Hydraulic Ram Research Articles

Design of Terrace-Based Hydroponic System using Hydraulic Ram Pump

The primary objective of the study is to design a terrace-based hydroponic system incorporating a hydraulic ram pump and to evaluate the effectiveness of the hydraulic ram pump in terms of drive head, flow rate, and delivery head, while also assessing its overall performance, particularly in terms of water loss percentage. The hydraulic ram pump can deliver a delivery head of 200 cm. To achieve this 200 cm delivery head, a drive head of 20 cm and a drive pipe length of 60 cm are necessary. The flow rate of the ram pump at the delivery pipe is 1.13 liters per minute. The water balance equation was employed to quantify water loss, considering parameters such as initial water volume in storage tanks, water collected in excess water collectors, and overall water losses during a system operation. The study's key findings reveal that during each 15-minute operational cycle, the terrace-based hydroponic system, incorporating a hydraulic ram pump, experienced an average water loss of 4.59 liters, equating to a 2.7% water loss percentage. This 2.7% loss could have a significant impact on sustainability if the system were to be upscaled.

CALCULATION TO DETERMINE THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PUMPING UNITS FOR LIFTING WATER FROM WATERCOURSES POWERED BY WATER ENERGY FOR WATERING PASTURES AND IRRIGATION OF LAND

The problem of effective water supply using natural energy resources of water in modern conditions is promising and relevant, the solution of which is rationally carried out from watercourses with the necessary standard sizes of a hydraulic ram pumping unit, the design of which has a novelty. At the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University conducted applied research to improve the efficiency of water supply from watercourses in the system of irrigation of lands and irrigation of pastures of peasant and farm farms of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan through the development of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit with an increase in its energy indicators: hydraulic shock pressure, supply, pressure and efficiency. This article presents a calculation to substantiate the economic efficiency of the studies carried out on the use of the necessary standard sizes of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit (NUV-7-12 and NUV-17-20) for water supply to peasant and farm farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan and irrigation of lands located in areas of adjacent watercourses, compared with basic pumping units (AN - 2K - 9 - M1 and ANS-60 D).

Comparative Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Taguchi Method: Optimization Hydraulic Ram Pump Performance

Comparative Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Taguchi Method: Optimization Hydraulic Ram Pump Performance

Numerical and experimental analyses of hydraulic rams

This study explores hydraulic rams, a technology that exploits the effect of water hammer to pump water without the need for external artificial energy. Although first developed in the 18th century, a comprehensive numerical model elucidating the dynamics of each element, including valve manoeuvres, remains absent. Few authors have contributed specific models, often relying on simplistic approaches like rigid water column theory, or the method of characteristics (MOC) for water hammer equations with either instantaneous valve manoeuvre boundary conditions, or depicting the hydraulic ram as a single-node boundary condition. Some use sophisticated computational fluid dyamics (CFD) based models, primarily for optimizing individual components like the waste valve. Addressing this gap, this work introduces a novel comprehensive numerical model detailing full system dynamic – pipes, junctions, and valve behaviour. Analytical validation and experimental verification, using original laboratory-scale data, affirm the model's reliability. This advance improves understanding of hydraulic ram performance and encourages innovative, environmentally sustainable designs.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM POMPA AIR SUNGAI YEH HA UNTUK MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN AIR MASYARAKAT DESA ABABI

