Hydrochemical Balance Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА АНТРОПОГЕННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ НА ВОДОСБОР БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ТОБЫЛ ОТ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ С МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИМ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕМ КАЧЕСТВА ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОД

Based on a systematic analysis of the structure and dynamics of water resource usage in the catchment area of the Tobyl River basin, the dynamics of the formation of geoecological conditions of water use in the economic sectors within the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied. The analysis revealed a significant load from return waters and pollutants, indicating a high and potentially catastrophic pressure that requires regulation of both natural and anthropogenic activities to ensure the region’s sustainable development in the future. A generalized water use scheme for the Kazakh part of the Tobyl River basin was developed, which facilitates the formation of mathematical, physical, and chemical indicators for water management and hydrochemical balance equations. This, in turn, allowed for the creation of a mathematical model of water quality and the determination of the maximum permissible discharge volume of return waters in the river basins. The model ensures compliance with sanitary-epidemiological standards and helps preserve the ecological state of water bodies while supporting the planning of water protection measures to achieve the desired level of water quality in the river.

Study on the Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Law of Taiyuan Formation Limestone Water under the Influence of Grouting with Fly Ash Cement: A Case Study in Gubei Coal Mine of Huainan, China

The hydrogeological conditions of Huainan Coalfield are complex. The Taiyuan formation limestone water (Taihui water) in this area is a direct threat to the water source of the 1# coal mining floor. In order to prevent and control water disasters, Gubei Coal Mine adopted ground high-pressure grouting with fly ash cement to block the hydraulic connection between the Taiyuan formation limestone aquifer and the Ordovician limestone aquifer. However, the injected slurry will destroy the original hydrochemical balance of Taihui water and change its hydrochemical characteristics. Taking the influence area of the 2# karst collapse column in the Beiyi 1# coal mining area of Gubei Coal Mine as an example, a total of 25 Taihui water samples were collected. The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution law of Taihui water before and after grouting are studied via the multivariate statistical method. The research methods include constant index statistics, Piper diagram, correlation analysis, ion combination ratio, and saturation index analysis. The results show that after grouting, the concentrations of Na+ + K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl− in Taihui water decrease, while the concentrations of SO42− and HCO3− increase. The average values of PH and TDS become larger. The hydrochemical types of Taihui water are more concentrated, mainly HCO3-Na and Cl-Na. The correlations between conventional indicators decrease. According to the analysis of ion combination ratio, dissolution, cation exchange, and pyrite oxidation mainly occur in Taihui water, and these effects are enhanced after grouting. The saturation index results show that after grouting, the saturation index of dolomite, calcite, and gypsum is significantly reduced, and the saturation index of rock salt is slightly increased. The conclusion of this study is that the hydrochemical characteristics of Taihui water are greatly affected by fly ash cement. Moreover, because fly ash cement contains a lower calcium oxide content than ordinary Portland cement, the effect of fly ash cement on the ion concentration of Taihui water and the resulting hydrogeochemical effect are significantly different. Therefore, in the treatment of mine water disasters, the hydrogeochemical evolution law affected by fly ash cement grouting should be identified.

A novel technique for quantifying the fate of CO2 injected in oil reservoir for geological utilization and storage

CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) is a potential CO2 capture, utilization, and storage technology. In particular, CO2 can break the hydrochemical balance of water–rock and converts into carbonate minerals which are the most stable sequestration phase. The water–rock reactions are complex kinetic processes because the rate of dissolution/precipitation of minerals are vary with the pH of the formation water. However, studies on the effect of geochemical reactions on CO2-EOR processes are lacking, and the fate of CO2 cannot be accurately quantified. In this study, we combine the characteristics of the oil phase into the thermal–hydraulic–chemical TOUGHREACT simulator to consider various water–rock geochemical kinetic reactions in CO2-EOR. Therefore, the distribution phase of CO2 can be determined completely in the reservoir. Our analyses use the realistic fluid property (pressure–volume–temperature) of multicomponent oil phase–CO2 mixtures. The model considers the possible geochemical reactions and the resulting changes in porosity and permeability. The results indicate that in gas–water cycle of 9% hydrocarbon pore volume CO2 slug, the largest distributed phase of CO2 is the gas phase, accounting for 52.2% during the CO2 injection period. After water injection, the solubility of CO2 in the oil phase increases, and CO2 is mostly dissolved in the oil phase, accounting for 53.0%. Without considering the water–rock geochemical reactions will result in an underestimation of the dissolved aqueous phase and correspondingly the others were overestimated. The maximum error of the distributed quantity is up to 6.4% of the total injection. In addition, the omission of water–rock reactions result in an underestimation of the oil recovery. Comparing with the CO2 storage in a saline aquifer, dissolution of CO2 in oil phase in CO2-EOR scenario dampens the effect of buoyancy, which leads to higher sequestration capacity for the same footprint of storage reservoir.

Ecotoxicological status and prognosis of the state of an urbanized hydroecosystem (on the example of the reservoir "Ternopil pond")

As a result of a complex hydroecological research on the reservoir “Ternopil Pond”and comparison of these data with environmental and quality water standards we assessed the environmental threat posed by the content of certain substances, and the ecotoxicological state of the pond in general. A high concentration of HCO3 - was found, but the critical factor of water pollution is the significant concentration of ammonia, as well as the excess over the permissible levels of sodium ions. Moreover, we found polymetallic contamination of the bottom sediments with a high ratio of biologically dangerous mobile forms, with the exception of iron, and the excess over permissible levels (MPS), which in some places was ten times higher than the norm. The high level of the content of mobile metals forms was found at sampling areaswith a considerable sedimentation.The content of the mobile form of copper exceeded the norm by 24-86 times, nickel - from 2 to 17 times, cobalt – 4-8 times. The content of the mobile form of cadmium exceeded the permissible norm by 5-80 times, and lead – by 4.5-12 times. It was established that the content of the metals of the essential group in the water of the reservoir wasbelow the permissible values, and in the places where active flushing waters are flowing high concentrations of copper wasfound. Among the nonessential metals, cadmium and lead were found with fairlyhigh cadmium content , which is biologically dangerous because of the toxicity of this metal. In case of changes in the hydrochemical balance, the mobility of metals may increase, which will substantially worsen the almost disastrous pollution of the reservoir with highly toxic and biologically hazardous metals.Economic-mathematical modeling and statistical methods based on correlation-regression analysis using Matlab software were used to investigate the influence of ammonium content on the water pH index. The correlation index is ststistically significant and amounts to 0.86. This research will allow us to predict pH index of the water depending on the content of ammonium. The calculated elasticity coefficient shows that with an increase in ammonia by 10%, the pH index of the water will vary by 8%. In order to study the environmental situation in the near future, namely the content of metals in the bottom sediments, a forecast of the content of such metals as magnesium and cobaltfor the next two seasonal periods according to the theory of Markov chains has been made. This theory allows us to make predictions of the factor, taking into account the possibility of random effects on the environment, and investigates the greatest probability of presence of a factor in a certain numerical parameter.

Ecophysiological determinants of the human skeletal system

This review assessed relationships between external factors and the level of joint pathology (hip, knee, ankle, elbow, shoulder, hands and feet) in humans with dysplastic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and gout. The accumulation of physiologically different chemical elements in different types of bones in humans of different ages allows for a more accurate assessment of the causal quoted response from parallel biochemical systems. These allow a better understanding of the link between exposure arising from smoking, alcohol, drugs, diseases, heredity, effects of amalgam dental fillings, diet, food preferences, chemical elements, occupational and environmental exposure to toxicants, lipoperoxidation and pro-antioxidant reactions. Physiology of the osteoarticular system determines what is responsible for bone and long-term body accumulation of toxic metals, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone diseases. While relationships between stressors, antioxidant system and bone condition predict potential risks in certain abnormalities and change oxidative stress. Elemental instability in the environment combined with salinity, acidity, redox potential and local changes in hydrochemical balance, enhances adverse effects. Processes of remodeling and bone mineralization continue throughout life and therefore may be a determinant of long-term accumulation of toxicants. Environmental issues affecting bioaccumulation of chemical elements in the osteoarticular system in humans is poorly understood. Alloplastic procedures, including the need for prostheses, supplemented by image layouts oxidative enzyme activities, as well as lipoperoxidation and the level of stress proteins, give a complete picture of skeletal response to external stressors. Simultaneously, the analysis of the impact of stressors on bones allows a more accurate tracing of causal quoted responses from parallel reactions. They have a direct relationship with stressors and affect the nature and degree of responses and defense capabilities. Thus they have a role in the diagnosis of diseases of the skeletal system.

