Hydraulic Simulation Research Articles

Hydraulic and numerical simulation of flow field characteristics in induction heating continuous casting tundish

The flow state of the melt inside the continuous casting tundish plays a decisive role in the realisation of metallurgical function. With the application of tundish induction heating, much attention has been paid to the influence of the internal non-isothermal state caused by supplementary heating on the flow field. In this study, hydraulic and numerical simulations combined with particle image velocimetry are used to quantitatively study the internal flow field under channel-type tundish with induction heating. Simultaneously, the effect of induction heating on the flow state of the flow field is investigated. The results show that the internal heating of the tundish channel not only enhances the range and intensity of turbulence distribution, but also significantly improves the flow state of the flow field. By comparing the velocity distribution of the tundish liquid surface measured by hydraulic simulation, it is found that the average velocity under non-isothermal conditions is 0.066 m/s, which is 47% higher than that under isothermal conditions. Finally, the standard deviation of peak time and actual residence time for the residence time distribution curve of tundish changes from 278 and 217 s to 202 and 148 s, respectively, before and after supplementing channel heating, which shows that it can indeed improve the consistency of each flow.

Multiphase friction calculation peculiarities based on models implemented in the "d-Flow" software package

In order to ensure efficient and safe operation of oil and gas fields, a tool is required to design production wells and surface infrastructure. It is important to take into account the physical processes that occur during production, as well as fluid properties and phase transitions. The "d-Flow" software package enables the creation of a comprehensive field model based on geological and field data to calculate hydraulic losses of pipelines and forecast hydrocarbon production. The fluid flow modelling is based on the calculation of multiphase friction with the wall of a well or a pipeline. The article discusses the implementation of four friction models: the Beggs-Brill model, the Gray model and its modification, and the Mukherjee-Brill model. The purpose of this work is to compare the predictions of friction models with the results obtained using commercial realizations of the same models. The results of the Schlumberger PIPESIM hydraulic simulator calculations were used as a benchmark for comparison with the "d-Flow" models. Numerical experiments were conducted to investigate two-phase flow under varying well geometry and flow regimes. The models used were compared, and the results showed that the predicted liquid holdup had an average relative error of 0.06%. In some cases, the error was as low as 0.02%. The predicted cumulative pressure drop in the well did not exceed 0.34% for all considered models. Based on the comparison results, we conclude that the "d-Flow" software package is suitable for calculating pressure drop in wells of different geometry and surface networks.

Occurrence of sand boils landside of a river dike during flooding: A geophysical perspective

The study of internal erosion of earth dams, dikes, and levees is an essential ingredient to address their safety. Indeed, internal erosion is known to be a major cause of failure for dams and levees. Several sections of the Agly river dike (south-west France) are affected by the appearance of sand boils on the side of the protected zone. These phenomena generally occur without any significant erosion of the dike itself. In order to better understand the reasons for these phenomena, we took advantage of a drought (dry riverbed) to image, using induced polarization tomography, the subsurface from the riverbed to the plains extending inland behind the areas prone to these pathologies. Induced polarization imaging is a geophysical technique that extends the classical electrical resistivity tomography to include low-frequency polarization mechanisms. This approach shows that the river dike is partly built on a sand-filled paleochannel, allowing water to flow under the dike and its clay core during river floods. During floods, underground flow under the dike is responsible for sand boil phenomena on the side of the protected zone. Numerical hydraulic simulations show that the discharge zone has specific concentration points, particularly at the toe of the dike even when the permeability of the sand filling the paleochannel is homogeneous. These concentrated discharges are controlled by the water level in the river, the geometry of the dike and the shape of the clay-sand interface of the paleochannel. This study highlights the role of geophysical techniques, especially induced polarization, in providing key information to better understand erosion and fluidization phenomena affecting river dikes.

