Hydrogen Chloride Research Articles

Interband cascade laser absorption sensor for sensitive measurement of hydrogen chloride in smoke-laden gases using wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Interband cascade laser absorption sensor for sensitive measurement of hydrogen chloride in smoke-laden gases using wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Development of Donor-acceptor-type Molecules and Their Application as Analytical Reagents

π-Extended donor-acceptor (D-A)-type molecules, which bear both electron-donor and electron-acceptor substituents on the backbone, exhibit unique optical properties, such as bathochromic shifts in absorption and emission, large Stokes shifts, solvatochromic behavior, and fluorescence quenching in polar solvents. These unique properties are attributed to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) or twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) in the ground and excited states. This review article introduces three types of D-A-type molecules that are used as detection reagents for (1) methanol, (2) amino acids during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), and (3) amines present in the biological environment. For methanol detection, D-A-type fluorophores with basic guanidine moieties were developed to differentiate between methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) based on the small difference in their pKa values (ΔpKa=0.4). Selective protonation of the guanidine moiety in methanol disrupts the D-A structure, allowing emission in the resultant polar environment. Similarly, an acid-base reaction between the hydrogen chloride (HCl) salts of the D-A-type molecules and amines is applied to detect amines during SPPS. In this method, a colorless solution of an HCl salt of the D-A-type molecule is deprotonated by amines, forming a yellow solution. This is the first reported quantitative and non-destructive colorimetric method for detecting amines. Finally, a turn-on-type amine-labeling reagent was developed for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction. This new reagent enables protein staining of living cells with a large Stokes shift and without solvent-polarity-dependent fluorescence quenching.

Fluorescence switching of triarylamine-based polyamides with pendant pyrene units and its application in electrochromic smart displays

The pyrene group was directly connected to the triarylamine (TAA) unit through a benzene bridge via the Suzuki reaction to successfully prepare the diamine monomer. A series of new polyamides (PAs) based on TAA units were prepared by polycondensation. The PAs exhibited good solution processability and high thermal stability with the char yield in excess of 53% at 800°C in air atmosphere. In solvents with different polarities, these PAs showed solvatochromic effect and large stokes shift. Strongly photoluminescent PAs have a sensitive stimulus response to explosive and hazardous gas, and its fluorescence is easily turned off by the addition of trinitrophenol (TNP) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). And achieve fluorescence switching between exposure to HCl and ammonia (NH3) gas. The PAs exhibited a reversible color response in the electrochemical oxidation process, with no significant degradation in current and transmittance after 200 cycles. The sandwich structure multicolor electrochromic device can achieve electrochromic performance applied by different voltages.

Innovative Recycling and Conversion of Aluminum Waste to Hydrogen and Aluminum Chloride: Enhancing Economic Feasibility and Sustainability in Saudi Arabia

The rapid industrialization and urbanization in Saudi Arabia have led to significant challenges in waste management, particularly in recycling aluminum waste. This study explores an innovative approach for converting aluminum waste, specifically beverage cans, into valuable products such as aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and hydrogen (H2). The process involves the chemical reaction of aluminum with hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing AlCl3 and H2, and is modeled using Aspen Plus software. Two scenarios are evaluated: one without recycling and one incorporating recycling processes. In the first scenario, the direct conversion process yields 355 tons of AlCl3 and 9 tons of H2 per day from 100 metric tons of aluminum waste. The minimum selling price (MSP) of AlCl3 is calculated to be $764 per ton, with an annual profit of $25 million, assuming a market price of $1000 per ton. However, the economic viability of this scenario is highly sensitive to conversion efficiencies and market conditions. The second scenario integrates a recycling loop, processing 90% of the aluminum waste back into aluminum, significantly enhancing economic stability. This scenario produces 35 tons of AlCl3 and 1 ton of H2 per day, with an MSP of $1068 per ton. Despite the higher MSP, the inclusion of recycled aluminum, sold at $2400 per ton, results in a higher annual profit of $38 million, demonstrating greater economic resilience and sustainability. This study provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis, highlighting the dual benefits of waste reduction and resource recovery. By optimizing reaction conditions and incorporating recycling, the proposed process aligns with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 sustainability goals, offering a viable pathway for enhancing economic feasibility and environmental sustainability in aluminum waste management.

