Hydraulic Unit Research Articles

Research on Ultra-Low-Frequency Oscillation Suppression Method of High-Head, Large-Capacity Hydropower Units

Aiming at the problem of ultra-low-frequency oscillation (ULFO) caused by an irrational setting of governor parameters of high-head hydraulic turbine units, this paper proposes a method to optimize the additional damping control parameters of the governor to suppress ULFO. Firstly, the mechanism of ULFO is elaborated and the effect of system damping torque on ULFO is analyzed. Secondly, Hamilton’s theory is used to rank the magnitude of each unit’s contribution to the ULFO. Then, the parameters of the damping controller are optimized using the variational modal decomposition–Hilbert transform method and the Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm. It realizes the phase compensation of the hydroelectric unit governor and suppresses the ultra-low-frequency oscillation. Finally, the proposed method is validated using the simulation conducted in CloudPSS. The test results indicate that the proposed method can effectively suppress the ULFO caused by the high-head hydroelectric unit.

Rock typing and Prediction Permeability Using Machine Learning Techniques in Mishrif formation, southern Iraq

Mishrif Formation is one of the major carbonate reserves. Classifying rock types and Predicted Permeability in the Mishrif Formation in four wells (A, B, C, and D) is the primary goal of this research. Using Machine Learning Techniques, this research applies rock-typing techniques like the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) method. In a core plug dataset, we can use unsupervised learning methods to automatically cluster hydraulic flow units (HFU) based on flow zone indicators (FZI), and we can use a supervised learning method by combining core and well log data to predict HFU (rock type) for the interval depths of the wells without core data. In this method, we were able to classify rocks into five distinct groups, or “rock types,” or “RT” for short. RT1 rocks are the highest quality reservoir rocks, RT2 rocks are of good quality, RT3 rocks are of intermediate quality, RT4 rocks are of poor quality, and RT5 rocks are of very poor quality. Accurately estimating permeability in each rock type, not only does this help reduce uncertainty that occurs in reservoirs, but it also drives improvements in project economics by optimizing resource allocation and lowering costs. This is all thanks to the use of machine learning algorithms, which have proven to be highly effective in significantly enhancing the accuracy and precision of permeability predictions.

The new approach to establish a better match between obtained electrofacies and hydraulic flow units for oligo-Miocene reservoir rocks, North of Dezful Embayment, SW Iran

Routine core analysis data (porosity and permeability)—used in various methods for hydraulic flow unit (HFU) determination of reservoir rocks—are unavailable in all drilled wells. On the other hand, raw petrophysical wireline logs—applied to determine reservoir electrofacies (EF)—are usually available in all wells. Since cores provide accurate data on reservoir characteristics, the lack of cores has always interested petroleum geologists and engineers. Therefore, introducing a new method to give almost accurate data about reservoir rocks in uncored wells has always interested petroleum geologists and engineers. As the type of input data that was used to determine HFUs and reservoir EFs are fundamentally different from each other, providing an approach that can create a better match between the results of these two rock typing methods is always one of significant interest for researchers. In this research, capillary pressure (Pc) test results are vital in obtaining reservoir EFs compatible with HFUs for the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in Qale Nar Oilfield. So that only EFs that are compatible with Pc test results are approved. Flow zone indicator (FZI) method was applied to determine five HFU including A (Log FZI > − 0.05, average of core porosity and permeability are 5.8% and 0.37 mD) to E (Log FZI < − 0.65, average of core porosity and permeability are 0.07% and 0.03 mD). Furthermore, based on raw petrophysical wireline logs and MRGC algorithm in Geolog software, five electrofacies (EF) were indicated containing EF 1 (average of core porosity and permeability are 5.91% and 0.38 mD) to EF 5 (average of core porosity and permeability are 0.08% and 0.02 mD). The correlation between HFUs and EFs shows that HFU A to HFU E is compatible with EF 1 to EF 5. Also, examining the obtained electrofacies in the modified Lorenz plot indicates that EF 1 and 2 perfectly match intervals with a high fluid flow regime. By this method, it is possible to provide an almost accurate estimation of hydraulic flow unit distribution for wells and intervals without cores.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGNS OF HORIZONTAL BULB HYDROTURBINES

