gas-producing micelles by adding hydrogen chloride (HCl) as a proton additive into the precursor solution are successfully suppressed. This tailored modification of solution components reduces the emission of volatiles during baking, yielding a compact and dense precursor microstructure. The reduced-roughness surface nurtures the formation of larger CZTSSe nuclei, accelerating the ensuing Ostwald ripening process. Ultimately, CZTSSe absorbers with enhanced crystallinity and diminished defects are fabricated, attaining an impressive 14.01% active-area power conversion efficiency. The findings elucidate the influence of precursor microstructure on the selenization reaction process, paving a route for fabricating high-quality kesterite CZTSSe films and high-efficiency solar cells.

Chemically speciated air pollutant emissions from open burning of household solid waste from South Africa

Abstract. Open burning of household solid waste is a large source of air pollutants worldwide, especially in the Global South. However, waste burning emissions are either missing or have large uncertainties in local, regional, or global emission inventories due to limited emission factor (EF) and activity data. Detailed particulate matter (PM) chemical speciation data are even less available. This paper reports source profiles and EFs for PM2.5 species as well as acidic and alkali gases measured from laboratory combustion of 10 waste categories that represent open burning in South Africa. Carbonaceous materials contributed more than 70 % of PM2.5 mass. Elemental carbon (EC) was most abundant from flaming materials (e.g., plastic bags, textiles, and combined materials), and its climate forcing exceeded the corresponding CO2 emissions by a factor of 2–5. Chlorine had the highest EFs among elements measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for all materials. Vegetation emissions showed high abundances of potassium, consistent with its use as a marker for biomass burning. Fresh PM2.5 emitted from waste burning appeared to be acidic. Moist vegetation and food discards had the highest hydrogen fluoride (HF) and PM fluoride EFs due to fluorine accumulation in plants, while burning rubber had the highest hydrogen chloride (HCl) and PM chloride EFs due to high chlorine content in the rubber. Plastic bottles, plastic bags, rubber, and food discards had the highest EFs for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs as well as their associated toxicities. Distinct differences between odd and even carbon preferences were found for alkanes from biological and petroleum-based materials: dry vegetation, paper, textiles, and food discards show preference for the odd-numbered alkanes, while the opposite is true for plastic bottles, plastic bags, and rubber. As phthalates are used as plasticizers, their highest EFs were found for plastic bottles and bags, rubber, and combined materials. Data from this study will be useful for health and climate impact assessments, speciated emission inventories, source-oriented dispersion models, and receptor-based source apportionment.