Infrared Spectrum of the Adduct 2-Chloro-2-hydroperoxybut-3-ene [(C2H3)CCl(CH3)OOH] of the Reaction between the Criegee Intermediate Methyl Vinyl Ketone Oxide [C2H3C(CH3)OO] and HCl.

Methyl vinyl ketone oxide (MVKO, C2H3C(CH3)OO) is an important Criegee intermediate produced from ozonolysis of isoprene, which is the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon emitted into the atmosphere. Reactions between Criegee intermediate and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are important because of their large rate coefficients. In this work, we photolyzed a mixture of (Z)-(CH2I)HC═C(CH3)I/HCl/O2 at 248 nm to produce MVKO to carry out the reaction MVKO + HCl and recorded infrared spectra of transient species with a step-scan Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectrometer. Eleven bands near 1415, 1381, 1350, 1249, 1178, 1118, 1103, 1065, 978, 931, and 895 cm-1 were observed and assigned to the hydrogen-transferred adduct (C2H3)CCl(CH3)OOH (2-chloro-2-hydroperoxybut-3-ene, CHPB) according to the predicted IR spectrum using the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ method; the conformation could not be definitively determined. According to calculations, most low-energy conformers can interconvert, and the most stable conformers anti-trans-CHPB and syn-trans-CHPB might have the major contributions. Four bands near 1423, 1360, 1220, and 1080 cm-1 were observed and tentatively assigned to the OH-decomposition products (C2H3)CCl(CH3)O (1-chloro-1-methyl-2-propenyloxy, CMP); both trans-CMP and cis-CMP might contribute. Unlike in the case of CH2OO + HCl and CH3CHOO + HCl, in which secondary reactions of the OH-decomposition products reacted readily with O2 to produce the dehydrated products HC(O)Cl and CH3C(O)Cl, respectively, the secondary reaction of CMP with O2 was not observed because there is no feasible H atom in CMP for O2 to abstract.

Hydrogen chloride treated InAs quantum dot thin film phototransistor for ultrahigh responsivity

Indium Arsenide (InAs) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are emerging candidates for infrared photodetector applications owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and low toxicity. However, low electron mobility stemming from its unique surface chemistry hinders its practical application. Through comprehensive structural and chemical analyses, we optimized the one-step HCl treatment to achieve stoichiometric balance, a well-passivated surface with low defect density, and an improved coupling effect by reducing the interparticle distance. Subsequently, a near infrared photodetector at a wavelength of 980 nm was fabricated with the modified InAs QDs in thin film transistor structure by all-solution process, showing remarkable electron mobility enhancement of up to 3.15 cm2/V∙s. The thin film phototransistor exhibited excellent photoresponse with a responsivity of 5.45 × 103 A/W, external quantum efficiency of 6.90 × 105%, and a linear dynamic range of 50 dB. This achievement represents the highest responsivity observed in an InAs QD-based phototransistor device, demonstrating its potential for lead-free infrared (IR) region optoelectronic applications.

Effect of corrosion environments on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy AA3003

The article presents an experimental study on the corrosion resistance of the 3003 Aluminium alloy Friction Stir Welded (FSW) joint in different working environments. Three types of corrosive media at different temperatures were tested to see how they affected the FSW joint mechanical properties. The media were sodium chloride, hydrogen chloride, and ethylene glycol. In parallel with the study of the effect of temperature, static tensile tests were carried out on specimens taken perpendicular to the welding direction. Also, micro-hardness profiles were used to determine the influence of the parameters studied on the various weld zones. Finally, the effect of the most aggressive corrosive medium, temperature, and the inclusion of ethylene glycol on the crack propagation resistance of an FSW joint were studied. Fatigue-propagation tests at constant stress amplitude were carried out to understand what affects the fatigue crack propagation of welded joints after corrosive attack. The results showed that uniform and pitting corrosion were combined to cause FSW joint surface degradation. Corrosion damage does not appear to alter yield strength and ultimate stress values. However, FSW joints show a significant degradation in mechanical properties with increasing temperature and with the aggressiveness of the corrosive medium. The inclusion of ethylene glycol was found to delay the rate of crack propagation during testing, leading to an improvement in the service life of pre-corroded FSW joints.

