Hydrocarbon Pollution Research Articles

Chitosan-macroalgae biocomposites as potential adsorbents of water-soluble hydrocarbons: Organic matter and ionic strength effects

Abstract Nowadays the recovery of low-molecular soluble aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) released into natural bodies of water continues to be a challenging task. These contaminants bring sever consequences to the environment and to the human health. Biosorption on macroalgae (Ma) biomass seem to be a potential alternative due to low costs and high availability, but the low strength and density are important drawbacks to handle, start up and operate continuous biosorption units. In this study, chitosan (Ch) and pectin (Pe) were employed as precursors to synthesize a new Ma−Ch−Pe composite with regard to enhance the stability and applicability of macroalgae biomass towards the removal of soluble HCs pollutants. The biocomposite synthesis was based on a factorial design and a posterior response surface methodology. The optimized biocomposite (75.4%, 19.8 and 4.8% for macroalgae biomass, chitosan and pectin, respectively), was characterized and evaluated under different ionic strengths, pH values and organic load to determine their potential as biosorbents and to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms involved. Removal capacities were 58.68, 16.64 and 6.13 mg g−1 for benzene, toluene and naphthalene, respectively. The adsorption capacity was slightly influenced by the pH (3–9), and diminished with ionic strength values up to I > 0.6 M. The presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the removal of HCs by providing hydrophobic sites to the biosorbents. Moreover, the biosorption data was well-described by Sips adsorption isotherm, and the pseudo-second order equation represented the best fitting model for the biosorption kinetics. The biosorption mechanisms included hydrophobic effect by the algae fraction and London forces between the HC and the diverse of functional groups present offered by the precursors.

Assessment of hydrocarbons subsoil and groundwater pollution in a refinery occupied property at the old industrial zone of Athens - Pireaus, Greece

Industrial activities that took place in the old industrial zone of Athens-Piraeus widespread pollution in natural systems. This specific environmental site assessment presents subsoil and groundwater pollution data by petroleum hydrocarbons in a property occupied by a small scale refinery the last 50 years. Additionally the vertical distribution and horizontal variability of pollution is analysed as a result of several point sources existence such as underground storage tanL·. Environmental survey site works conducted by boreholes performance and installation of stand-pipe type piezometers for groundwater monitoring. Totally 32 soil core samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons and additionally 4 soil core sub-samples where volatile organic compounds maximum values were recorded, analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleum hydrocarbons values in subsoil and groundwater range from 310 to 8130 mgKg1 and 0.6 to 2550 mg/l respectively. This paper provides hydrocarbons pollution data of the site and demonstrates the need for an environmental site assessment study before any investment and development action takes place in brownfield's areas

English

Bioremediation has been argued to be cheaper and more environmental friendly when compared to other remediation technology. Bioremediation make use of the ability of bacteria and fungi to biodegrade organic compound to cleanup hydrocarbon pollution. Many fungi have been shown to biodegrade simple and complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. In this study, petroleum hydrocarbon degrading fungi have been isolated and identified by microscopic and macroscopic methods in oil polluted soil. The polluted soil samples were collected from an oil polluted site within an oil bearing community in Bayelsa state of Nigeria. Eight different strains of fungi were isolated and identified and they include, Penicillium spp, Candida species, Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp, Rhodotorulla spp, Rhizopus, Trichorderma spp and Cladospermorium spp. Population of hydrocarbon degrading fungi, isolated from the soil collected in three different sampling stations are 5.3x104, 8.3x103 and 2.51x104 Cfu/g for station 1, 2 and 3, respectively. While total hetetrophilic fungi are 3.6x105, 7.1x105, and 9.51x106.Cfu/g, Penicillium spp , A. niger, Mucor spp, Rhodotorulla spp, Rhizopus, Phanerochaete spp, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium spp are strains of fungi that have been discovered by different scholars to degrade different components of petroleum. This study has revealed that oil polluted soil in the Niger Delta is habited by hydrocarbon degrading fungi, which can be biostimulated to enhance oil pollution cleanup in the area. Key words: Bioremediation, biodegradation, fungi, polluted soil biostimulate, isolated and identified.