The key aspects and methods of increasing the energy and operational efficiency of hydraulic turbine equipment at hydroelectric power plants areconsidered. A detailed analysis of directions for improving the main indicators characterizing the advantages of horizontal-type bladed hydraulicturbines has been carried out. Particular attention is paid to direct-flow rotary-blade hydraulic turbines with a horizontal axis of rotation for thehydraulic unit. These hydraulic turbines offer significant advantages over those using a spiral casing for water supply, including high throughput and awide range of operating pressures and flow rates. The focus of the article is on the advantages of direct-flow bulb hydraulic turbines and their potentialuse at high pressures. However, existing direct-flow hydraulic units operate at low heads of up to 25 m. Therefore, there is a need to develop newdesigns for these turbines to operate efficiently at higher heads up to 280 m, expanding the reliable operation zone. The paper examines new designsolutions for which Ukrainian patents have been received, aiming at the effective use of horizontal bulb hydraulic units. The text highlights theproblems of increasing the energy and operational performance of hydraulic turbine equipment at hydroelectric power plants, presenting importanttasks for researchers to optimize structures and improve efficiency. Recommendations for carrying out numerical modeling in CFD (ComputationalFluid Dynamics) programs are proposed to provide a detailed understanding of hydrodynamic processes in the flow parts of hydraulic turbines. Thepurpose of numerical modeling is to evaluate the efficiency and productivity of new hydroturbines in different operating modes. This includesanalyzing the pressure distribution, flow rate and other characteristics inside the turbine. The obtained data will allow to identify potential "weak"points and optimize the blading and other structural elements for maximum efficiency. This integrated research approach, including both experimentaland multiple methods, will contribute to the development of efficient and reliable hydroturbines in line with modern requirements for sustainableenergy development.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE DRILLING MACHINE WITH STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

The purpose of the article is to consider the method of structural organization of hydropneumatic units and its practical application. The synthesis of control devices of hydraulic and pneumatic units is an actual question, since at this stage the main technical characteristics affecting quality and functioning are formed. A significant element is the chosen structural organization, since the rationality of its structure affects not only speed, ease of operation and rationality of the scheme itself but also standardization and ease of device creation. Thanks to the definition of the structural organization of hydropneumatic units, namely its elements and the interaction between them in a discrete-analog system, an example of the construction of a hydropneumatic system of a drilling machine was considered. In the article, the main components of the structural organization are considered, a scheme is built, based on which, when designing a hydropneumatic unit, it is realistic to reduce the number of memory elements and logical elements. The sets and subsets of this structure are considered, the input and output signals of the hydropneumatic unit are determined. The memory block and its control unit are considered. Coincidence blocks and inclusion division blocks are considered. The scheme of the drilling machine is presented and its description is made with the indication of the element base. The beginning of the operation of this scheme is described and the operation graph for technological transitions within it is constructed. A table of inclusions for the scheme is built, which contains information about the current positions of executive devices and their operating mode, its current state, as well as about the interaction of input and output devices. The definition of the concept of the graph is provided. CPRs were constructed for transition states, taking into account the signals that move the system to the next state and the signals acting inside the transition. The respective systems of linear equations were minimized. The place of logical controllers in this structural organization is considered.

A Deep-Sea Environment Simulated Test System for Subsea Control Modules, Part A: Prototype and Test

This paper proposes a version of the deep-sea environment simulated test system for subsea control modules to solve the problem of incomplete testing systems for electro-hydraulic subsea control modules. Based on the subsea control module test requirements specified in APISTD17F, the test system in this paper is a highly integrated system, including a test hydraulic power unit, a control module test bench, a signal simulator, an electronic test unit, an umbilical simulator, a high-pressure chamber, and an incubator. Firstly, the design indicators of the test system were determined by analyzing the various functions of the subsea control module and its working environment. Secondly, the design scheme for the test system was proposed, and a detailed design was carried out. Finally, a hydro-electrical subsea control module for the Bohai Sea was fully tested with this system, with tests including the qualification test and the factory acceptance test. The test results show that all parts of the test system coordinated well and have achieved the design indicators, and the test system can simulate the working environment and complete a land test. The effectiveness and feasibility of the test system have been verified through the test. By adopting this system, the risk of subsea control module failure can be minimized, laying the foundations for future research and improvement of subsea control module testing equipment.