Convergent Active Site Evolution in Platinum Single Atom Catalysts for Acetylene Hydrochlorination and Implications for Toxicity Minimization.

Platinum single atoms anchored onto activated carbon enable highly stable Hg-free synthesis of vinyl chloride (VCM) via acetylene hydrochlorination. Compared to gold-based alternatives, platinum catalysts are in initial phases of development. Most synthetic approaches rely on chloroplatinic acid, presenting opportunities to explore other precursors and their impact on catalyst structure, reactivity, and toxicity aspects. Here, we synthesize platinum single atom catalysts (Pt SACs, 0.2-0.8 wt % Pt) employing diverse Pt2+ and Pt4+ complexes with ammine, hydroxyl, nitrate, and chloride ligands, following a scalable impregnation protocol on activated carbon extrudates. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals that Pt4+ species reduce to Pt2+ upon deposition onto the support. Despite similar oxidation states, the initial activity is precursor dependent, with tetraammine-derived Pt SACs displaying 2-fold higher VCM yield than chlorinated counterparts, linked to superior hydrogen chloride binding abilities by density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Their activity gradually converges due to dynamic active site restructuring, delivering remarkable precursor-independent stability over 150 h. Operando XAS and DFT studies uncover reaction-induced ligand exchange, generating common active and stable Pt-Cl x (x = 2-3) species. Convergent active site evolution enables flexibility in metal precursor selection and thus toxicity minimization through multiparameter assessment. This study advances safe-by-design catalysts for VCM synthesis, highlighting the importance of toxicity analyses in early-stage catalyst development programs.

Preserving the symmetry of cis-1,2-difluoroethylene in the gas-phase heterodimer with hydrogen chloride: A microwave rotational study revealing a novel structure.

The microwave spectra of three isotopologues of the gas-phase heterodimer formed between cis-1,2-difluoroethylene and hydrogen chloride are obtained in the 5-21GHz region using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The molecular structure, determined from the analysis of the spectra and supported by quantum chemistry calculations, has the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen chloride molecule interacting with both fluorine atoms of the fluoroethylene and no interaction between the chlorine atom and the olefin. Although the equilibrium structure has two inequivalent H⋯F interactions, zero-point motion averages over the two equivalent choices for these interactions, rendering the pairs of like atoms (C, H, and F) of the fluoroethylene equivalent, retaining the C2v symmetry of the olefin. This results in only one unique singly substituted 13C isotopologue and in the observed effects on transition intensities due to nuclear spin statistics. The heterodimer structure allows for a strong, linear hydrogen bond between the HCl donor and the fluoroethylene acceptor that is more important here than in the analogous acetylene containing complex, where the interaction between the π electrons of acetylene and an electrophilic hydrogen atom on the olefin compensates for the loss of linearity required for binding to a geminal F/H pair.

Development of a ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Pt/Cl Systems with Application to Platinum Metal Etching with Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride Gases.

In this study, we present the development of a ReaxFF Pt/Cl/H reactive force field designed to elucidate the etching process by Cl for Pt surfaces. The ReaxFF force field parameters were optimized based on a quantum mechanical training set, which included adsorption energies of Cl and dissociation of HCl on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces, energy/volume relations of PtCl2 crystals, and Cl diffusion on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces. The predictive capability of the force field was further established through molecular dynamics simulations, which investigated the interactions of Cl2 and HCl molecules with the (100) and (111) surfaces of c-Pt crystalline solid slabs. A comparative analysis revealed that the Pt (100) surface exhibited higher susceptibility to chlorination and etching, leading to a more dominant removal of surface Pt atoms, whereas the Pt (111) surface showed greater resistance to these processes. This resistance impeded the access of Cl atoms to the Pt surface, resulting in a slower formation of PtxCly molecules. The etching ratios between HCl and Cl2 were compared with experimental results, yielding satisfactory agreement. This indicates that the developed ReaxFF protocol serves as a valuable tool for studying atomistic-scale details of the etching process in platinum metal systems.