Satellite Video Remote Sensing for Flood Model Validation

AbstractSatellite‐based optical video sensors are poised as the next frontier in remote sensing. Satellite video offers the unique advantage of capturing the transient dynamics of floods with the potential to supply hitherto unavailable data for the assessment of hydraulic models. A prerequisite for the successful application of hydraulic models is their proper calibration and validation. In this investigation, we validate 2D flood model predictions using satellite video‐derived flood extents and velocities. Hydraulic simulations of a flood event with a 5‐year return period (discharge of 722 m3 s−1) were conducted using Hydrologic Engineering Center—River Analysis System 2D in the Darling River at Tilpa, Australia. To extract flood extents from satellite video of the studied flood event, we use a hybrid transformer‐encoder, convolutional neural network (CNN)‐decoder deep neural network. We evaluate the influence of test‐time augmentation (TTA)—the application of transformations on test satellite video image ensembles, during deep neural network inference. We employ Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) for non‐contact‐based river surface velocity estimation from sequential satellite video frames. When validating hydraulic model simulations using deep neural network segmented flood extents, critical success index peaked at 94% with an average relative improvement of 9.5% when TTA was implemented. We show that TTA offers significant value in deep neural network‐based image segmentation, compensating for aleatoric uncertainties. The correlations between model predictions and LSPIV velocities were reasonable and averaged 0.78. Overall, our investigation demonstrates the potential of optical space‐based video sensors for validating flood models and studying flood dynamics.

Flood management analysis in the Ngasinan River, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia

Flood event occurs during the rainy season when water volume increases because rainwater flows through the water channel; due to water volume being larger than the water channel capacity, this event can cause flood inundation through residential areas. The Ngasinan catchment at Trenggalek Regency experienced a flood event that affected thousands of lives in October 2022, to reduce the impact of future floods, this study objective carried out recommendation plans for flood management in the Ngasinan River. The Ngasinan catchment hydrology, maximum annual rainfall from 230.0 mm to 585.0 mm, flood discharge design for the Ngasinan river (river length 21.73 km as main river drainage) are Q25 = 318.64 m3/s, Q100 = 394.96 m3/s. Hydraulic simulation using flood discharge design Q25 -Q100 showed that flood occurs in Ngasinan River sections especially those without embankments or at lower river elevations and cross-sections. Recommendation plans for the Ngasinan River flood management are river normalization, river embankment repairs, residential drainage system, and construction of dams/reservoirs/retarding basins, expected to restore the river’s storage capacity due to sedimentation and destructive flood discharge also to reduce flood discharge, protect river channel banks against flood discharge, and prevent overtopping water into nearby land.

Assessment of the Potential Flood Hazard of the Larbaâ Wadi, Rural Center of Sebt Boukellal, Taza, Morocco

Flood risk management often requires the use of geomorphological features to identify flood zones, and the use of hydraulic models to predict inundation dynamics and related impacts on the surrounding area. In this study, we used a hydraulic river simulation model to identify potential flood-prone zones on a small scale. It concentrated on a 2.5-kilometer section of the Larbaâ Wadi, which crosses the rural center of Sebt Boukellal. For estimating the peak discharge that occurs in the return periods of 10, 20, 50, and 100 years of the drainage area, we used the Rational method. Standard tables to estimate Manning’s coefficient and direct field measurements to feed the model. Model simulation has shown stability of the steady state, which witnesses the accuracy of the estimated and measured characteristics of the river system. During the calibration phase, we compared the model outputs to the observed floods and made adjustments to align the simulation with the field observations. Indeed, the 50-year flood remarkably matched the extent of the flood that occurred on September 27, 2000. The obtained results have shown that even for a 10year return period, the overflow affects properties within the floodplain. The 100-year flood exceeded the river’s capacity, causing water to spill onto the rural center’s streets and cultivated fields. The water level reached an elevation of 552.14 meters at Sebt Boukellal’s marketplace. These results were consistent with recent floods and confirm previous observations, indicating that the model precisely predicted the river’s behavior. The findings have shown that floods spanned large regions and suggested urgent intervention to protect lives and properties.

