Gasoline Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Chromatographic method for determination of content of aromatic hydrocarbons in aviation gasolines

This paper examines a new method for the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons (C /SUB AH/ ) in aviation gasolines. The method is based on oxidative liquid chromatography. The method is explained and compared with sulfuric acid method. The chromatography method is intended for use in the set of qualification test methods for aviation gasolines and gives a sufficiently accurate determination of their contents of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons in gasolines by capillary gas—liquid chromatography : II. Isothermal and temperature-programmed analyses

Quantitative analysis of the gasoline fraction of crude oil (paraffins, branched paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes) and structure group analysis has been performed by high resolution capillary gas chromatography using squalane columns with different film thicknesses under temperature-programmed conditions. The results obtained were compared with those from isothermal analysis. “The modified standard addition method” was used. The contents of aromatic hydrocarbons determined on a polar stationary phase, SP-2340, were in good agreement with those obtained on squalane.

Quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons in gasolines by capillary gas—liquid chromatography : I. Isothermal analysis

Quantitative analysis of 238 constituents of the gasoline fraction of crude oil (paraffins, branched paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes) on squalane and structure group analysis has been performed by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography under isothermal conditions. The “area per cent technique” (area evaluated by peak height, h, times width at half-height, w 1 2 , by T R × h and by digital integration methods) and “the modified standard addition method” were used. The aromatic hydrocarbon content determined on a polar stationary phase, 1,2,3-tris(cyanoethoxy) propane, was in good agreement with the results on squalane as well as with those determined by liquid chromatography.

Determination of airborne methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline atmospheres

In the analytical method outlined in this paper airborne methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other hydrocarbon vapours are sampled by drawing the atmosphere through a primary sorption tube containing a porous polymer sorbent. A known volume of air is drawn by a suitable sampling pump, which may be worn by an operator or remain static at a specified location. Factors influencing the choice of sorbent are discussed. After sampling, the primary sorption tube is capped and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Sampled vapours are desorbed from the primary trap by thermal desorption. The desorbed sample is re-concentrated on a small secondary cold trap containing a solid sorbent. When desorption from the primary trap is complete, the secondary trap is heated rapidly and the sample (now in a very narrow plug) is swept on to a fused-silica capillary column that is located only a few millimetres from the sorbent bed of the secondary trap. MTBE is separated from gasoline hydrocarbons on an OV-1701 capillary column and quantified by a calibrated flame-ionisation detector.

Quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons by structural group type in gasolines and distillates : III. Combined use of liquid and gas chromatography

Liquid chromatography is combined with gas chromatography (GC) for the reliable determination of hydrocarbons in gasolines and similar products according to structural groups. The gasoline sample is pre-separated into three groups (saturates, olefins and aromatics) by liquid chromtography and aliquots of the individual fractions are analyzed by GC, resulting in a partial separation of the compounds present. The composition of the original gasoline sample is calculated from the GC results, utilizing the close uniformity of the flame ionization detector response for hydrocarbons. Possibilities for further improvements are outlined.

Response of microorganisms to an accidental gasoline spillage in an arctic freshwater ecosystem.

The response of microorganisms to an accidental spillage of 55,000 gallons of leaded gasoline into an Arctic freshwater lake was studied. Shifts in microbial populations were detected after the spillage, reflecting the migration pattern of the gasoline, enrichment for hydrocarbon utilizers, and selection for leaded-gasoline-tolerant microorganisms. Ratios of gasoline-tolerant/utilizing heterotrophs to "total" heterotrophs were found to be a sensitive indicator of the degree of hydrocarbon contamination. Respiration rates were elevated in the highly contaminated area, but did not reflect differences between moderately and lightly contaminated areas. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potential experiments showed that indigenous microorganisms could extensively convert hydrocarbons to CO(2). In situ measurement of gasoline degradation showed that, if untreated, sediment samples retained significant amounts of gasoline hydrocarbons including "volatile components" at the time the lake froze for the winter. Nutrient addition and bacterial inoculation resulted in enhanced biodegradative losses, significantly reducing the amount of residual hydrocarbons. Enhanced biodegradation, however, resulted in the appearance of compounds not detected in the gasoline. Since the contaminated lake serves as a drinking water supply, treatment to enhance microbial removal of much of the remaining gasoline still may be advisable.