Value-Added Products Derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Glycolysis.

Among polymer wastes, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most important commercial thermoplastic polyester. Less than 30% of total PET production is recycled into new products. Therefore, large amounts of waste PET need to be recycled. We describe a feasible approach for the direct application of the glycolysis products of PET (GP-PET), without further purification, for the synthesis of value-added products. It was established that GP-PET is valorized via phosphorylation with phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPD), as well as with trimethyl phosphate (TMP). When PPD is used, a condensation reaction takes place with the evolution of hydrogen chloride. During the interaction between GP-PET and TMP, the following reactions take place simultaneously: a transesterification with the participation of the hydroxyl group of GP-PET and the methoxy group of TMP and an exchange reaction between the ester group of GP-PET and the methyl ester group of TMP. The occurrence of the exchange reaction was confirmed by 1H, 31P, 13C NMR, and GPC analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the percentage of a carbon residual (CR) implies the possibility of using the end products as flame retardant (FR) additives, especially for polyurethanes as well as thermal stabilizers of polymer materials or Li-ion cells.

Effect of multi-component gas on removal of trace hydrogen sulfide activity from blast furnace gas using activated carbon adsorbent

Abstract In the steel industry, blast furnace gas (BFG) is huge with complex components. The existence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the BFG can produce sulfur dioxide (SO2) after combustion, which will increase the source of SO2 pollution and make the desulphurization more difficult, to be threat to people health. At present, the removal of H2S by dry adsorption with modified activated carbon adsorbent is a high-precision and low-cost desulphurization method. However, the effect of complex gas components in BFG on the adsorption of H2S by activated carbon adsorbent is not sufficient. Based on the fixed bed adsorbent evaluation system, a new type of highly efficient copper-cerium oxide (Cu–Ce–O) modified activated carbon H2S adsorbent was developed. And the effects of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in BFG on the desulfurization activity of adsorbents were investigated. The results showed that the performance of H2S removal decreased in the presence of CO, CO2, HCl and SO2, and improved in the presence of H2 and O2. Other parameters were also studied which might influence the process. The application of modified activated carbon adsorbent in simulated BFG is basically stable. According to the fitting results of adsorption kinetics for the five adsorption models, as the atmosphere becomes BFG from N2, pore diffusion becomes the main adsorption form. However, the effects of internal diffusion, chemical adsorption and external mass transfer decreased. The Bangham model is the most suitable model to describe H2S adsorption process.

Open-Path Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for Simultaneous Detection of Hydrogen Chloride and Particles in Cleanroom Environment.

The present study addresses advanced monitoring techniques for particles and airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs) in cleanroom environments, which are crucial for ensuring the integrity of semiconductor manufacturing processes. We focus on quantifying particle levels and a representative AMC, hydrogen chloride (HCl), having known detrimental effects on equipment longevity, product yield, and human health. We have developed a compact laser sensor based on open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) using a 1742 nm near-infrared diode laser source. The sensor enables the high-sensitivity detection of HCl through absorption by the 2-0 vibrational band with an Allan deviation of 0.15 parts per billion (ppb) over 15 min. For quantifying particle number concentrations, we examine various detection methods based on statistical analyses of Mie scattering-induced ring-down time fluctuations. We find that the ring-down distributions' 3rd and 4th standard moments allow particle detection at densities as low as ~105 m-3 (diameter > 1 μm). These findings provide a basis for the future development of compact cleanroom monitoring instrumentation for wafer-level monitoring for both AMC and particles, including mobile platforms.