Kayuan Yeh Ha serves as a clean water source located in Ababi Village, Karangasem Regency. The flow from Kayuan Yeh Ha is utilized for both bathing dan consumption by the surrounding residents. Originating from the Yeh Ha spring, Kayuan Yeh Ha is extensively utilized to fulfill the needs of the local community. In order to meet the water requirements of the local populace, a water storage tank with a capacity of 58.74 m3 was initially established to distribute water to 10 households. In the year 2020, a water wheel was employed to power a mechanical pump without electricity to fill the storage tank. After operating for one year, the water wheel experienced shaft damage, necessitating its replacement with a hydraulic ram pump. However, the hydraulic ram pump only utilizes one-fifth of the available water flow, thereby rendering it less effective. Consequently, this research aims to design an electric water pump system powered by a new renewable energy source. The implementation of this electric water pump is expected to enhance the efficiency of filling the storage tank. Based on measurements dan calculations, the micro-hydro power plant system (PLTMH) is estimated to produce a power output of 6kW. Pump selection is determined by electrical power calculations, water discharge, dan pump prices, leading to the adoption of the Pedrollo F50-160B centrifugal pump capable of delivering a water discharge of 56m3/hour at a head of 25 meters. The Pedrollo F50-160 pump utilizes a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor generating a power output of 5.5kW. Pipe losses dan fittings are also calculated using Pipeflow Expert software, resulting in a water discharge of 31.687 m3/hour. The pump will be operated at maximum capacity for 24 hours, enabling it to deliver a water discharge of 763,620 m3/day, sufficient to meet the clean water needs of 12,277 individuals or 2,455 families. Achieving this water usage target also necessitates piping to households from the storage tank, totaling 35,900 meters in length with an 80mm diameter dan 49,100 meters of 16mm diameter piping. This system is also equipped with a variable frequency drive or inverter device to enhance the efficiency of the electric pump dan reduce starting current surges, simulated for its performance through Simulink software.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ИСХОДНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ НЕОБХОДИМЫХ ТИПОРАЗМЕРОВ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАННОЙ ГИДРОТАРАННОЙ НАСОСНОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ДЛЯ ВОДОПОДЪЕМА ИЗ ВОДОТОКОВ

The initial parameters of three required standard sizes of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit have been determined: one standard size NUV-7-12 for watering pastures and two standard sizes NUV-17-20 and NUV-35-20 for irrigation of land during water lifting from watercourses powered by water energy, developed at KazNARU during research on applied research and DP21682075 project "Pumping units for lifting water from watercourses powered by water energy" through JSC "Science Foundation" of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Contract No. 102 dated 11/10/2023). Formulas are given for determining the initial parameters of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit: supply, pressure and water flow to drive a pumping unit for watering pastures and irrigation of land plots of peasant and farms of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and their numerical sizes for each standard size are determined.

Comparison of a single and two-armed hydraulic ram in parallel with vertical-radial supply pipe

Mediante datos experimentales se analiza y compara el comportamiento de uno y dos arietes hidráulicos en paralelo con y sin bajante (adición a la conducción de entrega), y suministro descendente vertical-radial. El estudio se hizo en un circuito hidráulico configurable para que esos dispositivos operen de una u otra forma a altura de entrega constante y altura de suministro variable. Con cada altura de suministro se midieron los caudales suministrados y bombeados por los arietes hidráulicos, y la presión en la tubería de impulsión ―cerca de cada ariete― en la cámara de aire y en la tubería de entrega. Esta información permitió comparar por primera vez el desempeño de arietes hidráulicos funcionando solos o en paralelo mediante el análisis de caudales, presiones, frecuencia del golpe y eficiencia de los dispositivos. Como las bombas radiales, los resultados indican que dos arietes hidráulicos en paralelo entregan más que uno, pero menos que la suma del caudal bombeado por cada uno con descarga independiente. En el rango de alturas de suministro ensayado, la frecuencia del golpe de ariete y el caudal bombeado crecen con la altura de suministro, como se reporta en otros estudios. No obstante, el resultado más destacado es el efecto del bajante, porque incrementa varias veces el caudal bombeado al aumentar la frecuencia del golpe de ariete. Esta investigación impulsa el desarrollo de un sistema de múltiples arietes hidráulicos con suministro común, y descargas en paralelo o individuales para bombear más que con los diseños actuales.

