Hydration Properties Research Articles

Improvement of gelation properties of indica rice flour with stabilized rice bran from different thermal treatment

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRice bran is enriched with bioactive compounds, which makes it more competitive as a functional food raw material. The stabilization of rice bran can inhibit the activity of endogenous enzymes, reduce its oxidation sensitivity, and change its physical and chemical properties, providing more possibilities for its application in the food industry. In this study, rice bran from five stabilization treatments (atmospheric pressure cooking, high‐pressure cooking, atmospheric steam, microwave heating, and extrusion cooking) were investigated for their effect on the gel properties of indica rice flour.FindingsStabilized rice bran could enhance the hydration properties and increase the enthalpy value of rice flour. The gelatinization properties indicated that the viscosity and fluidity of the rice paste were increased, and the aggregation and rearrangement of rice starch were promoted. From the rheological properties, stabilized rice bran enhanced the viscoelasticity of the rice flour gel. In addition, the stabilized rice bran could also reduce the yield of freeze‐thawing water of the rice flour gel. Rice bran with thermal treatments can significantly improve the gel properties of indica rice flour.ConclusionsIndica rice flour mixed with stabilized rice bran showed significant improvements in hydration, gelatinization, rheological properties, and freeze‐thaw stability.Significance and NoveltyIt is potential for the application of the gel from rice flour with stabilized rice bran in the starch‐based food industry.

Mechanochemical activation for transforming bottom ash to reactive supplementary cementitious material

Due to the intrinsic low reactivity of bottom ash (BA), it is not typically used as a direct substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this study, a BA-OPC composite was developed by applying small amount of diethanol isopropanolamine (DEIPA) as a chemical admixture. The activation of BA with DEIPA resulted in substantial improvement in the hydration properties of BA-OPC composite. Not only did the OPC hydrations accelerate in the early stage, but the induced pozzolanic reaction was also efficiently activated in the later stage, leading to the more formation of C-S-H. With the use of 0.1% DEIPA, the compressive strength increased by 26.5%, 50.0%, and 23.5% at curing dates of 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, as compared to the sample without DEIPA. It has been demonstrated that very small amount of DEIPA could be sufficient to increase the chemical compatibility of the BA as supplementary cementitious materials.

Effects of colloidal nanoSiO2 on the hydration and hardening properties of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

This research investigates the influence of colloidal nanosilica (CNS) on the hydration and hardening properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). The sulfation degree for LC3 was first optimized based on the hydration heat, and the results suggested that gypsum increases the cumulative heat release during the hydration process of LC3, with a dosage of 2% by weight gypsum leading to the highest heat release. The effects of CNS on hydration reaction, fluidity, mechanical properties and microstructure of LC3 were then investigated. According to the results obtained from isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, CNS can considerably accelerate the reaction rate of the LC3 system. 3% and 5% by weight CNS can significantly improve the compressive strength of LC3 blends, especially at early ages of 3 and 7 days. The findings from this study lead to a better understanding of the modification effects of CNS on LC3 which subsequently provides an insight into regulation mechanism of CNS on LC3.

Study on early hydration and mechanical properties of ferrite-rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting materials

Grouting materials play a very important role in the performance of anchor structures. In this study, a new grouting material (FCSA-1) consisting of ferrite-rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement (FCSA) clinker, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), limestone, and anhydrite was prepared. The objective of this study is to examine how the hydration process of the novel grouting material affects its physical and mechanical properties through laboratory tests. This investigation will particularly focus on parameters such as setting time, fluidity, hydration product formation, microstructure, expansion rate, and strength development within a 28-day timeframe. Additionally, 2D numerical simulations of pull-out tests and field pull-out tests were conducted to validate the anchorage performance of FCSA-1. The laboratory tests results showed that the initial setting time was 25 min and final setting time was 40 min. Additionally, the fluidity of the new grouting material measured at 282 mm. The free expansion rate exhibited a non-linear growth trend, with an average growth rate of 4.51‰/d within 14 days. The expansion was attributed to the increased presence of the expansive product ettringite during the early stages, while the expansion was mainly due to the volume growth of ettringite during the later stages. The uniaxial compressive strength reached 40.35 MPa within 1 day and increased to 61.75 MPa within 7 days, remaining stable thereafter. The primary hydration products of the FCSA-1 identified in the quaternary blend were ettringite and hydroxide aluminum (AH3), with a stable phase content after 1 day of curing, indicating rapid hydration reaction. Due to the rapid increase in hydration products and crystal volume growth, the pore structure of the FCSA-1 became more compact. In addition, numerical simulation results showed that using FCSA-1 as a grouting material improved the anchorage performance of the structure compared to OPC. This indicated that the early high-strength properties of the grouting material improve its anchorage performance significantly. Field pull-out tests showed that the combination of resin and FCSA-1 grouting material increased pull-out force by 34.21% compared with that of using resin alone. According to the results, the novel grouting material exhibits early high-strength and slight expansion performance during the early stages of hydration, making it a suitable grouting material for engineering applications.