Assessment of the Climate Change Impact on the Quality and Quantity of Drinking Water Sources in Armenia

Nowadays the climate change impact on water resources has become evident worldwide. More vulnerable are freshwater resources, the feeding of which depends on atmospheric precipitation and snowmelt water. Freshwater reduction deteriorates water supply and increases water demand. In the recent decade, a significant reduction of the river run-off against the base period has been recorded in Armenia. The reduced river run-off has affected the hydrochemical balance of water resources. In the present work, we have studied the changes in the river run-off and hydrochemical parameters in the water sources of the Geghi, Meghriget, Marmarik, and Gegharot rivers in Armenia. The resulting data have shown that the climate change reduces the water resources and changes the chemical composition of the river water. The sources of the investigated rivers became enriched with calcium, and the concentrations of iron and manganese in the Gegharot river extremely rise in autumn and exceed the WHO drinking water standards.

Hydrochemical balance of Itkul–Shira lake system (Khakassia, Russian Federation)

The water and hydrochemical balance of Shira and Itkul lakes, located in the arid (steppe) zone in the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation), has been calculated. It is shown that Lake Itkul can be considered a drained lake, which significantly determines the basic differences of the hydrochemical balance in the two water bodies. The outflow of water from Itkul to Shira is, on average, 6791000 m3/year, and the average outflow of dissolved salts is 35697 t/year. Lake Shira can be considered a drainless water body with an evaporation mechanism of formation of the chemical composition of its waters, and Lake Itkul is considered a flowing water reservoir. The salt concentration in Itkul is not as high as that in Shira due to the lower influence of evaporation on the formation of the chemical composition of waters and time of their interaction. It has been assumed that this phenomenon is regular, rather than exceptional, for the arid zone of Northern and Central Asia.

Hydrochemical Balance of Itkul - Shira Lake System (Khakasia, Russian Federation)

Hydrochemical Balance of Itkul - Shira Lake System (Khakasia, Russian Federation)

Removal of mineral salts (including bicarbonate calcium and magnesium) from Ulken Almaty and Kishi Almaty rivers

For evaluated some components of hydrochemical balance watercourses necessary to carry out the calculation flow of chemicals, which is very important not only for biological productivity, but also studied intensity of erosion and accumulation processes occurring in the basin. It was learned of longterm dynamics of this process can also deeper understanding the nature of the influence of those or other lithological and anthropogenic factors in the basin on the formation of chemical composition and quality of the river water. The article presents data on the flow of dissolved mineral substances, including calcium and magnesium carbonates, rivers Ulken Almaty, Kishi Almaty in comparison to other rivers of northern slope of Ili Alatau (Shilik, Turgen, Esik, Esentai) over many years. It was established that during the period from 2009 to 2010 years water of Ulken Almaty upstream 5,486 tons of mineral salts, and in the downstream – 7,135 tons, and the share of calcium bicarbonate (calculated of calcium carbonate) have an average of 68% of all salts. Kishi Almaty river in the upstream 4,776 tons (including calcium bicarbonate – 4,080 tonnes) and downstream – 29,520 tons (including 18,745 tons of calcium bicarbonate).