Urban Flood Mitigation by Implementing LIDs (Case Study: Bendung Watershed in Palembang City)

Urban areas continue to be affected by flooding, necessitating more sustainable and effective adaptation strategies and mitigation initiatives. This study investigates the potential flood reduction capability achieved through implementing various green infrastructures known as low-impact development (LID). The Bendung watershed, in the center of Palembang City, with a total area of 18.37 km2, is used as the study area to evaluate the performance of LID infrastructure in reducing flood parameters, including total runoff volume, peak runoff discharge, runoff coefficient, and flooding area. Five types of LID infrastructure were simulated, namely bio-retention cells, rain gardens, permeable pavements, rain barrels, and recharge wells. The flood simulations were performed using four design storms with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year return periods. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and simulations were carried out using PCSWMM Professional 2D, and the results were integrated with ArcMap to map the flood inundation. The results of this study demonstrate that with only 9.81 percent of the area occupied by LIDs, a flood reduction of more than 30% can be achieved. In addition, implementing LIDs can help restore the watershed’s hydrological condition to its natural state, as indicated by the decrease in the runoff coefficient. Thus, implementing LIDs in a sustainable urban drainage system must be widely promoted in many urban areas, especially in developed countries like Indonesia. This study can be used as a reference for the local government and authorities to create policies and regulations to establish sustainable flood mitigation measures in Palembang City.

Contribution of hydraulic modeling and hydrology to flood prevention and design of engineering structures: Case study of a bridge over the Oued Ourika – Morocco

Located downstream of the Ourika watershed near the commune of Chouiter, the bridge studied is built over the Oued Ourika at the level of the N9 (national road linking Marrakech to Ouarzazat). The flood event of November 2014, reaching a peak flow of 347 m3/s, destabilized the bridge’s overall structure. Hence, the need to rebuild a new bridge, taking into account the magnitude of these extreme events. Hydraulic modeling involves creating mathematical and computer-based representations of hydraulic systems. Its purpose is to simulate water flow behavior and map flood-prone areas. Before initiating any hydraulic simulation, it is imperative to conduct a hydrological study to provide the input data for the hydraulic model. Precipitation records, evaporation rates, soil permeability, historical peak flow data, and site topography constitute, on the one hand, the product of the hydrological study and, on the other, the inputs for the hydraulic model. The hydraulic model is based on Saint-Vant equations to solve the conservation of mass and momentum equations. The aim of this work is to determine the critical water level at the bridge for a 100-year flood in order to optimize the height of the new bridge.

Studija kinetike i dinamike mehanizma za struganje-pritiskivanje kompaktora kamiona za smeće

This study comprehensively analyzed the kinematics and dynamics of the scraping-pressing mechanism of a garbage truck by using numerical methods. A multibody integrated with a hydraulic simulation model was established to investigate the mechanism's operation according to actual working conditions in a completed cycle with 18 seconds. The model was verified with the calculation at steady times, which showed high consistency. The results reveal that the mechanism operates in steady states almost all the time, with cylinder velocities ranging from 0.08 to 0.15 m/s. The cylinder velocity and acceleration fluctuate strongly when the mechanism accelerates or decelerates; however, the inertia effect is insignificant. The forces applied on joints are maximum at the end of the pressing process. Remarkably, the force applied on the joint connecting the scraping and sliding plate is highest, three times higher than the joint between the sliding plate and pressing cylinder and one and a half times higher than that between the scraping plate and scraping cylinder. The study's results can be applied to the design process of garbage trucks in special and specialized vehicles in general or used as a reference for enhancing the performance and optimizing the mechanism's mass, force, and materials.

Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulation methodology at the wells of the gas condensate field X

The purpose of this work is to select the optimal method for multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulation at the wells of a large gas condensate field X in conditions of low-permeability reservoirs and potential risk of condensate loss in the near bottomhole zone with a decrease in reservoir pressure. At the moment, there are many ways to simulate hydraulic fracturing, each of which is characterized by its advantages and disadvantages. For specific simulation conditions, it is necessary to choose the most optimal method of hydraulic fracturing simulation, which allows you to correctly simulate all the effects that are expected during development. Within the framework of the current work, the most common numerical methods of hydraulic fracturing simulation were described in abstract, their advantages and disadvantages for specific conditions of field X were reflected. Special attention was paid to the comparison of hydraulic fracturing simulation techniques using virtual perforations and local grid refinement, since these techniques are the most common ways to set hydraulic fracturing in existing hydrodynamic simulators. Scenario calculations were carried out, which made it possible to determine the limits of applicability of various methods, compare the correctness of reproducing downhole effects, quantify the deviation of the calculation results of different methods from the reference calculation. In addition, in the course of the work, various features of the application of the hydraulic fracturing simulation through local grid refinement were described, which were revealed experimentally. As a result, for multi-stage hydraulic fracturing simulation was used a method in which the cells with hydraulic fracturing are logarithmically chopped relative to the original grid. This method allows to simulate the actual rate of decline in well productivity in conditions of low reservoir permeability, and also allows to simulate in the hydrodynamic model the effect of condensate precipitation in the near bottomhole zone and the subsequent decrease in gas productivity.