Social Innovations for Empowering Pastoralist Women: Evidence from Dasenech, South Omo, Ethiopia

Innovations are vital for empowering women and youth by introducing alternative pathways for development. This study focuses on a social innovation project executed in Dasenech, South Omo, Ethiopia. The project introduced innovative initiatives (index-based livestock insurance (IBLI), a goat market value-chain system, an eco-friendly hydraulic ram pump, fodder production, and a vet drug store). Key among the goals of these initiatives was the empowerment of pastoralist women by promoting the livelihood base of the Dasenech Pastoralist Community. The present study assessed the contributions of these innovations to the empowerment of women and youth. We employed a mixed-method research approach to pool both quantitative and qualitative data using a household survey through Kobocollect, FGDs, KIIs, and case stories. We computed empowerment by employing a 5DE model with five domains, i.e., production, resources, income, leadership, and time use. The findings suggest that 93% of the project participants were empowered, recording “adequate achievements” in line with the 5DE model, i.e., with scores of at least 80% in four of the five requirements. Technological innovations that properly assess the context of the intervention area and, most importantly, that use proper avenues of implementation with women and youth as owners and leaders, have the capacity to empower such individuals in the economic, social, and political spheres.

ANALISIS EKONOMI SISTEM PLTMH DAN POMPA AIR SUNGAI YEH HA DI KABUPATEN KARANGASEM

Yeh Ha River in Ababi Village, Karangasem Regency, is a bathing spot utilized by locals for various purposes, fed by the Yeh Ha spring. Among its uses is filling a water tank with a capacity of 58.74 m3 to distribute water to 10 households. Initially, a waterwheel powered a mechanical pump without electricity. However, due to damage, a less efficient hydraulic ram pump replaced the waterwheel. The research aims to design a Microhydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and a water pump system. With these systems, it's expected to enhance the efficiency of filling the water tank and ensure project sustainability through economic analysis. Measurements indicate that Yeh Ha spring has a flow rate of 0.201 m3/s with a head of 4.6 m. Based on this, a crossflow turbine equipped with a centrifugal pump and variable frequency drive is chosen to meet the water needs of 12,277 people or 2,455 families. The investment for the PLTMH and water pump system is Rp3,191,330,505 with a project's economic life of 30 years. Feasibility analysis shows that the design is viable, with a positive net present value of Rp1,534,531,357 and Rp930,180,420 at discount rates of 10% and 12%, respectively. However, the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is less than 1, at 0.48 and 0.29. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 17.6% and 15.5%, with a break-even point of 2,699,253 m3 sold, requiring a payback period of 9 years at a 10% discount rate and 10 years and 4 months at a 12% discount rate.

Experimental investigation of high-temperature water vapour ventilated supercavitation

In the current landscape of underwater vehicle development, high-tech advances are increasingly being utilised, especially in the application of high-speed underwater equipment. Based on the concept of water ram engine operation, the formation of a ventilated supercavity by converting seawater into high-temperature water vapour has the potential to reduce the consumption of ventilating gases. However, the kinetic process that promotes the formation of a supercavity by ventilating it with high-temperature water vapour remains unexplored. This study attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by carefully investigating the cavitation flow around an axisymmetric object under various high-temperature water vapour ventilation conditions. Experiments conducted in a cavitation tunnel equipped with a high-temperature water vapour generator showed that the formation of a transparently ventilated supercavity requires a significant increase in the ventilation rate compared to the ventilation rate facilitated by room-temperature non-condensable gases. The injection of high-temperature water vapour produces perturbations along the cavity boundaries, thereby triggering interfacial instability, a phenomenon that is not present in super-cavities generated by non-condensable gases. Further observations revealed a correlation between the elevated ventilation temperature and elevated cavity boundary instability. In addition, the stability of a high-temperature water vapour ventilated supercavity (HWVVS) exhibits high sensitivity to external environmental conditions. The irrational pairing of the ambient cavitation number and ventilation volume poses a potential risk of supercavity collapse.

Performance of a low-cost hydraulic ram pump as a function of variations in feed height and inlet pipe diameter