The potential emulsions of xanthan gum and Daucus carota macerated oil in functional textiles for skincare applications: Formulation, characterization, and performance evaluation

This study investigates the formulation and characterization of functional textiles with skin hydration properties by using Daucus carota macerated oil-based O/W emulsions. The key novelty lies in obtaining skin-hydrating textiles by using Daucus carota macerated oil as an active compound. Ten O/W emulsions were prepared by mixing in different ratios of Daucus carota macerated oil, xanthan gum, Tween 80, and water. The droplet morphology (size and shape) and the properties of the emulsion (pH, conductivity, turbidity, surface tension, contact angle) were investigated as a function of each constituent variation in the formulation, maintaining the others constant, to find the proper conditions to obtain stable and compatible with skin application o/w emulsions. Selected emulsions were tested for their biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. The biocompatibility test shows that the high surfactant content is cytotoxic to NHDF cells, whereas emulsions with less surfactant content are biocompatible, irrespective of the Daucus carota macerated oil content. The emulsion skincare effects were evidenced by skin hydration and antimicrobial analyses. The obtained results suggest that these bioactive emulsions have sufficient potential to be used in skincare finishes to textiles by applying them on a cellulosic fabric obtaining new functional textiles with skin hydration properties and good comfort indexes (hygroscopicity, air, and vapor permeability). This study opens new perspectives in the field of skincare textiles by exploring the moisturizing potential of Daucus carota macerated oil emulsions in obtaining functional supports with skin hydration properties. The results provide evidence that the obtained functional textiles show better skin hydration compared to the case with direct application of the emulsion on the skin. Thus, the textile support plays a significant role in creating an occlusive barrier that helps retain moisture and prevents the loss of water from the skin's surface. Consequently, skincare textiles could represent an excellent choice for skin hydration.

Exploring the mechanism of micro-nano bubble water in enhancing the mechanical properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials

Sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) is a special cement that has attracted significant research attention due to its low-carbon properties. This article presents an insight into the improvement effect of micro-nano bubble water (MNBW) on the hydration and mechanical properties of SAC-based materials. SAC paste samples mixed with MNBW and tap water, respectively. These specimens were subjected to various tests and analyses, including isothermal calorimetry, ICP, XRD, TG, SEM, MIP, and mechanical property evaluations. The results demonstrated that MNBW accelerated the dissolution and hydration of SAC, improved the rheological properties of SAC paste, optimized the pore-size distribution and reduced the total porosity in the harden matrix. Compared with the tap water group, the MNBW group’s compressive strength increased by 23.8% (1 day) and 14.4% (28 days). Similarly, the flexural strength increased by 16.6% (1 day) and 10.7% (28 days). This study revealed the mechanism of MNBW accelerating the hydration of SAC and improving its mechanical properties, offering a new perspective for the research in SAC modification and practical application.

Experimental and theoretical studies on the hydration of ordinary portland cement/calcium sulfoaluminate cement blends containing biological admixtures

The present study investigated the hydration properties of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement blends with the biological admixtures to examine the feasibility of the blends as a carrier for microbes, Sporosarcina pasteurii. The hydration kinetics of the blends were explored by X-ray powder diffractometry, thermogravimetry, and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The test outcomes revealed that the blended CSA cement expedited the early hydration of OPC clinker, which was delayed by the biological admixtures in the sole OPC system. In particular, blending with the CSA cement improved rapid strength development, lowered pH, and increased the crack healing capacity. Furthermore, the hydration of the systems was thermodynamically modeled to provide the fundamental idea of the systems and to compare with experimental phase assemblages. The hydration kinetics and development of physical and chemical properties of the blends were simulated and discussed along with the experimental data.

Hydration mechanism of calcium chloride modified coal gasification slag-based backfill materials

To address the environmental pollution and resource wastage caused by the massive stockpiling of coal gasification slag (CGS), in this study, chlorine salt (CaCl2, CC) was adopted to stimulate the potential volcanic ash activity of CGS and to prepare a new modified CGS-based cementitious backfill material (MC-CPB). The optimum CC admixture was determined by comparing the compressive strength, and the effect of different admixtures on the strength of the MC-CPB was investigated. The effects of the CC content on the hydration properties and the composition and the micro-morphology of the hydration products of the MC-CPB were analyzed using hydration heat, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry (TG) analyses. It was found that the addition of CC promoted the early and mid-strength of the MC-CPB, but an excessive amount of CC (>1%) inhibited the development of the strength in the later stages. A concentration of 1% CC had the best effect on the strength of the MC-CPB in the entire age range, increasing the compressive strength from 3 to 90 days by 65.8%, 56.1%, 80.6%, 30.9%, and 31% compared to the control group. The CC accelerated the hydration reaction process of the MC-CPB by shortening the durations of the induction and acceleration periods, and it enhanced the hydration reaction intensity of the MC-CPB by increasing the second release heat peak and forming a third release heat peak. The MC-CPB sample containing CC generated a new hydration product, Friedel’s salt, which increased the compactness of the matrix and thus improved the compressive strength of the sample. However, excessive addition of CC reduced the amount of Ettringite (AFt) generated in the later stage, leading to a decrease in the strength of the high CC content samples in the later stage. The results of this study promote the large-scale and resourceful use of CGS in mine backfill and provide a theoretical basis for the field proportioning design and industrial application of MC-CPB for backfill.