Effects of increasing compaction temperature on tablet strength

Over time, a standard tablet press heats up during use. This investigation aims to explore heat effects at a small scale in the laboratory.  The effects of heat on compression have been studied using a Compaction Simulator fitted with a temperature controlled die. Placebo formulation blends composed of Avicel PH102, Lactose Fast Flo 316, Sodium Starch Glycolate and Magnesium Stearate was compressed using a hydraulic Compaction Simulator. To assess the manufacturability of the formulations a Korsch XL100 profile at 30 rpm was chosen using 10 mm flat faced tooling. A jacketed die was connected to a water-bath, heated to a set temperature. The temperatures assessed were: 20oC, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC and 60oC and any effects on the tabletability of the formulation was assessed. The tensile strength at 100 MPa compaction pressure for each temperature was determined using trend line equations. Increasing temperature changes the tensile strength of the formulation. The highest tensile strength was recorded at 50oC with no further increase for this formulation blend above this temperature.

Verification of an open-source Python library for the simulation of district heating networks with complex topologies

District Heating Networks are seen as a popular solution for the decarbonation of space and domestic hot water heating by the use of renewables or waste heat. Their design and operation can be enhanced both environmentally and economically through the use of dedicated simulation tools.This work presents a new multicomponent Python-based software library including an efficient steady-state model for the hydraulic simulation and a Lagrange-based dynamic model for the thermal part. The model is verified on real data from a meshed DHN with a granularity of 15 min. For the considered period of 6 days, the model estimated the return temperatures of two heat plants with a mean error of 0.08 K and 0.43 K and standard deviations of 0.56 K and 0.71 K respectively. On the hydraulic part, after applying a fixed correction factor, the error on the pressure differences was estimated in 3 peripheral locations of the network. In the worst case, the relative error distribution had a mean of 0.38% and a standard deviation of 8.74%. Finally, the implemented hydraulic solver achieved a speed improvement over the standard loop method of 17.5%.

Study of Error Flow for Hydraulic System Simulation Models for Construction Machinery Based on the State-Space Approach

This study presents an error flow research method for simulation models of hydraulic systems in construction machinery based on the state-space approach, aiming to ensure the reliable application of digital twin models. Initially, a comprehensive analysis of errors in the simulation modeling of hydraulic systems in construction machinery was conducted, highlighting simulation model parameters as the primary error sources. Subsequently, a set of metrics for assessing the accuracy of simulation models was developed. Following this, an error flow analysis method for simulation models of hydraulic systems in construction machinery was explored based on the state space approach, delving into the sources, transmission, and accumulation of errors in the simulation modeling of valve-controlled cylinder systems. The research results unequivocally indicate that the spring stiffness, viscous damping coefficient, and hydraulic cylinder external leakage coefficient are critical parameters affecting the accuracy of valve-controlled cylinder system simulation models. Furthermore, it was observed that the simulation model of the control valve has a significantly greater impact on the errors in the valve-controlled cylinder system simulation model than the hydraulic cylinder model. In conclusion, the reliability of the error flow model was confirmed through simulation experiments, revealing a maximum relative error of only 3.73% between the error flow model and the results of the simulation experiments.