Surface temperature and hydrochemistry as indicators of land cover functions

This paper presents an integrated approach to landscape functioning assessment combining energy efficiency and hydrochemical balance studies. Energy balance is expressed by surface temperature while hydrochemical balance is illustrated by electric conductivity and selected hydrochemical parameters. Six model sub-watersheds with different land use situated in southern Bohemia were chosen to show the influence of landscape management on landscape functioning. The watersheds with higher humankind activity were shown to have both higher and more fluctuating average surface temperature as well as higher electrical conductivity in the runoff surface water. Watersheds with the predominance of forests and meadows showed opposite trends in the monitored parameters. Our results show that sustainable landscape management leads to lower temperature extremes and consequently to low matter and water losses. Large improvements of energy and matter balance can be achieved by restoration of permanent vegetation and/or effective water retention and accumulation.

Geochemical mass balance and weathering rates of ultramafic schists in Amazonia

The hydrochemical balance of the Yaou catchment in French Guiana was determined over a period of 1 year, combined with a detailed characterization of the primary minerals and their weathering products, in order to estimate ultramafic rock weathering rates in a rainforest environment. The time required to develop the main horizons of the laterite profile was obtained from estimations of the weathering rates and dissolution kinetics of some major parent minerals (chlorite, serpentine, biotite, calcite). The specific transport of solute matter in the catchment is 205 kg/ha/a. The Cl and NO 3 net outputs shows that the system is in dynamic equilibrium, notably with respect to the biomass reservoir. The output flux of Mg in solution is mainly supplied from the weathering of primary minerals, whereas that of Ca comes both from atmospheric contributions and from the dissolution of carbonates. The fluxes of K and, more particularly, Na derive essentially from the atmosphere. Knowing the weathering rate of primary minerals, the total CO 2 consumption rate by silicate weathering is estimated at 1430 mol/ha/a. The weathering rates of chlorite, serpentine and biotite range from 18 to 65 mol/ha/a, and those of talc and calcite are, respectively 51 and 153 mol/ha/a. Weathering rates normalized to mineral modal proportions give a decreasing order of stability resistance to weathering (calcite≫biotite≫chlorite>serpentine>talc) that agrees with their vertical distribution in the weathering profile. The dissolution kinetics of chlorite, biotite and serpentine, expressed in relation to the Si release rate, were calculated using estimations of the mineral exchange surface by (a) optical microscope image processing of crystal outlines, and (b) BET specific surface measurements. The release rate of Si, computed for biotite, chlorite and serpentine, ranges around 10 −13 and 10 −14 mol/m 2/s using microscope images on particle sizes. The estimated dissolution kinetics is two orders of magnitude lower when using the BET measured exchange surface, which is 100 times larger. The saprolitization rate, calculated from the weathering rates of calcite, chlorite and biotite, is on average 7.5 m/Ma. The rate of latosol development, calculated from the weathering rate of serpentine at the saprolite–latosol interface, is estimated at 4.5 m/Ma. That means that the profile is chemically thickening at a rate of 3 m/Ma.

Solute export from forested and partially deforested catchments in the central Amazon

The hydrochemical responses to slash-and-burnagriculture in a small rainforest catchment of thecentral Amazon were investigated for one year. Disturbances in the partially deforested catchmentbegan in 1987, and during the study a 2-ha plot was cut(July 1989) and burned (October 1989) in preparationfor the cultivation of manioc; the partially deforestedcatchment was approximately 80% deforested at the timeof this study. Solute fluxes exported by base flowwere estimated from solute concentrations of stream watermeasured at least once per week. Solute fluxesfor storm flow were estimated by measuring streamwaterconcentrations during two storms. Baseflow runoffrepresented about 94% of the water outflow from thestudy basin and was the dominant pathway of soluteexport. Total rainfall during the study period was2754 mm of which 2080 mm was exported from thepartially deforested catchment as stream runoff. Theratio of surface runoff to annual rainfall for asimilar study conducted in the same catchment whilecompletely forested in 1984 was lower than after thecatchment was 80% deforested in 1990 (0.57 versus0.76), while evapotranspiration (ET) was lower by about afactor of two in 1990 compared to 1984. Particulateremoval from the partially deforested catchment was 151kg ha−1 yr−1. Nutrient losses from thepartially deforested catchment were higher than thosemeasured when the catchment was undisturbed in 1984 byfactors of 1.4, 1.8, and 2.1 for total inorganicnitrogen (TIN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and totalnitrogen (TN); and by factors of 4.0, 6.6, and 7.9 for solublereactive phosphate (PO3− 4), total dissolvedphosphorus (TDP), and total phosphorus (TP),respectively. These data show that deforestation andcolonization in upland catchments of the central Amazonalter the hydrochemical balance of streams bydecreasing ET, thereby increasing discharge and soluteexport.