Assessment of Нydrocarbon Pollution Influence on Quality of the City Soil

The problem of hydrocarbon pollution of the city soil is discussed. The soils of the big megalopolises are exposed to hydrocarbon pollution. The main part of pollution was caused by the precipitation and emissions of the transport. The soils which were picked from areas close to the busy highways and from the closest to living houses territories of the Moscow city were analyzed. We research the soils closed to Altufievskoe, Leningradskoe, Schelkovskoe and Enthuziastov highways and also closed to Leninskiy, Kutuzovskiy and Nahimovskiy avenues. According to the experimental data, the most hydrocarbon pollution were soils closed to Altufievskoe, Enthuziastov and Schelkovskoe highways and Kutuzovskiy avenue (more than 1000 mg/kg).

Metagenomic profiling for assessing microbial diversity and microbial adaptation to degradation of hydrocarbons in two South African petroleum-contaminated water aquifers

Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by indigenous populations of microorganisms found in petroleum-contaminated water sources represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants are eliminated from the aquatic environment. The identification of these microorganisms, which have capabilities to convert the majority of toxic hydrocarbons into compounds that are less harmful for end-users, is therefore crucial for bioremediation purposes. The aim of this study was to profile the microbial diversity of two South African petroleum-contaminated water aquifer sites and to determine the microbial adaptation to hydrocarbon degradation using a metagenomics approach. The sequenced samples revealed that protozoa (62.04%) were found to be the most dominant group, followed by fungi (24.49%), unknown (12.87%), and finally other sequences such as Animalia and plantae which were <(0.10%) domains in the first oil-polluted aquifer site. In the second site, protozoa (61.90%), unknown (16.51%), fungi (11.41%) in that order. According to the classification at the genus level, the dominant group was Naegleria (15.21%), followed by Vorticella (6.67%) as the only ciliated protozoan genus, other species such as Arabidopsis (2.97%), Asarum (1.84%) Populus (1.04%) were significantly low and drastically lower in the first site. Regarding the second site, the dominant group was Naegleria (18.29%) followed by Colpoda (9.86%) with the remainder of the genera representing <2%. Overall results demonstrated the ability of various groups of microorganisms to adapt and survive in petroleum oil-polluted water sites regardless of their respective distributions and this can be explored further for their role in bioremediation and environmental management.

Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

ABSTRACTThis study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) in the bioremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soils. A. millisoni were collected from the Botanical Garden of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The stock culture of hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus sp. was used for the bioremediation study. A set-up of eight pots containing 1000 g soil sample and 20 g of cow dung were mixed with 100, 75, 50 and 0 mL SEO respectively. Each of the set up was subjected to bioremediation agents; A. millisoni alone, Bacillus sp alone, A. millisoni and Bacillus sp, no treatment (control) in duplicate. Treatment of 100 ml SEO contaminated soil with combined A. millisoni and Bacillus sp resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of TPH and heavy metals (Ni and Pb), higher microbial activity and C:N ratio than the other treatments. The effectiveness of the bioremediating agents as indicated by reduction in the indices of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution followed the pattern: vermi-bacterium > bacterium > vermi-remediating agents. Earthworms exposed to 100 mLSEO-contaminated soil had higher CAT, SOD, and GPx activities compared to the control. Findings indicated that A. millisoni with Bacillus sp. can synergistically improve bioremediation of SEO contaminated soils.