The use of Computational Modeling for Simulation and Comparison of Digital Elevation Models in Northwest Fluminense. Case Study: Pomba River and Paraíba do Sul River

Purpose: The work proposes the location, simulation and comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) in a section where the Pomba River and the Paraíba do Sul River meet, located in the northwest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, a region known for the reproduction of some species of fish threatened with extinction. Methods: Searches for DEMs in the region were carried out on a free website, where a total of 10 DEMs were found. Several hydraulic simulations were carried out using computer modeling software called Iber, to verify the veracity and coherence of the data available. Results and conclusion: After simulating all DEMs, it was found that the DEM that best represented the study region, with greater coherence in topography and hydraulics, was the DEM provided by Copernicus with a 5m lowering. Research implications: Hydraulic simulations are fundamental for preventing dangerous situations for society as a whole. Together with the studies carried out through simulations, it is possible to analyze their hydraulic and topographic coherence for the flow of rivers and also their floodability for urbanized/dry regions. Originality/value: Verification of the coherence of data provided by the Open Topography website using Iber software, as a method of preventing hydraulic disasters (floods).

Numerical simulation of thermal hydraulics of supercritical pressure water with 2×2 rod assembly wrapped differently with a wire

Through the use of CFD, a thermal-hydraulic analysis was carried out on a set of 4 rod assemblies. The common wire-wrapped spacers on the fuel assemblies are wound in the same direction for all rods. Because of this design, it is anticipated that there would be an adverse flow in all of the sub-channels. In the course of this analysis, this flow was demonstrated to be real. In order to achieve desirable flow characteristics for coolant mixing, a novel configuration for wire-wrapped spacers is proposed here. This pattern designates a group of 4 rods, the rods have the wrapping system of clockwise and anticlockwise pattern. It was determined that this pattern had an exceptional mixing effect as well as a uniform flow. This pattern has a maximum temperature area that is approximately 8.5 °C lower than that of the conventional wire-wrapped fuel bundle arrangement. When compared to the regular pattern, the pressure drop caused by the new arrangement was approximately 1.9% less severe. The redesigned layout of the rod assembly improves heat transfer while also reducing the amount of pressure loss that occurs.

Ecological Flow Analysis through an Ecohydraulic-Based Catchment Scale Approach

Ecological flow regime analysis through developing a novel ecohydraulic optimization method is the objective of this study in which three components are linked. Hydrological analysis is the first component in which average monthly flow is assessed in different hydrological conditions by applying a drought index in the selected control points or representative reaches in the river basin. Another component is the ecological model in which field ecological studies are used for selecting the target species, and habitat loss was modelled through the fuzzy method. The outputs of the hydrological analysis and hydraulic habitat simulation were then applied in the structure of the optimization model in which minimizing ecological impacts and water supply loss were defined as the purposes. Different evolutionary algorithms were used in the optimization process. A decision-making system was utilized to finalize ecological flow by selecting the privileged algorithm. According to the outputs, the proposed method can mitigate ecological impacts and water supply losses simultaneously. Either particle swarm optimization or differential evolution algorithm is the best approach for ecological flow in this research work. The outputs of optimization indicated that the reliability of the water supply in dry years is less than 32%, while it is more than 80% in wet years, which means that changing the hydrological condition will increase the portion of ecological flow regime significantly. In other words, the reliability of the water supply can be reduced by more than 50%. Hence, using other water resources such as groundwater is necessary in dry years in the study area.

An Interpretable Digital Twin for Self-Aware Industrial Machines.

This paper presents a proposed three-step methodology designed to enhance the performance and efficiency of industrial systems by integrating Digital Twins with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms while prioritizing interpretability. Digital Twins are becoming increasingly prevalent due to their capability to offer a comprehensive virtual representation of physical systems, thus facilitating detailed simulations and optimizations. Concurrently, PSO has demonstrated its effectiveness for real-time parameter estimation, especially in identifying both standard and unknown components that influence the dynamics of a system. Our methodology, as exemplified through DC Motor and Hydraulic Actuator simulations, underscores the potential of Digital Twins to augment the self-awareness of industrial machines. The results indicate that our approach can proficiently optimize system parameters in real-time and unveil previously unknown components, thereby enhancing the adaptive capacities of the Digital Twin. While the reliance on accurate data to develop Digital Twin models is a notable consideration, the proposed methodology serves as a promising framework for advancing the efficiency of industrial applications. It further extends its relevance to fault detection and system control. Central to our approach is the emphasis on interpretability, ensuring a more transparent understanding and effective usability of such systems.