Hydrochemical Balance of an Alpine Watershed in Southeast Alaska

Hydrochemical Balance of an Alpine Watershed in Southeast Alaska

Hydrochemical Balance of an Alpine Watershed in Southeast Alaska

Samples of precipitation and streamflow water were taken for chemical analysis from Upper Indian River on Chichagof Island for water years 1979 and 1980. The alpine watershed of 8.0 km2 is described by a ridge of 670 m elevation, with peaks to 838 m. Annual streamflow averaged 2825 mm, distributed in a bimodal pattern with annual precipitation of 3300 mm. Total nitrogen had a net loss of 5.9 kg * ha-' * yr-1, 34% of the output being organic. Total phosphorus output equaled the precipitation input, while orthophosphate accumulated at 0.4 kg * ha-t ? yr-'. Sodium accumulated at 1.4 kg * ha-' yr-', while other monitored elements ex

Mass balance model for calculation of ionic input loads in atmospheric fallout and discharge from a mountainous basin / Un modèle du bilan massique pour le calcul de la prise de charges ioniques dans les retombées atmosphériques et le débit

Abstract A mass balance model is designed to determine the contribution of ionic loads in atmospheric fallout to discharge from a pristine forested mountainous basin in British Columbia. Input to the model consisted of measurements of weekly precipitation amounts (mm) and ionic concentrations (mg 1−1) in bulk fallout on four elevation zones of an experimental basin. Output data consisted of instantaneous hydrometric measurements, expressed in flow units per basin area (mm) and ionic concentrations (mg 1−1) measured in weekly intervals at the basin outlet. The weekly data on volume weighted ionic concentrations in bulk fallout and discharge were used for calculation of monthly ionic loads (kg ha−1 month−1) and their monthly input-output balances. The annual loads (kg ha−1 year−1) in bulk fallout and discharge as well as the annual input-output balance were determined from the monthly loads. Implication of the hydrochemical balance for precipitation and stream chemistry variations, weathering, erosion and d...

Hydrochemical balance of a British Columbia mountainous watershed

Summary During the period November 1970 to October 1971 weekly samples of precipitation and discharge water were taken for chemical analyses from Jamieson Creek experimental watershed in the Greater Vancouver Water District. High mean annual precipitation (over 4, 500 mm) and snow accumulation (over 3 m snowpack in May) are characteristic. The watershed is topographically well-defined with relatively water-tight, hornblende-rich, diorite bedrock and an undisturbed coniferous forest ecosystem. Eleven ionic constituents were determined in each sample of precipitation and stream water collected. Over the year, there were net losses of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, silica and phosphate from the watershed in streamflow. Nitrate showed a net gain and ammonium output was approximately balanced with input. Tropospheric fallout provided most of the nitrate, ammonium, sulfate and chloride; terrestrial sources most of the silica, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium and potassium. Phosphate and sodium were derived almost equally from tropospheric and terrestrial sources. During the water year 1970–71 about 47 percent of the total net loss of dissolved matter was accounted for by silica, a total of 91.26 kg/ha (9.1 metric tons .km −2 0.0032 mm denudation, based on mean specific gravity of 2.65). The importance of silica leaching and its relevance to British Columbia coastal podzol soil formation is recognized.