Access to water in rural areas is extremely important in the different activities that occur daily on agricultural properties, whether for human consumption, animal watering, irrigation and other purposes. This access is often difficult and costly, especially for small rural producers who do not have the financial capacity to purchase an electric pump, or do not have electricity on their property. In this sense, alternative water pumping, without the need to use electrical energy or energy from the burning of fossil fuels, can be a good alternative and deserves to be studied. Based on these premises, the objective of this research was to study the performance of the repressed flow, obtained by a low-cost hydraulic ram, installed in different hydraulic scenarios. The methodology consisted of installing equipment built in the Irrigation, Hydraulic and Hydrology Laboratory of the Agricultural Sciences Center of the State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (LIHH/CCA/UEMASUL), for this, different hydraulic scenarios were created depending on the interaction of different feeding heights and different pipe diameters, which constituted the experimental treatments. The results found allowed us to conclude that the highest average pressure flow was obtained in the hydraulic scenario that presented the greatest geometric difference between the water source and the hydraulic ram with the largest diameter of the inlet pipe, with an average of 9,539.21 L.d-1 of repressed water. It was also possible to prove that this equipment constitutes a good alternative for pumping water on small rural properties.

Sustainable innovation: decentralized hydroelectric power microgeneration in a rural Amazon community

Hydroelectric microgeneration is characterized by low environmental degradation and low production and transmission costs. In this sense, this work investigates the production and storage of electrical energy by gravitational accretion in a rural Amazonian community. Thus, the gutter was used to capture water in a river, directing the flow to a hydraulic ram which pumps the water to a 200-liter reservoir at a height of 3.35 meters. At the bottom of the reservoir was placed a 1/2” register, a hydraulic tube, a flow sensor (Arduino Platform) and a microgenerator (10W). After that, the record was opened for hydroelectric production, and the electrical voltage (Arduino Platform) was monitored by a voltage sensor connected to the poles of the microgenerator. From the results, about the calibration of the sensors, a scale factor was obtained for the voltage and flow sensor equal to 1.27 and 1.458, respectively. With the association of the microgenerators in series, it is possible to produce with 3 microgenerators a voltage of 22 volts at a flow of 2.45 L/min at a height of 3.35 meters. Regarding the adjustment of the system flow model, a speed reduction coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. By storing the energy in a 12 volts battery using 3 microgenerators in series it was possible to charge at a rate of 0.0071 volts per minute. Finally, the prototype has enough voltage to power devices such as batteries, in addition to producing clean, renewable energy from a decentralized source that is commonly wasted.

The heart, a secondary organ in the control of blood circulation.

Circulation of the blood is a fundamental physiological function traditionally ascribed to the pressure-generating function of the heart. However, over the past century the 'cardiocentric' view has been challenged by August Krogh, Ernst Starling, Arthur Guyton and others, based on haemodynamic data obtained from isolated heart preparations and organ perfusion. Their research brought forth experimental evidence and phenomenological observations supporting the concept that cardiac output occurs primarily in response to the metabolic demands of the tissues. The basic tenets of Guyton's venous return model are presented and juxtaposed with their critiques. Developmental biology of the cardiovascular system shows that the blood circulates before the heart has achieved functional integrity and that its movement is intricately connected with the metabolic demands of the tissues. Long discovered, but as yet overlooked, negative interstitial pressure may play a role in assisting the flow returning to the heart. Based on these phenomena, an alternative circulation model has been proposed in which the heart functions like a hydraulic ram and maintains a dynamic equilibrium between the arterial (centrifugal) and venous (centripetal) forces which define the blood's circular movement. In this focused review we introduce some of the salient arguments in support of the proposed circulation model. Finally, we present evidence that exercising muscle blood flow is subject to local metabolic control which upholds optimal perfusion in the face of a substantive rise in muscle vascular conductance, thus lending further support to the permissive role of the heart in the overall control of blood circulation.

Design of a hydraulic ram pump for irrigation of the UFSM campus in Cachoeira do Sul

With the development of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) campus in the city of Cachoeira do Sul-RS, plans of arborization and landscaping were made, and the need of a constant and reliable water supply for irrigation appeared. Therefore, the hydraulic ram pump was selected to deliver water from the pond, present in the grounds of the campus, to a storage tank for the irrigation system. In this context, this paper addresses a review of studies about the design and manufacture of hydraulic ram pumps and, subsequently, presents the basic design and the fabrication steps of a PVC hydraulic ram pump that is capable of feeding the irrigation system.

