HYDRO Nepal Journal Research Articles

An Interview with Mr. Moti Lal Dugar

In light of ongoing discourses, at present, on prevailing energy crisis and exciting participation of IPPs in hydropower development in Nepal, HYDRO Nepal Journal felt this opportune to review and assess the present hydropower development scenario of Nepal from the perspective of independent power producer. Hence, HYDRO Nepal takes pleasure in presenting an interview with Mr. Moti Lal Dugar, Chairman of MV Dugar Group, Nepal by Rajendra P Thanju, Managing Editor of HYDRO Nepal Journal. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue No: 22Page: 51-52Uploaded date: January 14, 2018

Personality Profile

With an objective to highlight the prominent Nepali personalities who have played important roles in major donor agency, Asian Development Bank (ADB), HYDRO Nepal Journal considers it appropriate to underline the profile of Dr. Bindu N. Lohani to its readers. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue No: 22Page: 53-53Uploaded date: January 14, 2018

Numerical Study of Wall Shear and Velocities Using a Commercial CFD Code: Some Crucial Aspects to Consider

<p>This paper presents the numerical prediction of wall shear and velocities in steady and superposed pulsatile turbulent flow in a pipe, the phenomena that can be observed in hydropower. The previously conducted experiment is a base for this study and some crucial aspects of CFD while using a commercial code have been emphasized. The widely-accepted grid convergence index approach is adopted to quantify the discretization uncertainty and the results are validated against the experiment. The influence of the wall functions applied in the code is also studied with two turbulence models: standard <em>k-ε </em>and based SST model. The time-averaged results of superposed flow with small amplitude unsteadiness are equivalent to results from the steady flow. The results and the method used in this paper may be useful for the CFD simulations in hydropower applications like penstock and bifurcations designs. </p><p> </p><p><strong>HYDRO Nepal Journal</strong></p><p><em>Journal of Water Energy and Environment</em></p><p>Issue: 21, July, 2017</p><p>Page: 45-49</p><p>Upload Date: July 18, 2017</p>

An Interview with Mr. Kul Man Ghising

In light of ongoing discourses, at present, on prevailing energy crisis and its management as well as the hydropower development in Nepal, HYDRO Nepal Journal felt this timely to review and assess the present energy scenario of Nepal. HYDRO Nepal takes pleasure in presenting an interview with Mr. Kul Man Ghising, Managing Director, Nepal Electricity Authority, with Mr. Upendra Dev Bhatta, Editor-in-Chief of HYDRO Nepal Journal. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 60-64

An Interview with Mr. Khadga B. Bisht

In light of ongoing discourses, at present, on prevailing energy crisis and the hydropower development in Nepal, HYDRO Nepal felt this an opportune moment to review and assess the present energy scenario of Nepal. This time, HYDRO Nepal takes pleasure in presenting an interview with Mr. Khadga B Bisht, President, Independent Power Producers’ Association, Nepal with Mr. Upendra Dev Bhatta, Editor-in-Chief of HYDRO Nepal Journal. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 65-67

Naumore Storage Project Should be the Last Resort of Development on the Main Course of Rapti (West), Nepal

Water, food and energy are three essential elements of life and, therefore, they need to be made internally secured in a long lasting manner. In the case of Nepal, river waters are the basic sources of all these elements and are the only resources available indigenously in Nepal for these purposes. Rapti (West), being medium size river of rain-fed nature, the dry spell continues long from December up to the end of May; at the same time the flood waters available particularly in July, August and September create havoc by flooding in the downstream reaches. The Kapilvastu area which can be commanded by the Rapti (West) river does not have other dependable sources for fulfilling its requirements. The only way to fulfill its requirements without affecting downstream users is, thus, to capture a portion of flood water of Rapti behind a storage dam aimed at diversion to Kapilvastu for use during dry season. An appropriate site for such purpose is located at Bhalubang. Hence, this site needs to be developed first to ensure the diversion to Kapilvastu and then a much higher storage dam site at Naumore could, later at appropriate time but within 25 to 30 years after development of Bhalubang site, be developed for increasing the flow regulation potential of the Rapti River so that the hydropower generation, flood control and intensification of irrigated agriculture at its commendable areas, could be maximized. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -1 to 5

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): A Case Study of Durlung Watershed, Bagmati Zone, Nepal