Photoionization of hydrogen halides using the R-matrix method

Abstract In this study, we use the UK Molecular R-matrix (UKRMol) codes in the close-coupling approximation to examine the photoionization of hydrogen halides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide). This article reports the total and partial photoionization cross sections for the X2Π, A2Σ+, and B2Σ+ ionic states of these halides. The calculated cross sections are compared with the available literature, which does not accurately represent the effective cross sections near the threshold region, which is dominated by the Rydberg series autoionization resonances converging to the A2Σ+ ionic state. There seems to have been minimal effort to investigate the Rydberg-bound states of these halides. Meanwhile, the R-matrix approaches have traditionally excelled at characterizing such studies. This indicates the effectiveness of this method for molecular photoionization as well as for understanding the resonant contribution to the photoionization cross sections. The detailed cross sections calculated comprise the complex autoionizing resonance structures capable of significantly contributing to the computations of total photoionization rates, which are necessary to maintain a steady state of ionization in astrophysical plasmas. Comparisons with the experimental measurements and the theoretical data generally show reasonable agreement across the reported energy range.

Promotional effect of Sr modification on the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine over Cu/Y zeolite catalyst

Copper-based catalysts are regarded as highly promising catalysts for the oxidation of hydrogen chloride (HCl) to chlorine. This study involved the preparation of a range of copper-based catalysts via impregnation. The aim was to investigate the impact of Sr loading on the conversion rate of HCl in Cu/Y zeolite catalysts, through experimental analysis. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated using a series of characterization techniques. The experiment validated that the addition of Sr could improve the catalytic activity of Cu/Y zeolite catalyst and reduce the catalytic reaction temperature. The HCl conversion rate exceeded 89 %, with a spatial–temporal yield of approximately 2.75 gCl2gcat-1h-1 when the Sr loading amount was 1.5 %. The characterization results indicated that the addition of Sr further increased the proportion of highly dispersed copper. Additionally, molecular simulation techniques were employed to investigate the interaction between the reactants and the catalyst. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the adsorption capacity of zeolite for HCl was further enhanced by the addition of Sr. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the addition of Sr reduced the diffusion of reactants in the catalyst support channel and promoted the catalytic reaction.

Enhancing stability of copper-based catalysts by regulating of oxygen vacancy for resourcing HCl waste gas

The utilization of copper-based catalysts for converting by-product hydrogen chloride (HCl) into chlorine gas (Cl2) offers a promising method for efficient management of HCl waste gas. However, a significant challenge in this process lies in catalyst deactivation, primarily attributed to the loss of active component in the form of Cu-Cl. In this study, we synthesized a Cu2.4CeV0.5Ox catalyst that exhibited remarkable performance, achieving a space-time yield of 2.26 g Cl2/gcat*h with stable conversion efficiency at approximately 83 % maintained over 600 h. This level of stability represents a substantial improvement compared to previous studies of copper-based catalysts. In-situ DRFITS combined with ToF-SIMS confirms the reduction evolution of metal-Cl bonds. Additionally, ab-initio calculations elucidated that the rate-limiting step involves oxygen vacancy replenishment by O2 rather than Cl over CeO2 and CeVO4, thereby inhibiting Cu-Cl bond formation. This study introduces a novel approach for efficienct treatment of HCl waste gas, paving the way for its potential industrial application.

Surface morphology of 3C–SiC layers grown on 4H–SiC substrates using TCS as silicon precursor

The hetero-epitaxial growth of 3C–SiC layers on on-axis 4H–SiC substrates has been demonstrated in a hot-wall CVD reactor using trichlorosilane and ethylene as precursors. The additional chlorine is supplied by hydrogen chloride for variation of Cl/Si ratio. The influence of temperature, C/Si ratio and Cl/Si ratio process parameters on the morphology is studied. Double-position-boundaries free 3C–SiC epitaxial layers have been successfully grown at the optimized condition, which is at a temperature of 1340 °C, with C/Si = 0.6 and Cl/Si = 6 using a carbon-rich pretreatment. Low temperature near bandgap photoluminescence shows a good optical property of the obtained 3C–SiC epitaxial layers. Compared to the standard chemistry, a higher growth rate of 12 μm/h could be achieved by utilizing the chlorinated precursors. This study provides a feasible way to grow double-position-boundaries free 3C–SiC epitaxial layers using TCS as silicon precursor.