Study on instability mechanism of hydraulic support in downdip and updip coal face

In order to study the instability mechanism of hydraulic support in downdip and updip coal face, taking the four-leg support type hydraulic support as an example, a stability plane mechanical model of “hydraulic support-shifting ram” in both unloaded and loaded states was established. The discriminant of shifting ram's participation in the mechanical balance of the supportand the stability judgment criteria for the standard form of the critical load of the support were obtained. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculations show that the participation of the shifting ram in the mechanical balance of downdip and updip coal face greatly improves the stability of the support. The force on the shifting ram in the updip face is greater than that in the downdip face, resulting in the phenomenon of the shifting ram force reaching the rated value. The hydraulic support of the downdip coal face has an unstable interval. Building a model based on the support and the shifting ram provides a more comprehensive analytical method for the instability research of high-incline hydraulic supports. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the stability design of hydraulic supports in inclined and inclined coal mining faces.

Rapid scan white light pump–probe spectroscopy with 100 kHz shot-to-shot detection

We demonstrate a femtosecond pump–probe spectrometer that utilizes a white light supercontinuum as input and relies on mutual synchronization of the laser repetition rate, acousto-optical chopper, pump–probe delay stage, and the CCD camera to record shot-to-shot pump–probe spectra while the pump–probe delay is scanned synchronously with the laser repetition rate. The unique combination of technologies implemented here allows for electronically controllable and repetition-rate scalable detection throughput that is only limited by the camera frame rate. Despite high probe RMS fluctuations due to sample scatter (from ∼1.8% with solvent to 7.9% with sample scatter), a combination of fast and slow averaging with a fine sampling of pump–probe delay leads to reduction of RMS noise without multichannel referencing down to ∼0.4 mOD for a scattering nanotube sample. Throughput and limitations of the rapid versus stepwise scanning approaches are analyzed. Experimental comparison with stepwise scan shows ∼1.9x noise reduction in a significantly faster experiment, suggesting an additional suppression of 1/f noise enabled by rapid scan data collection. The particular combination of technologies implemented here makes our approach especially suitable for high throughput impulsive pump–probe micro-spectroscopy of highly scattering samples, without added cost and complexity of light sources, multichannel detection, or long sample exposure.

Experimental and Numerical CFD Modelling of the Hydrodynamic Effects Induced by a Ram Pump Waste Valve

The hydraulic ram pump or hydram is a machine capable of lifting water to a hydraulic head higher than the level of the supply source. It is a sustainable and self-sufficient device: the working principle is based on the rise of abrupt pressure variations occurring in the feeding pipeline when the liquid inside it undergoes a locally sharp change in velocity as a consequence of the sudden closure of the waste valve. Invented in 1772, the pump has been improved over the decades. Due to its simplicity, low cost and reliability, it has been widely used worldwide to provide adequate domestic water supplies, especially before the spreading of electricity and internal combustion engines. In recent years, the new attention placed on sustainability and energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy devices has brought a growing interest to this basic machine, essentially forgotten and abandoned in the last century; it seems promising especially in developing countries. The hydram is, in fact, a very simple machine, with only two moving parts, the waste and delivery valves. The efficiency of the hydraulic ram pump is mainly influenced by the characteristics of the waste valve. However, sufficient data are not available for the design of the hydram and the waste valve. In this work, the behaviour of the waste valve of a hydram was simulated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Velocity and pressure values were analysed for different scenarios with different closing times of the valve. The data obtained from the developed numerical model were compared, in order to verify the validity of the simulations, with those collected during the operation of the hydram placed at the Laboratory of Environmental and Marine Hydraulics (LIDAM) of the University of Salerno, Italy. The numerical model thus obtained can, therefore, be used to identify the ideal configuration of the valve in order to ensure the best performance of the hydram.