Analysis of the Control Factors of Groundwater Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination in a City’s West Part

Based on study of the hydrogeological condition and the characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons pollution in karst groundwater, an oil refinery located in western part of a certain city is chosen as the study site to have an analysis on the control factors of groundwater petroleum hydrocarbons contamination. The study result shows that the control factors of groundwater petroleum hydrocarbons contamination are hydrogeological condition and biodegradation. The soil layer of Quaternary is very thin, the limestone is exposed in the surface, which makes the petroleum hydrocarbons easy to permeate into the water bearing layer. Karst-fractured zone in aquifer determines the migration way of petroleum hydrocarbons to be convection, but the magmatic rock in northern part has certain blocking effect on the migration of petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation makes both the contamination plume area of petroleum hydrocarbons and the content of petroleum hydrocarbons decreased.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of chrysene by Fe2O3@ZnHCF nanocubes

Chrysene is a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and priority pollutant due to its persistent nature and toxicity. Ecological concern of this emerging contaminant calls for low-cost and efficient removal practices. Recently, doped or coupled nanomaterials with advanced characteristics are fascinating. Therefore, we have synthesized crystalline nanocubes (∼100 nm) of Fe2O3@ZnHCF nanocomposite using plant extract of Azadirachta indica and subsequently used it for degradation of chrysene. Under sunlight, a rapid initial exponential decrease in concentration of chrysene over time revealed high photo-activity of doped Fe2O3@ZnHCF because of remarkably improved surface area (343.436 m2 g−1) and band gap energy (2.18 eV). At optimum catalyst dose (25 mg) and neutral pH photodegradation of chrysene (2 mg L−1) up to 92% followed first order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms. Comparing with constituents, doped nanocubes (Xm = 45.45 mg g−1) were more effective for degradation as revealed by three to six times greater adsorption of chrysene than ZnHCF (Xm = 16.22 mg g−1) and Fe2O3 (Xm = 7.348 mg g−1). Moreover, it reduced the t1/2 value of chrysene (0.54 h) manifolds than that of Fe2O3 (t1/2 = 23.41 h) and ZnHCF (t1/2 = 8.66 h) nanoparticles. GC–MS results revealed the presence of smaller and safer by-products like malealdehyde, propionic acid and but-2-ene-1,2,4-triol that are formed by oxidation of chrysene by OH radical. Catalysts were also found reusable for ten cycles without significant loss in activity. Overall, Fe2O3@ZnHCF nanocubes might be believed to be a promising photocatalyst for environmental protection by virtue of greater active sites, high surface activity, low band gap with charge separation and semiconducting nature.

Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over palladium nanoparticles and its pH-mediated tug-of-war with hydrogen evolution

Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (EHDC) is a promising environmental technology that can produce highly active atomic hydrogen (H∗ad) to detoxify chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants in water via the hydrogenolysis of C–Cl bonds. However, its efficiency is hampered by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous media which competes with EHDC by consuming H∗ad. Here we report that, by controlling the solution pH, we can facilely tune the relative kinetics of EHDC of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and HER over palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) for an optimized EHDC reaction. The batch EHDC experiments with different starting pHs find that both the EHDC efficiency (conversion rate of 2,4-DCP to phenol) and H∗ad utilization efficiency (HUE%, the molar percentage of H∗ad used by EHDC) present a volcano-shaped relationship vs. starting solution pH, with the peak EHDC efficiency of 66.4% and HUE% of 35–40% achieved at pHs of 2.12 and 3.49, respectively. The mechanism study finds that this volcano relationship originates from the dual effect of pH on both the H∗ad production rate and the adsorption behavior of 2,4-DCP over Pd NPs. The overfast generation of H∗ad at very low pHs and the poor adsorption of 2,4-DCP on electrode under alkaline conditions will both favor the HER over EHDC. A solution condition of weak acid is thus ideal to optimize the EHDC performance. This work presents an efficient approach to improve the EHDC efficiency and energy selectivity by tuning the solution pH, which should advance the EHDC application in environmental remediation.