Data-Driven Modeling of the Nonlinear Dynamics of Passive Lower-Limb Prosthetic Systems

Abstract Modeling the nonlinear dynamics of prosthetic feet is an important tool for linking prosthesis mechanical properties to end-user outcomes. There has been a renewed interest in data-driven modeling of dynamical systems, with the development of the Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (eDMDc) and the Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics with Control (SINDYc). These algorithms do not require prior information about the system, including mechanical configuration, and are data-driven. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of applying these data-driven algorithms to model prosthesis nonlinear load response dynamics. Different combinations of a dynamic response foot, a hydraulic ankle unit, and three shock-absorbing pylons of varying resistance were tested loaded and unloaded at three orientations reflecting critical positions during the stance phase of walking. We tested two different data-driven algorithms, the eDMDc, with two different kernels, and the SINDYc, which regresses the coefficients for a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Each algorithm was able to model the nonlinear prosthesis dynamics, but the SINDYc outperformed the eDMDc methods with a root mean square error across orientations &amp;lt; 1.50 mm and a maximum error in peak displacement of 1.28 mm or 4% relative error. From the estimated SINDYc governing equation of the system dynamics, we were able to simulate different mechanical behavior by systematically varying parameter values, which offers a novel foundation for designing, controlling, and classifying prosthetic systems ultimately aimed at improving prosthesis user outcomes.

Comprehensive wheel cylinder pressure estimation based on systematic hydraulic control unit model

Wheel cylinder pressure (WCP) is a crucial state for vehicles, directly influencing safety, comfort, and fuel economy. Serving as the foundation for sensor-less control and sensor redundancy, WCP estimation is a promising work for brake-by-wire systems (BBW). Nevertheless, WCP estimation is a challenging problem due to the nonlinear characteristics and intricate coupling within the hydraulic control unit (HCU). To enhance the performance of BBW, this paper proposes a comprehensive WCP estimation scheme based on the systematic HCU model. Component models including direct current (DC) motor pump and normally open valve (NOV) are established first. Considering the pulsation of the plunger pump, a modified nonlinear observer (MNO) is used to observe the angular speed of the DC motor. Inspired by the critical state, the linear pressure-drop relationship of NOV is analyzed and the NOV is simplified as a relief valve model expressed by algebraic equations. Dividing the HCU into the pump front part, pump rear part, and cylinder part, the systematic HCU model is then established, based on which, the comprehensive cause-based WCP estimation scheme is proposed. Next, simulations utilizing Amesim validate the angular speed estimator, while bench experiments prove the NOV model. Finally, vehicle tests under active and passive pressure regulating conditions are conducted. The results indicate the proposed scheme exhibits satisfactory performance while preserving computational efficiency.

Design and experimental validation of a valve-distributed water radial piston pump

In underground coal mining, there is an urgent need for reducing the noise, hydraulic shock, and leakage of reciprocating pumps. Flow pulsation is strongly dependent on the number of pistons for single-acting reciprocating pumps. Water hydraulic radial piston pumps (RPPs) allow the pistons to be radially distributed, which makes the multi-piston design easier compared to traditional single-acting reciprocating piston pumps. In this study, a novel valve-distributed water RPP was developed in which the star wheel assembled on the camshaft is used to drive the connecting rod-crosshead-piston assembly and realize the reciprocation of the piston and suction-discharge of the pump check valves. Mathematical and numerical models representing the RPP were built using MATLAB and AMESim, respectively. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed to investigate the internal flow field of the suction and discharge circuits as well as the flow characteristics of the discharge valve opening. A prototype pump was manufactured and tested for 200 h and then disassembled to evaluate the wear condition. The tested instant flow rates were lower than those obtained from the theoretical and simulation analyses. The experimental results also revealed that the average flow rates were almost independent of the output pressure and that the volumetric efficiency decreased with increasing rotational speed when the output pressure was larger than 25 MPa. Inspecting the disassembled water RPP revealed that scuffing problems occurred in the pistons, whereas the other components remained intact. The findings of this study offer a reference for water hydraulic power units in various applications and for investigating the intensity of water hydraulics.