Nitrogen heterocycle and polynuclear hydrocarbon fluorescence and adsorption effects in the presence of silica gel. Applications in high-pressure liquid and microcolumn chromatography

A flow-through cell packed with silica gel is used for the spectrofluorimetric examination of adsorbed states and as a detector in high-pressure liquid chromatography. The intensified fluorescence of adsorbed benzo homologues of quinoline and acridine is found to be caused by protonation of the electronically excited states by the gel. Sub-nanogram amounts of such compounds can therefore be analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography.In the presence of silica gel the fluorescence of polynuclear hydrocarbons is enhanced proportionally to their radiative lifetimes. The effect is disfavoured by adsorbate formation, and can therefore be employed in both adsorption and reversed-phase liquid chromatography in order to improve selectivity and sensitivity towards readily quenched fluorescences.Microcolumns (90 × 1 mm) exhibit a ten-fold reduction in theoretical plate height compared with conventional high-pressure columns of the same adsorbent. Separations in such columns mounted on a microscope stage can be monitored by spectrofluorimetric microscopy of a silica gel particle located at the end of the column.The techniques described are applied to heterocycles in creosotes, polynuclear hydrocarbons in gasolines and sump oil, and wood splinters, soot particles and trace amounts of pitch.

Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil Over Zeolite Catalysts: Statistical Approach

The catalytic cracking of palm oil was conducted in a fixed bed micro-reactor over HZSM-5, zeolite ? and ultrastable Y (USY) zeolite catalysts. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of cracking reaction variables such as temperature, weight hourly space velocity, catalyst pore size and type of palm oil feed of different molecular weight on the conversion, yield of hydrocarbons in gasoline boiling range and BTX aromatics in the organic liquid product. Statistical Design of Experiment (DOE) with 24 full factorial design was used in experimentation at the first stage. The nonlinear model and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were utilized in the second stage of experimentation to obtain the optimum values of the variables for maximum yields of hydrocarbons in gasoline boiling range and aromatics. The HZSM-5 showed the best performance amongst the three catalysts tested. At 623 K and WHSV of 1 h-1, the highest experimental yields of gasoline and aromatics were 28.3 wt.% and 27 wt.%, respectively over the HZSM-5 catalyst. For the same catalyst, the statistical model predicted that the optimum yield of gasoline was 28.1 wt.% at WHSV of 1.75 h-1 and 623 K. The predicted optimum yield of gasoline was 25.5 wt.% at 623 K and WHSV of 1 h-1.KEY WORDS: Catalytic Cracking, Palm Oil, Zeolite, Design Of Experiment, Response Surface Methodology.

Determination of the Detailed Hydrocarbon Composition and Potential Atmospheric Reactivity of Full-Range Motor Gasolines

The quantitative data obtained with a capillary GLC method, which is used to determine the individual C3-C12 hydrocarbons in full-range motor gasolines, have been employed in a computer program to calculate the hydrocarbon composition of the vapor in equilibrium with a gasoline at 100°F, as well as the equilibrium vapor-pressure of the gasoline at that temperature. The method used for computation is similar to that previously described by McEwen, assuming the gasoline to behave as an ideal liquid. Also calculated is the potential atmospheric reactivity of this equilibrium vapor relative to that from other gasolines when specific reactivity weighting factors for the individual hydrocarbons are employed. Calculated total vapor-pressure data agree well with experimental Reid vapor-pressure data obtained for typical premium-grade gasolines. Definite differences were observed in the relative potential atmospheric reactivities calculated at 100°F for the equilibrium vapors from the test gasolines.

Capillary gas chromatographic method for determining the C3-C12 hydrocarbons in full-range motor gasolines

Capillary gas chromatographic method for determining the C3-C12 hydrocarbons in full-range motor gasolines

Method of determining normal paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons in gasoline and diesel fractions of secondary processes of oil refining

1. A method was proposed for determining the content of paraffins and olefins in gasoline and diesel fractions, using synthetic zeolites. 2. The method was extremely simple and does not require complex apparatus; the amount of the sample for analysis does not exceed 1–2 ml. 3. The error of the determination does not exceed 2% abs., or 14% rel. The discrepancy between parallel determinations is no more than 1%. 4. The zeolites used for the quantitative determination of normal hydrocarbons should posess a capacity with respect to n-heptane of no less than 8 g/100 g of zeolite.