Structural characteristics, above‐ground biomass and productivity of mangrove forest situated in areas with different levels of pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

AbstractProductivity is a major driver of carbon sequestration in mangrove ecosystems worldwide. It is hypothesized that hydrocarbon pollution can accelerate litter fall and increase productivity through detoxification. We studied structural characteristics, above ground biomass (AGB) and productivity of mangroves in higher and lower polluted locations in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria. We established four 400 m2 plots in a random block design to test the effects of pollution on mangrove productivity. A total of 1,089 mangrove tree structural characteristics and importance values (IV) were estimated. For productivity, ten litter traps (0.1521 m2) were established within each plot, and emptied monthly for three years, June 2010 – June 2013. Total productivity was significantly different between treatments (F1, 1378 = 9.673, p &lt; .001), with highly polluted having higher total productivity. Flowers (F1, 1378 = 9.673, p &lt; .001) and fruits (F1, 1378 = 9.673, p &lt; .001) productivity varied between treatments too, again with the highly polluted being significantly greater. Our results indicate that pollution increased litter fall, and thus altered productivity in the Niger Delta mangrove. To the best of our understanding, this is the first time productivity has been reported in the primary literature for the Niger Delta mangrove ecosystem.

Bio-Enhancement of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil Using Newly Isolated Bacteria

ABSTRACTDespite the important role of petroleum hydrocarbons as energy resources, contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and their products has caused significant harm to the environment, and hence increasing attention has been paid toward remediation of these contaminants. A study was carried out on bioremediation of soil contaminated with diesel fuel (DF) and waste lubricating oil (WLO) using the bacterial strain Bacillus salmalaya 139SI, isolated in Malaysia and identified by 16s RNA sequencing. The colony count was examined, and the seed germination toxicity test was carried out using seeds of Vigna sesquipedalis. For WLO-polluted soil, a maximum total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation of 89% was recorded on day 50 in the soil treated with 20% B. salmalaya, whereas 79% was recorded on day 60 in the soil treated with 20% B. salmalaya for DF-polluted soil. The positive correlation between increasing bacterial count and petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage suggested a prominent contribution of biosurfactant in degrading the WLO and DF present in the soil. The seed germination toxicity test performed using V. sesquipedalis seed recorded 80% germination on treatments with 20% B. salmalaya in soil polluted with both WLO and DF. The results obtained from this work indicated the potential applicability of B. salmalaya strain 139SI in bioremediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Pollution Characteristics of PAHs in Soil from a Remote Mountain Wetland-Dajiuhu Lake, Shengnongjia

Ten sampling points were distributed approximately equidistantly in the Dajiuhu lake wetland, and soils from the depths 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm were collected in April 2012. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the remote mountain wetland shallow soils, and 16 kinds of USEPA priority controlled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants were identified. The ∑16PAHs content ranges of the shallow soils of this region were 48.55-984.73 ng·g-1, 14.36-806.47 ng·g-1, and 12.84-1191.53 ng·g-1 in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm layers, with a mean of 302.94 ng·g-1, 142.98 ng·g-1, and 208.68 ng·g-1 in the three layers, respectively. The concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 21.20-844.29 ng·g-1, 2.96-592.06 ng·g-1 and 0.66-964.70 ng·g-1 in the three soil layers, with means of 197.25 ng·g-1, 93.16 ng·g-1, and 147.16 ng·g-1 that accounted for 65.12%, 65.13%, and 69.08% of the total PAHs in the three soil layers, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the areas with peat were significantly higher than that in the soil. PAHs having 4-6 rings were the dominant ones. The ratios IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) and Pyr/BaP showed that the PAHs in the shallow soil form the Dajiuhu lake wetland mainly came from burning fossil fuels and wood. In recent years, the entry of tourist vehicles has contributed significantly to the increase in PAHs. The regression analysis on peat surface layer single body PAH and total PAHs showed that Chr, BbF, IcdP, and BaA could be used as a signaling property of mountain wetland PAH pollution.