Analysis of the efficiency of a counter-rotary hydraulic unit with a jet hydro turbine based on a Segner wheel

In the field of hydropower, which is one of the sources of renewable energy, there are many places where water pressure of 2-5 meters can be created in water sources. However, hydraulic turbines operating on such sources are not widely used due to insufficient efficiency. This paper describes a counter-rotor hydraulic unit developed by installing an additional active impeller to a reaction hydraulic turbine based on a Segner wheel. Based on experimental results and theoretical analysis, the energy efficiency of a counter-rotor hydraulic unit was studied. As a result of research, it was found that the efficiency of a counter-rotor hydraulic unit varies between 87.2-93.5% at a water pressure of 2-5 meters.

ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ДИАГНОСТИРОВАНИЯ ГИДРОСИСТЕМ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ МАШИН

When operating working machines, this can be done using software to obtain the most accurate information about the technical condition of hydraulic drives. this will provide the ability to manage their technical condition using methods of prediction and timely elimination of failures and malfunctions. For complex systems, such as modern hydraulic drives, it is very important to develop technol-ogies for monitoring the condition of the working elements of the hydraulic drive and identifying faults in hydraulic system units, which make it possible to improve technological discipline while increasing the performance of hydraulic drives.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on Reservoir Characterization: A Review of Recent Advances

Effective reservoir characterization has been one of the major challenges encountered in the oil and gas industry. Several tools and models have been created to analyze a reservoir accurately to tackle this challenge. This paper reviewed using artificial intelligence and machine learning for reservoir characterization, which has proven an efficient method. With a good understanding of porosity and permeability, reservoir engineers can carefully create a sustainable reservoir development plan, create an effective production system for naturally unproductive reservoirs, determine the drilling optimization, estimate hydraulic flow units, choose the pressure-volume-temperature of reservoirs and reservoir rock properties such as porosity and permeability using well-log data. Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks from the studies have shown to be vital for a comprehensive reservoir analysis in the future, but there is a need to improve the algorithms for better optimization of new datasets.

Анализ эффективности применения тепловизионных систем для оценки технического состояния насосных агрегатов

The development of methods for the primary diagnosis of pumping units remains an urgent task due to the low cost of assessing the condition of the equipment. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of post-repair control of the mechanical and electrical parts of hydraulic units using thermograms. During the study, a test pumping unit with controlled defects of the impeller, coupling, bearing and sealing elements was used. The minimum requirements for diagnostic equipment were evaluated. The data was analyzed both in the presence of defects and after their elimination. The article presents the results of the analysis of thermograms of bearing assemblies of centrifugal pumps and drive electric motors. It is indicated that for an effective analysis of equipment, the minimum resolution of thermal imaging equipment should be no more than 0.1 degrees, which makes it possible to effectively analyze the post-repair conditions of the mechanical part.

Results of mathematical modelling of the cooling system for solar panels of a hybrid power plant based on solar and hydraulic energy

It should be noted that theoretical and experimental studies in the field of semiconductors have shown good prospects for creating matrix and multilateral photoelectric converters (MPCs) with vertical p-n junctions. Such PV have undeniable advantages in the tasks of generating high output voltages and converting concentrated solar radiation. In addition, the implementation of such PVs in a multi-sensitive design makes it possible to reduce the consumption of semiconductor silicon by up to three to four times.But, in conditions of a dry, hot, continental and dusty climate, for example, in the republics of Central Asia, their heating is observed when the FP operates. This problem can be solved by using it in conjunction with microhydroelectric power plants or additional cooling. The hybrid system developed by the authors includes a solar power plant, a counter-rotor hydraulic unit with a reactive and active impeller, a cooling system and an automatic control system. The characteristics of this system were studied on the basis of mathematical modeling in the “Comsol multiphysics 6.1” software environment.In the simulation, the solar panel was cooled with air and water using electricity from a hydroelectric unit. According to the calculation results, the heating of the solar panel without forced convection at an outside air temperature of 400-450C was 1080C. Water was supplied through an aluminum cover installed behind the solar panel and which had channels. The solar panel temperature was 49.2°C and the water temperature was 48.2°C.When cooled by ambient air, the temperature of the solar panel was 67.7°C. The cooling system efficiency was 74% when comparing the energy expended to cool a 2m2 solar panel and the power added when cooling the panel.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PORE THROATS IN RESERVOIR SANDSTONE: IMPLICATION TO PERMEABILITY VARIATION IN WEST BARAM DELTA, MALAYSIA