Relationships Between HCl, H2O, Aerosols, and Temperature in the Martian Atmosphere: 2. Quantitative Correlations

AbstractThe detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere of Mars was among the primary objectives of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. Its discovery using the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite mid‐infrared channel (ACS MIR) showed a distinct seasonality and possible link to dust activity. This paper is part 2 of a study investigating the link between HCl and aerosols by comparing gas measurements made with TGO to dust and water ice opacities measured with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). In part 1, we showed, and compared, the seasonal evolution of vertical profiles of HCl, water vapor, temperature, dust opacity, and water ice opacity over the dusty periods around perihelion (solar longitudes 180°–360°) across Mars years 34–36. In part 2, we investigated the quantitative correlations in the vertical distribution between each quantity, as well as ozone. We show that there is a strong positive correlation between HCl and water vapor, which is expected due to fast photochemical production rates for HCl when reacting with water vapor photolysis products. We also show a strong positive correlation between water vapor and temperature, but are unable to show any correlation between temperature and HCl. There are weak correlations between the opacities of dust and water ice, and dust and water vapor, but only very low correlations between dust and HCl. We close with a discussion of possible sources and sinks and that interactions between HCl and water ice are the most likely for both, given the inter‐comparison.

Relationships Between HCl, H2O, Aerosols, and Temperature in the Martian Atmosphere: 1. Climatological Outlook

AbstractDetecting trace gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) in Mars' atmosphere is among the primary objectives of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. Terrestrially, HCl is closely associated with active volcanic activity, so its detection on Mars was expected to point to some form of active magmatism/outgassing. However, after its discovery using the mid‐infrared channel of the TGO Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS MIR), a clear seasonality was observed, beginning with a sudden increase in HCl abundance from below detection limits to 1–3 ppbv in both hemispheres coincident with the start of dust activity, followed by very sudden and rapid loss at the southern autumnal equinox. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between HCl and atmospheric dust by making comparisons in the vertical distribution of gases measured with ACS and aerosols measured co‐located with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). This study includes HCl, water vapor, and ozone measured using ACS MIR, water vapor and temperature measured with the near infrared channel of ACS, and temperature, dust opacity, and water ice opacity measured with MCS. In part 1, we show that dust loading has a strong impact in temperature, which controls the abundance of water ice and water vapor, and that HCl is very closely linked to water activity. In part 2, we investigate the quantitative correlations between each quantity and discuss the possible source and sinks of HCl, their likelihood given the correlations, and any issues arising from them.

Comprehensive comparison of fatty acid methyl ester profile in different food matrices using microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization methods and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection

Analyzing fatty acids provides key insights into fat composition for industrial applications and their implications for nutrition and health. Typically, fatty acid analysis involves extracting lipids from the matrix and converting them into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through a derivatization process before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Either one-step or two-step procedures can be found in the literature and as official methods. In this work, different methods exploiting microwave-assisted processes were compared with two official methods from the American Oil Chemical Society (AOCS). Especially, two types of microwave-assisted extractions were employed: solvent extraction and extraction with hydrolysis. The extracts were derivatized using either BF3 or a microwave-assisted methanolic hydrogen chloride solution. These combinations of extraction and derivatization methods were compared also with one-step microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization, and two AOCS reference methods, resulting in seven different methods applied to six different food matrices. The performance of the different procedures was compared based on the FAME profile obtained from the comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC)-FID analysis.Microwave-assisted processes were shown to be effective, yielding results comparable to the official methods in both the one-step and two-step methods. Moreover, it was shown that the BF3 derivatization could be safely replaced with microwave-assisted derivatization with methanolic hydrogen chloride, providing equivalent performances while enhancing operator safety and environmental friendliness. Some discrepancies in the FAMEs profile were highlighted for the sample of oats, the only explicitly requiring acidic hydrolysis for lipid extraction. Further studies are required to understand the reasons behind these differences and develop a suitable modified method. In conclusion, all the methods were evaluated for greenness and blueness with two specific tools: AGREEprep and BAGI.