Elevated tropospheric CO2 and O3 concentrations impair organic pollutant removal from grassland soil

The concentrations of tropospheric CO2 and O3 have been rising due to human activities. These rising concentrations may have strong impacts on soil functions as changes in plant physiology may lead to altered plant-soil interactions. Here, the effects of eCO2 and eO3 on the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in grassland soil were studied. Both elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations decreased PAH removal with lowest removal rates at elevated CO2 and elevated O3 concentrations. This effect was linked to a shift in soil microbial community structure by structural equation modeling. Elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations reduced the abundance of gram-positive bacteria, which were tightly linked to soil enzyme production and PAH degradation. Although plant diversity did not buffer CO2 and O3 effects, certain soil microbial communities and functions were affected by plant communities, indicating the potential for longer-term phytoremediation approaches. Results of this study show that elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations may compromise the ability of soils to degrade organic pollutants. On the other hand, the present study also indicates that the targeted assembly of plant communities may be a promising tool to shape soil microbial communities for the degradation of organic pollutants in a changing world.

Composition and functional diversity of microbial community across a mangrove-inhabited mudflat as revealed by 16S rDNA gene sequences

The gradient distribution of microbial communities has been detected in profiles along many natural environments. In a mangrove seedlings inhabited mudflat, the microbes drive a variety of biogeochemical processes and are associated with a dramatically changed environment across the tidal zones of mudflat. A better understanding of microbial composition, diversity and associated functional profiles in relation to physicochemical influences could provide more insights into the ecological functions of microbes in a coastal mangrove ecosystem. In this study, the variation of microbial community along successive tidal flats inhabited by mangrove seedlings were characterized based on the 16S rDNA gene sequences, and then the factors that shape the bacterial and archaeal communities were determined. Results showed that the tidal cycles strongly influence the distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities. Dissimilarity and gradient distribution of microbial communities were found among high tidal flat, mid-low tidal flat and seawater. Discrepancies were also as well observed from the surface to subsurface layers specifically in the high tidal flat. For example, Alphaproteobacteria displayed an increasing trend from low tidal to high tidal flat and vice versa for Deltaproteobacteria; Cyanobacteria and Thaumarchaeota were more dominant in the surface layer than the subsurface. In addition, by classifying the microorganisms into metabolic functional groups, we were able to identify the biogeochemical pathway that was dominant in each zone. The (oxygenic) photoautotrophy and nitrate reduction were enhanced in the mangrove inhabited mid tidal flat. It revealed the ability of xenobiotic metabolism microbes to degrade, transform, or accumulate environmental hydrocarbon pollutants in seawater, increasing sulfur-related respiration from high tidal to low tidal flat. An opposite distribution was found for major nitrogen cycling processes. The shift of both composition and function of microbial communities were significantly related to light, oxygen availability and total dissolved nitrogen instead of sediment types or salinity.

Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Petroleum hydrocarbons contamination of the environment associated with exploration, development and production operations is a common feature in oil producing nations around the world, especially in a developing country like Nigeria where the incidence of facilities sabotage, operational failures, accidental discharges, pipeline vandalization and leakages, bunkering and artisanal refining is very common. Apart from poor governance systems, poor corporate social responsibility (CSR) of multinational oil companies (MOCs), poor environmental regulation of the petroleum industry, the inability of the political elite to effectively manage petroleum hydrocarbon-derived revenue, loss of petroleum hydrocarbons resource revenue to corruption and theft, petroleum hydrocarbons contamination of the total environment (air, soil, water and biota) have impacted negatively on the human health and wellbeing of oil producing communities in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. Findings from several studies have revealed variable negative impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons toxicity on the human health (including exposed populations), the natural environment and other ecological receptors. Over the past fifty–five years, the oil producing host communities in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta region have experienced a wide range of environmental pollution, degradation, human health risks, deterioration of our cultural heritage items and socio–economic problems as a result of various activities associated with petroleum exploration, development and production. Petroleum hydrocarbons contamination of surface water and groundwater is a notable environmental and human health problem in the oil producing communities and there are several water quality issues in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. This review examines some of the water quality issues and human health implications of petroleum hydrocarbons contamination of controlled water sources (surface-water and groundwater) in the oil producing host communities in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. It will further highlight some of the problems of petroleum hydrocarbons contamination and/or pollution of marine environments associated with unsustainable practices of petroleum industry in the region.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution in Soil and Surface Water by Public Oil Fields in Wonocolo Sub-district, Indonesia