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fractures Breaking through Barriers in Shale Gas Reservoir in Well YS108-H3 in the Zhaotong Shale Gas Demonstration Area

Estimating the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing in the context of the incrfease in the shale gas demand is of great significance for enhancing shale gas production, which aims to substantially reduce fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration zone has complex stress structures and well-developed fracture zones, and thus it is challenging to achieve targeted reservoir segment transformation. In this paper, we construct and optimize the geometry of hydraulic fractures at different pressures considering the upper and lower barriers in hydraulic fracturing simulation experiments and numerical modeling. The numerical simulation results show that the pore pressure exhibits a stepped pattern around the fracture and an elliptical pattern near the fracture tip. During the first time of injection, the pore pressure rapidly increases to 76 MPa, dropping sharply afterward, indicating that the fracture initiation pressure is 76 MPa. During the fracture propagation, the fracture length is much greater than the fracture height and width. The fracture width is larger in the middle than on the two sides, whereas the fracture height gradually decreases at the fracture tip in the longitudinal direction until it closes and is smaller near the wellbore than at the far end. The results revealed that the fracture width at the injection point reached the maximum value of 9.05 mm, and then it gradually decreased until the fracture width at the injection point dropped to 6.33 mm at the final simulation time. The fracture broke through the upper and lower barriers due to the dominance of the effect of the interlayer principal stress difference on the fracture propagation shape, causing the hydraulic fracture to break through the upper and lower barriers. The results of the physical simulation experiment revealed that after hydraulic fracturing, multiple primary fractures were generated on the side surface of the specimen. The primary fractures extended, inducing the generation of secondary fractures. After hydraulic fracturing, the width of the primary fractures on the surface of the specimen was 0.382–0.802 mm, with maximum fracture widths of 0.802 mm and 0.239 mm, representing a decrease of 70.19% in the maximum fracture width. This work yielded an important finding, i.e., the urgent need for hydraulic fracturing adaptation promotes the three-dimensional development of a gas shale play.

Waterborne Disease Risk Assessment and Mapping for a Floating Village by Combining 3D Hydraulic Simulation and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

Spatiotemporal changes in waterborne disease risk were evaluated for the Chhnok Tru floating village in the Tonle Sap Lake by combining a hydraulic simulation and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). First, a three-dimensional (3D) hydraulic simulation was performed, and the transport of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was simulated. Prior to the simulation, by coupling satellite imagery analysis using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and a sounding survey using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), a new digital elevation model was generated for the complex channel network with high resolution. The results of the 3D hydraulic simulation revealed the flow regime and nonuniform pathogen distribution in the floating village. QMRA was performed for the village using the E. coli distribution calculated by the 3D hydraulic model. Subsequently, the disease risk in the village was visualized through an effective and easy-to-understand disease risk map. To demonstrate the usefulness of the hydraulic-simulation-based disease risk map, the map was used to quantitatively compare simple policies by evaluating their reduction in disease risk.

Validation of Pronghorn’s subchannel code using EBR-II shutdown heat removal tests: SHRT-17 and SHRT-45R

Pronghorn-Subchannel, referred to as Pronghorn-SC throughout this document, is a subchannel code within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Pronghorn-SC was initially designed to model flows in water-cooled, square-lattice, bare subassemblies. Its capability has been extended to model flows in liquid-metal-cooled, triangular-lattice, wire-wrapped subassemblies. To ensure the accuracy of Pronghorn-SC in predicting the behavior of liquid sodium-cooled reactors, the code was validated by comparing calculations with experimental data, obtained from the experimental breeder reactor (EBR-II), Shutdown Heat Removal Tests (SHRT) 17 and 45R. The steady-state calculation at the beginning of the transients was validated using temperature measurements taken at different axial elevations in the instrumented subassembly XX09. The validation exercise was performed in successive stages. First, a comparison between the measured temperature profiles and standalone Pronghorn-SC simulations using a uniform pin power profile was made. The pin power profile was then refined using a Serpent-2 model of the reactor core. Finally, the radial temperature profile was further corrected considering the inter-assembly heat transfer. A Pronghorn Finite-Volume (FV) thermal hydraulic simulation of XX09 and its six neighboring subassemblies; calculated the heat flux on the inner duct surface of the XX09 subassembly to inform the Pronghorn-SC model. Last, a transient validation calculated the peak temperature evolution during the SHRT tests.