Water in Nepal is a key strategic natural resource, which has the potential to lead the all round development and economic growth of the country. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is a holistic management approach, integrating land water interaction, socio economic groups, upstream downstream relations, indigenous knowledge, and institutions built up, along the temporal dimensions based on an agreed set of principles. It is a bottom-up decentralized approach for the management of water resources. IWRM is a challenge to conventional practices, attitudes and professional certainties. It confronts entrenched sectoral interest & requires that the water resources are managed holistically for the benefits of all.The broad objective of the multidisciplinary study was to assess the possibilities of Human Dimensions of water resource development and its management. Water resource accounting is done by the collection of water resources data through participatory group formation. Scientific data of hydro and metrological stations was also acquired. Hydrological modeling tools were also used. Feasibility of hydropower plant and potential of power production in the basin was readily estimated.Total daily discharge of the Durlung Watershed was estimated on an average of 157 Million Liters. Rivers of the watershed are turbulent, unsteady & flowing with very high current, which can be utilized by local people for low cost drinking water, tourism, irrigation & hydropower generation. Micro-hydropower production possibilities in Ratan and Deuta rivers have shown multidimensional positive impacts on socio-economic development of the region. Level of community partnership in IWRM and synchronization with the local, district & national level institutional framework for Basin Management was observed to be satisfactory. Participatory research was carried to identify water resource base with school & community partnership. Community motives, their difficulties and gaps in community level organization were identified. For capabilities of community to take over the responsibilities of IWRM concept, there is a lot more need of training and capacity building for now. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -47 to 54

Hydrobiological Study of the Yamuna River at Kalpi, District Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh, India

Hydro biological study of the Yamuna river at Kalpi in India was carried out for a period of twelve month (October 2013 to September 2014). Four sampling stations were selected for sampling purpose. Collected samples were evaluated for fourteen physico-chemical parameters such as W.T., pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, T.D.S., T.H., T.A., Cl, SO4, PO4, NO3, D.O., B.O.D. and C.O.D. and four biological parameters such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macrophytes and fishes. Present study reveals that water quality of the Yamuna river was not fit for drinking purpose but it was satisfactory for fish culture and irrigation purpose. Presence of both pollution tolerant and pollution intolerant species of biological parameters shows that this water was moderately polluted during course of study. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -41 to 46

A History of FDI in Hydropower Development in Nepal

In Nepal, hydropower is an obvious target for foreign aid and foreign investment. To date, a number of notable hydropower projects were constructed through foreign aid and that history dates back to 1911, when the Britain supported the Pharping hydropower project near Kathmandu. Today, India, China, USA and Norway are investigating the prospects for Nepali hydropower development. This paper traces this history of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nepal. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -22 to 24

High Density Polyethylene (HDP) Pipe as a Lining Material in Hilly Regions of Nepal

Canal lining is a major part of construction in irrigation projects. Canal lining determines the cost of project to a great extent but also the discharge delivery efficiency of the irrigation system. Though earthen canal sections are least expensive, simple to maintain and environmentally friendly, they have high seepage rates and demand frequent repair. In the light of need for resource conservation and the general unavailability of labour for maintenance work, a canal lining, though more expensive, may be justifiable in the long run. Technological advances in the construction have made available lighter and more affordable materials that enhance many parts of the irrigation process.It is the private sector that should lead the development of these technologies as they relate to the construction business. We can look to foreign markets to see how canal lining technologies have improved the use of this tool in various environments and soils. In the Nepali context, we use traditional lining techniques like stone or reinforced concrete, which are effective in the plains, but less so in the hills and remote. In this paper, I review some alternatives to traditional canal linings, and examine the virtues of high density polyethylene (HDP) pipe for possible use in irrigation schemes. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -25-29

Hydropower Development: Before and After 1992

Hydropower Development Policy promulgated in 1992 by Government of Nepal (GoN) heralded domestic and foreign private investment in hydropower projects, which was instrumental in adding 255,647 MW to the system with the investment of US$ 493 million in a period of 23 years. While, public sector succeeded to add only 238.6 MW during the same period; thus adding a total of 489.14 MW to the system by public and private sectors. As cumulative total installed capacity of projects implemented prior to it in eight decades from 1911 through 1991 was only 239.33 MW, it manifests successful implementation of the policy with resultant mobilization of private investment.Only 9th five-year plan period (1997-2002) succeeded to achieve 91% of the target set for the period resulting in mismatch in the growth of demand and supply; consequently load shedding. The reasons behind the failure need an in-depth analysis and critique of the policy and improvement thereof. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -16 to 21

Fishing Tourism can Support Fisher’s Livelihood and Fish Conservation in Nepal: A Value Chain Analysis

Fishing tourism of recreational fisheries is a multibillion dollar outdoor activity. The fishing tourism in Nepal is yet to be systematized. Focusing on this need, the present paper attempts to pioneer how recreational fisheries in Nepal could be useful having commendable world renounced fish resources, luring pristine and suitable scenic landscapes for promoting fishing tourism. It is argued that fishing tourism should be systematically regularized and practiced in close collaboration with traditional ethnic fisher communities. Considering the potentiality, we elucidate the result of value chain analysis, arguing that promotion and streamlining of fishing tourism along with the traditional fishers could generate immense livelihood opportunities for resilience along with fish conservation. The value chain analysis showed that livelihood of fishers communities are likely to be enhanced by involving in fishing based tourism support services with fewer fishing activities, which in turn could be supportive to fish conservation. The present modality of promoting and systematizing fishing tourism might have implication to address the issues of poverty alleviation and resilience to fish conservation in many developing countries having similar socio-economic and agro ecological setups in Nepal. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -55 to 60

Mr. Radhesh Pant granted an interview to Mr. Bhai Raja Manandhar, Managing Editor, Hydro Nepal Journal. The interview in its entirety is presented.