The performance analysis of Hydraulic Ram Pump: Influence of specific parameters and validation with Comsol-Multiphysics

Both energy and environmental conservation have been major issues in today’s world. Conventional pumping devices use a huge amount of energy. This gave rise to interest in alternate pumping devices like hydraulic ram pumps. The hydraulic ram pump is capable of pumping water higher than its source with some inlet pressure and velocity head. It works on the principle of the water hammer effect which occurs due to sudden stoppage of flow resulting in the rise in pressure. Since it uses just two moving parts it is mechanically very simple, has very high reliability, minimal maintenance requirements, and long operational life. In rural areas where unconventional energy suffers from various limitations, emphasis is given mainly to the use of unconventional forms of energy. It is designed on the principle of conversion of the potential energy of water into kinetic energy and further conversion into pressure energy to lift water to some desired elevation without the use of electricity, motors, generators or batteries and that is the main advantage for opting this technology. It can operate autonomously, requiring minimal maintenance and having a long lifespan. Additionally, it is a green energy concept, environment-friendly, producing no emissions or pollutants. But, as it runs from the power of water itself in the form of waste water, efficiency is found to be minimal, rendering its limited scope. Hence, it is a need-based approach for maximizing its performance by providing a sustainable and efficient water pumping solution. The vital components of this technology have been detected which play a pivotal role in its performance. These are called influencing parameters. This paper investigates the effect of influencing parameters specifically–the horizontal distance between the pressure chamber and to waste valve (HD) on the performance and the overall efficiency of the Hydraulic ram pump (hydram). Both experimental and simulation studies were done in order to achieve the justification. Five sets of prototypes have been designed and tested individually for experimental and analytical studies. The maximum efficiency comes out to be 79 % with a flow rate of 140 L/hr for optimized HD of 17 cm. The results obtained from the experimental investigation are further simulated with comsol multiphysics for final validation. The experimental study and Comsol multiphysics simulation validate the proposed model and confirm its justification.

PENGARUH VARIASI BERAT KATUP BUANG DAN KETINGGIAN INPUT PADA KINERJA POMPA HIDRAM

The hydram pump comes from the word Hydraulic Ram, which is a pump that works by relying on the beat of a hydraulic system that can work without using electricity or fuel. Hydram pumps work by harnessing the potential energy in water in a straight pipe and then turning it into dynamic pressure which results in the creation of a water strike resulting in high pressure in the pump. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in exhaust valve weight and input height on the performance of the hydram pump. The exhaust valve weight variables used in this study were 0 gram, 40 gram, 50 gram and 60 gram, with the input height from the surface of 190 cm and 240 cm. The analysis technique is carried out by examining the data obtained from the research results, where the results are in the form of quantitative data made in tabular form and displayed in graphical form. The results of the study showed the highest efficiency of 52.47% at a height of 240 cm, and at a height of 190 cm the highest efficiency was obtained at 40.75%, and the highest yield water discharge at a valve weight of 50 grams was 6.51 l/minute at a height of 240 cm. and at a height of 190 cm, the resulting water discharge is 3.80 l/minute with a valve weight of 50 grams.

Integrasi Metode Objective Tree Diagram dan Quality Function Deployment dalam Perancangan Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram Pump) untuk Sistem Distribusi Air Irigasi Ramah Lingkungan di Sumatera Barat

This study proposes an integration between the Objective Tree Diagram (OTD) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methods in the design of a Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram Pump) for an environmentally friendly irrigation water distribution system in West Sumatra. The hydram method uses the potential energy of river water to drive the pump without the need for electricity or fossil fuels, thereby reducing negative environmental impacts. This study involved a design phase of Identifying user requirements, Developing an Objective Tree Diagram to decompose the ultimate goals, and Integrating Quality Function Deployment to link user requirements with technical specifications. The design results indicate that the hydram pump can be designed to meet the needs of irrigation systems in West Sumatra. With a minimum waterfall height of 0.5 meters, the hydram pump can produce a head of 10 meters. The inlet flow rate is designed to be a maximum of 0.0354 m3/second, while the outlet flow rate is 0.028 m3/second or approximately 2448 liters daily. Integrating OTD and QFD methods allows designers to comprehensively understand user requirements, connect them with precise technical specifications, and reduce the gap between design and actual needs. This research is expected to contribute to developing an environmentally friendly irrigation water distribution system in West Sumatra. By using an integrative approach of the OTD and QFD methods, the design of the hydram pump can be more targeted and meet user needs. The implications of this research can be utilized as a guide in designing efficient and sustainable irrigation water distribution systems while reducing negative environmental impacts in the region.