The Quantitative Analysis of Non-Olefinic Gasolines

A previous method described the application of gas chromatography to the qualitative analysis of all types of gasoline. This method has now been extended and developed to enable non-olefinic gasolines to be analysed on a quantitative basis. It is particularly suitable for gasolines blended from straight-run and catalytically-reformed components, but products from other refinery processes can be similarly analysed.A number of paraffins, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons were selected as being typical gasoline hydrocarbons, and calibration curves were obtained. It was found that all these curves could be reduced to a general equation, the curve for any individual hydrocarbon being obtained by inserting a specific constant. This, therefore, enabled the calibration curve for any other hydrocarbon to be constructed by simply determining any one point on that curve.For those hydrocarbons which were not available as high purity chemicals, values for the constant were extrapolated from the experimentally determined values of the available hydrocarbons. Hence calibration curves were drawn for these hydrocarbons and those which were not otherwise available. The data so obtained is applied in this paper to the quantitative analysis of three commercial gasolines.The gas liquid chromatography apparatus employed in this study consists of a programme heated column with a non-polar stationary phase, and a flame ionisation detector.

Direct Determination of C3 to C5 Hydrocarbons in Olefinic and Nonolefinic Gasolines by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect Determination of C3 to C5 Hydrocarbons in Olefinic and Nonolefinic Gasolines by Gas-Liquid ChromatographyD. D. ZakaibCite this: Anal. Chem. 1960, 32, 9, 1107–1110Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60165a017RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views22Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (449 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Quantitative Elimination of Olefinic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Straight-run Gasoline

本報告は直溜ガソリン中の不飽和, 芳香族炭化水素を定量的に除去する方法を研究するために・従来の方法の改良をはかつたものである。ガソリン中の不飽和分を測定する80%硫酸法を吟味し, その方法と操作とを検討し, かつこの方法で除去し得られる不飽和分の限度は5 vol%であることがわかった。脱不飽和分ガソリンの芳香族分除去に際し, 加えるべき硫硝酸の量, 硲化油からニトロ芳香族炭化水素を溶出する91%硫酸の量はいずれ竜試料中の芳香族分含有量によつて加減すべきことを述べ, 従来の硫硲酸法を改良した。

Multistage Stabilization of Crude

A process that has come to be known locally as ?multistagestabilization" has been developed in the Haft Kel field of theAnglo-Iranian Oil Co. in southwest Iran, for the recovery of casingheadgasoline. It consists in releasing the dissolved gases from the crude bystages, a practice common in many fields, but which, so far as is known, hasnowhere been carried to the extent to which it is employed in Iran. It has beenin use there for nearly nine years, during which time some 200 million barrelsof crude have been handled by the process. This process of gasoline retentionconsists in preventing the greater part of the casinghead gasoline hydrocarbons(the butanes and pentanes) from ever leaving the crude, instead of allowingthem to be vaporized and then recovered from the lighter gases by the usualcompression or absorption processes. Its efficiency is fully equal to thatobtained by the absorption process; its disadvantage is that it increases thequantities of ethane and propane in the crude sent to the refinery, but withthe growing demand for propane this drawback is vanishing. When casinghead gasoline is recovered as a separate liquid in the Iranianfields, it is blended with the crude, as the only outlet is through therefinery, and the crude-oil pipe line offers the cheapest means oftransportation. It is under these conditions that the retention of the butanesand pentanes in the crude by multistage stabilization is a most attractiveprocess, possessing as it does the following advantages:extremesimplicity,low first cost,easy installation,practically 100 percent operating-time efficiency,no operators required,no water orother services required,negligible maintenance,once established, verylittle routine testing is necessary. The one essential for reasonably efficient multistage stabilization is that theflowing pressures of the wells should be relatively high; i.e.,' they shouldnot be less than about one-third the saturation pressure of the crude in thereservoir. This is a very general statement, of course, and much depends on thetype of crude and its temperature. T.P. 1085

Correction. Miscibility of Castor Oil with Gasoline Hydrocarbons

Correction. Miscibility of Castor Oil with Gasoline Hydrocarbons

Miscibility of Castor Oil with Gasoline Hydrocarbons1

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMiscibility of Castor Oil with Gasoline Hydrocarbons1George H. Taber and Donald R. StevensCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1928, 20, 11, 1185–1186Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1928Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1928https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50227a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (267 KB) Get e-Alerts

The Precise Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gasoline

The Precise Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gasoline