This paper attempts to quantify pore throats distribution towards more effective approach to permeability prediction. The mercury inoculation capillary pressure (MICP) is used to calculate pore throat diameters, and porosity-permeability system (POROPERM) validates effect of pore throats diameters on permeability variations from core plugs. Results reveal three major classes of pore throats diameters (micropore, mesopore and macropore) from five identified pore throat types. It indicates also that the abundance of mesopore and macropore throats above 30% in upper section (1475 m – 1480 m) of Siwa well increases permeability above 990 mD, an increase in micropore throats in middle unit (2106 m – 2114 m) of BK-102 well vary permeability from 495 mD to 600 mD. Whereas, in the TK well, permeability is moderate lower between 230 mD to 670 mD due to abundance of macropore throats in groundmass of the fine to very fine-grained sandstones. In WL well, at depth from 1720 m to 1850 m, permeability is moderate higher varying between 120 mD to 945 mD attributed to abundance mesopore and macropore throats presence in coarse friable and medium grained sandstones within stratigraphic succession. The results also indicates that increase in percentage composition of mesopore and macropore throats above 20% holds potential increase in permeability, and conversely increase in micropore throats type 1-3 disrupts or lowers permeability. The understanding of spatial and temporal distribution of pore throats in wells, could improve accurate prediction permeability and hydraulic flow units in reservoirs

Electric machine sizing consideration for ePumps in mobile hydraulics

AbstractEnvironmental concerns have pushed toward electrified technologies for off‐road vehicle actuations that can lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce energy consumption. Replacing a central diesel engine with a dedicated electric machine (EM) as a prime mover for the hydraulic supply offers several opportunities for so‐called ePumps (aka electric‐driven pumps) to maximize energy efficiency and limit the usage of electric materials. This paper discusses the impact of different choices for the ePumps architecture (i.e., fixed vs. variable displacement pump; variable speed vs. fixed speed electrical machine), and on their main design parameters in terms of size and efficiency. Although the procedure followed in the study could be extended to different types of electric and hydraulic units, the paper particularly considers ePumps based on permanent magnet synchronous machines combined with axial piston machines. The importance of properly considering the ePump drive cycle and its cooling requirements is taken into account while addressing energy efficiency, mass, and overall compactness of the solution. The results show that an ePump based on a variable displacement pump, when compared to fixed displacement ePumps, reduces the electrical machine size both in volume and mass up to 40%, when the high‐pressure demand is not combined with high flow rate demand, thus decreasing the cost of the EM. In all drive cycles, the variable speed EM–fixed displacement pump architecture has a higher efficiency, ranging from 1% to 5%, compared to the case of fixed speed EM–variable displacement pump. Finally, the paper compares the advantages and shortcomings of each ePump architecture presented, based on representative drive cycles.

Data-Driven Chance-Constrained Schedule Optimization of Cascaded Hydropower and Photovoltaic Complementary Generation Systems for Shaving Peak Loads

The coordinated scheduling of cascade hydropower with photovoltaic (PV) power stations can significantly improve the utilization rate of delivery transmission lines. However, the inherent uncertainty associated with photovoltaic (PV) forecasts challenges the reliable and economic operation of the complementary energy system. Against this background, in this paper, a day-ahead, chance-constrained scheduling for cascaded hydro–photovoltaic complementary generation systems (CHPSs) considering the transmission capacity is proposed. Firstly, the uncertainty of PV forecast errors is simulated by a probability density function fitted using kernel density estimation with historical sampling data. Then, a chance-constrained optimization model considering peak-shaving demands of the receiving-end power grid is developed to determine the day-ahead optimal schedules of CHPSs. Also, complex hydraulic coupling and unit operation constraints of cascade hydropower are considered in the proposed model. To deal with the nonlinear and stochastic constraints, an efficient linearization method is adopted to transform the proposed model into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility are verified by case studies. The results show that the day-ahead schedule optimized by the proposed method can fully balance peak-shaving and photovoltaic accommodation while considering photovoltaic output uncertainty.