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution in Soil and Surface Water by Public Oil Fields in Wonocolo Sub-district, Indonesia

Modulation of microbial consortia enriched from different polluted environments during petroleum biodegradation

Environmental microbial communities are key players in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollutants. Here we assessed changes in bacterial abundance and diversity during the degradation of Tunisian Zarzatine oil by four indigenous bacterial consortia enriched from a petroleum station soil, a refinery reservoir soil, a harbor sediment and seawater. The four consortia were found to efficiently degrade up to 92.0% of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 2months of incubation. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the consortia enriched from soil and sediments were dominated by species belonging to Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter genera, while in the seawater-derived consortia Dietzia, Fusobacterium and Mycoplana emerged as dominant genera. We identified a number of species whose relative abundances bloomed from small to high percentages: Dietzia daqingensis in the seawater microcosms, and three OTUs classified as Acinetobacter venetianus in all two soils and sediment derived microcosms. Functional analyses on degrading genes were conducted by comparing PCR results of the degrading genes alkB, ndoB, cat23, xylA and nidA1 with inferences obtained by PICRUSt analysis of 16S amplicon data: the two data sets were partly in agreement and suggest a relationship between the catabolic genes detected and the rate of biodegradation obtained. The work provides detailed insights about the modulation of bacterial communities involved in petroleum biodegradation and can provide useful information for in situ bioremediation of oil-related pollution.

Soils impacted by PAHs: Would the stabilized organic matter be a green tool for the immobilization of these noxious compounds?

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the role of stabilized organic matter (vermicompost) and tropical soils in the sorption of naphthalene, anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene. The results obtained for the three compounds were extrapolated for the priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutants according to Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). To evaluate the sorption process, high performance liquid chromatography was employed and the data was fitted by Freundlich isotherms. The results suggest that the sorption effect generally increases with the number of benzene rings of the PAHs, and that the persistence of PAHs in the environment is possibly related to the number of benzene rings in the PAH molecule. In addition, the pH of the vermicompost can strongly affect the adsorption process in this matrix.

Study on Combustion Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled by Synthesized Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

The waste cooking oil or used cooking oil is the best source of biodiesel synthesizing because it enters into the so-called W2E field, whereas not only get rid of the used cooking oils, but produce energy from the waste fuel. In this paper, biodiesel was synthesized from the used cooking oil and specifications are tested. From 1 liter of used cooking oil, 940 ml is gained. The remaining of a liter is glycerine and water. A Blend of 20% of biodiesel with 80% of net diesel by volume is formed. Blends of 100% diesel and 100% biodiesel are prepared too. The diesel engine combustion performance such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, mean effective pressure, and engine outlet temperature are studied in this paper. Cylinder pressure variation with crank angle is analyzed. The concentrations of hydrocarbon and nitrogen pollutants are measured. The results showed a significant enhancement in engine power and pollutant gases emitted. There is positive compatible with other critical researchers.

A comprehensive research on petroleum hydrocarbon’s migration processes in Jiaozhou Bay

Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) pollution in marine bays has been more and more serous along with the rapid development of industry and economic, and understanding the migration processes in marine bays is essential to environmental protection.This paper provided a comprehensive research on the migration processes and laws in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province of China using investigation data on 1984-1988. As a result, the annual changes of PHC contents, the changes of PHC’s sources and the land-ocean migration process were defined. These findings provided solid theory basis for better understanding the transporting processes and laws of pollutants in marine bay waters.