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12226 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 48-51 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Power Sector and Hydropower Development in Nepal

This paper is prepared on the answer to the valuable comments made by late Jeewan P. Thanju on my article ‘Water Resources of Nepal: Misconception and Reality’ published in The Rising Nepal on January 23 & 24, 2014.The rivers of Nepal possess sufficient hydropower potentiality to enhance the country’s socio-economic development. However, some spurious expert and vested interest group exaggerated the hydro potentiality and distorted the fact of water resources development prospective in Nepal. This has created confusion among the policymakers, politician and multilateral agencies. As a result, hydropower development in Nepal has headed for wrong course, and now the power sector, the vital impetus for socio-economic development is in dire strait. This paper highlights the uniqueness and distinct technical features of Nepalese Power Sector. In this paper important component like Integrated National Power System/Grid (INPS), Power Generation Modality (Hydropower, Thermal/Nuclear Plants and Diesel Plants) are well described and Master Plan, Project Selection, Construction Schedules and Hydropower potentiality of Nepal are discussed in detail. In a severe power and energy crisis situation in the country, power export is not recommended. Nepal needs 3000 MW to reach the level of other south Asian nations. INPS is owned and operated by NEA; therefore NEA also has the responsibility to prepare master plan for power generation, transmission and distribution. But, the Department Electricity Development a regulatory body of Ministry of Energy of is undertaking / carrying out feasibility study without taking care of INPS/country’s power requirement. This has created duplication of work and confusion; as such the Ministry of Energy deviated from its responsibility of preparing sound policy, regulation and monitoring them strictly. The Ministry shouldn’t indulge in feasibility study, construction and operational activities, which come under the responsibility of concerned technical department /authority. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12214 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 18-22 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Combination of Francis and Pelton Turbines on a Pressure Pipe Line for an Optimal Utilization of Highly Variable Water Volumes

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12224 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 44-45 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Personality Profile

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12225 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 46-47 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Study of Climate Change using GCM Downscaling: Special Reference to Indian Subcontinent

Climate change refers to a change in a state of the climate and it is one of the emerging issues in the 21st century. General Circulation Model (GCM) represents physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface. It is one of the advanced tools for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The application of GCMs and its downscaling outputs helps to fill up the gap existing between large-scale and local-scale variables. This study clearly showed that GCM downscaling has been increasingly applied to the study of climate change in many parts of the world including the Indian sub-continent and their results are utilized to enhance planning and management purposes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12222 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 36-39 Upload date: March 1, 2015

FDI in Hydropower and Choice of Jurisdiction

Not Available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12219 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 32-33 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly Methods for Lake Water- Purification

Lakes and reservoirs are very important property for people’s life, industrial activities and so on. They provide various benefits to us, such as securing water resources for drinking, agriculture and industrial use, fishery resource, flood control functions and ecosystem integrities. However, because of the closed nature of lakes’ water system, pollution tends to accumulate therein, once water is polluted, it is difficult to improve the water quality. In Addition, the situation is that a remarkable improving tendency of the water quality of lakes is not seen due to the increase of the pollutant load by the economic change and the increase of the Industrialization and population as well as the change in the lake environment. Bhopal city popularly known as the city of lakes, have more than eighteen water bodies. Out of eighteen water bodies, few are source of drinking water after preliminary treatment. Rest of the water bodies serves secondary purposes like irrigation, fisheries and recreational activities etc. These two lakes are Shahpura Lakeand Lower Lake. Shahpura Lake is situated in new Bhopal city where as Lower Lake is situated in old city. Both are eutrophic and sewage fed lake. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12223 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment Issue. 16, 2015, January Page: 40-43 Upload date: March 1, 2015

Climate Change and its Impact on Rice Yield

Monsoon patterns have been changing noticeably in recent years around the globe. These changes have tremendous effects on agriculture systems especially in the areas where rainfall is the precondition of agriculture. This paper will investigate monsoon patterns in Nepal and how they correlate with recorded rice yields. The results were analyzed and cross-checked with AquaCrop, a crop water productivity model. The findings indicate that the Nepal’s monsoon patterns do not follow a definitive trend. Parameters such as onset and withdrawal dates, duration and distribution are quite unpredictable. The patterns, however, do have direct impact on national average rice yields, but that effect has turned less sensitive in recent years. The findings suggest that though monsoon has vital role on rice production in Nepal, where agriculture systems depend primarily on rainfall, more research is required to predict more accurately and precisely the production functions and relationships to yield. The better we understand this relationship, the more we can compensate for adverse monsoon patterns through anticipatory deployment of ag-technologies and advanced management options. Furthermore, support from legislators will be required to move these ideas into practice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12215 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 23-27 Upload date: March 1, 2015