Pore to Core Scale Characterization of Hydraulic Flow Units Using Petrophysical and Digital Rock Analyses

This article illustrates an integrated method for characterizing hydraulic flow units in subsurface reservoirs using multiscale images and petrophysical data analysis from well cores. This method is applied to 35 meters of cores drilled from a Late Jurassic Upper Jubayla Formation outcrop in Saudi Arabia, which is analogous to the lower section of the Arab‐D reservoir. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery, thin‐section petrography, and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) images of whole cores and core plugs are used to visualize and characterize these carbonate rocks across multiple length scales. Core plug porosity and permeability data are used for petrophysical characterization and deriving hydraulic flow units (HFU). The multimodal pore types associated with the HFUs and their connectivity using thin section and SEM image analysis, combined with mercury injection porosimetry are used. Whole‐core CT textures and heterogeneity logs are correlated with HFU and digital image analysis of core plugs. Whole‐core CT data prove to be a highly valuable tool for bridging the scale gap between well data and reservoir models. This methodology can be applied to datasets from a large number of wells, especially when combined with machine learning tools, allowing improved characterization of complex carbonate reservoirs.

An Integrated Approach for Saturation Modeling Using Hydraulic Flow Units: Examples from the Upper Messinian Reservoir

The Upper Messinian reservoirs located in the Salma Field of the Nile Delta area contain variable facies. The key reservoir interval of the Abu Madi Formation was deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments. These fine-grained facies form significant reservoir heterogeneity within the reservoir intervals. The main challenges in this study are reservoir characterizing and predicting the change in reservoir water saturation (SW) with time, while reservoir production life based on the change in reservoir capillary pressure (Pc). This work applies petrophysical analysis to enable the definition and calculation of the hydrocarbon reserves within the key reservoir units. Mapping of SW away from the wellbores within geo-models represents a significant challenge. The rock types and flow unit analysis indicate that the reservoir is dominated by four hydraulic flow units. HFU#1 represents the highest flow zone indicator (FZI) value. Core analysis has been completed to better understand the relationship between SW and the reservoir capillary pressure above the fluid contact and free water level (FWL), which is used to perform saturation height function (SHF) analysis. The calculated SW values that are obtained from logs are affected by formation water resistivity (Rw) and log true resistivity (RT), which are influenced by the volume of clay content and mud salinity. This study introduces an integrated approach, including evaluation of core measurements, well log analysis covering cored and non-cored intervals, neural analysis techniques (K-mode algorithm), and permeability prediction in non-cored intervals. The empirical formula was predicted for direct calculation of dynamic SW profiles and predicted within the reservoir above the FWL based on the change in reservoir pressure.

Developing a Saturation Height Function (SHF) for the classified Hydraulic Flow Unit, a case study from the Middle Miocene Carbonate reservoir in the Song Hong Basin, Vietnam

The Middle Miocene carbonate is the main gas bearing reservoir in the southern part of the Song Hong basin. Carbonate reservoirs present challenges for engineers and geologists to characterize because of their complexity due to depositional and diagenetic processes. The log based calculated water saturation Sw for this complex carbonate reservoir bears a lot of uncertainties due to its heterogeneity that strongly affects to m and n values in the water saturation equation. As the calculated Sw strongly affects the Hydrocarbon Initially In Place (HIIP) estimation, the production performance prediction, etc., the alternative method using the Saturation Height Function (SHF) based on the capillary pressure was introduced. The SHF building process uses the combination of the result of HFU classification and permeability prediction given by machine learning methods, which have become a very useful tool for complex reservoir characterization such as carbonate reservoir for decades. Our obtained results allowed us to subdivide the carbonate reservoir into 5 Hydraulic Flow Unit (HFU) by using unsupervised machine learning methods, and then the capillary pressure (Pc) curves were classified and a proper saturation-height function using Skelt Harrison equation was assigned to individual HFU after testing with common SHF equations. The HFU number for each individual point was predicted based on the log data measured along the borehole using the supervised machine learning techniques while the Sw was calculated using the chosen SHF model and the FWL defined on log curves and pressure data from RCI measurement. The Sw computed from the SHF model is reliable and can be used for water saturation estimation for the whole field for known FWL and predicted HFU numbers.