Noncovalent interactions in N-methylurea crystalline hydrates

Abstract Urea and its derivatives play a significant role in modern organic chemistry and find application in various fields. This study presents the results of investigations of N-methylurea crystalline hydrates. Initial N-methylurea and its crystalline hydrates have been examined by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been found that the incorporation of water molecules into N-methylurea crystals leads to a shift of intensity peaks in both the FTIR spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns. Methylurea crystalline hydrates in the gaseous phase have been additionally explored within the density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level and the theory of atoms in molecules. The nature of water and methylurea molecular interactions via hydrogen bonds have been studied using the electron localization function and noncovalent reduced density gradient. The thermodynamic and nonlinear optical properties of methylurea crystalline hydrate have been determined. The atoms in molecules, electron localization functions, and localized orbital locator topological analyses have been carried out to elucidate the nature of hydrogen bonds in methylurea crystalline hydrates.

Macromolecular vs molecular crowding in aqueous solutions: A comparative study of PEG400 and ethylene glycol

Concentrated solutions, also known as crowded solutions, are known to provide a very different environment for dissolved solutes than dilute solutions. Understanding the molecular origin of these differences is important not only for a fundamental understanding of the properties of solutions, but also for the applicative implications. The latter range from making in vitro biochemical assays more similar to in vivo conditions, to the design of aqueous matrices in which the activity of water is reduced (e.g. for batteries). Using a combined computational-experimental approach, we compare the hydration properties of concentrated aqueous solutions of a polymer with an analogue of its monomeric unit in water. The aim of this work is to disentangle the effects related to the chemical nature of a solute from those related to its dimension, and for this purpose we have studied the pair polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol (PEG versus EG). The analysis of increasingly concentrated solutions of the two systems reveals a completely different microscopic behaviour, in which the different clustering/aggregation of both solutes and water plays the main role. Indeed, water within EG solutions primarily constitutes high-density hydrating water, whereas PEG solutions exhibit confined, bulk-like water patches. These findings indicate that molecular crowding could potentially exhibit greater efficacy than macromolecular crowding in all applications requiring a reduction in water activity.

Perchlorate uptake by poly-(diallydimethylammonium chloride) functionalized montmorillonites

Montmorillonite (Mt) is proposed as a promising adsorbent for removing contaminants from water, yet it is unclear whether and how the layer charge density (LCD) of Mt. affects its hydration properties, especially for the capturing performance of anions by polyelectrolyte modified Mt. Here, the feasibility and performance of perchlorate uptake by poly-(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) functionalized Mt. (PDDA-Mtx) with different LCD were investigated. PDDA species were loaded via partial intercalation or adsorption on the surface/end sites of Mt. The CEC of Ca-Mtx increased with increasing LCD, while on the contrary for colloidal valence. The perchlorate uptake by Ca-Mtx can be significantly improved by introducing PDDA species. As expected, the PDDA-Mt0.3 showed superior perchlorate capture of up to 0.80 mmol/g due to the relatively high positive zeta potential and loading of un-ionized PDDA. The perchlorate uptake by PDDA-Mtx still maintained largely despite a slight decrease in the presence of co-competing anions NO-3, SO2–4 and PO3–4. The capture behaviors were well characterized by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models, and the natures of spontaneous and endothermic were demonstrated by thermodynamic analysis. Anion exchange and electrostatic were the dominant ways in which perchlorate was captured onto PDDA-Mtx.

RETRACTED: Investigating the potential of the limestone calcined clay cement with cement content below 50 wt%: Hydration properties and environmental impact analysis

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a promising strategy and technology to mitigate the climate change in the field of cement-based materials. The purpose of this work was to systematically investigate the properties of the LC3 system with cement content below 50 wt%, in which two clays with kaolinite content of 33.2% (MK30) and 50% (MK50) were used for comparison. Cement pastes and mortars were prepared with four coupled replacement levels of 50 wt%, 65 wt%, 75 wt% and 85 wt% by calcined clay and limestone. The compressive strength of the mortars was tested for up to 90 days. The hydration process was monitored in detail by isothermal calorimetry, phase assemblages calculated by quantitative XRD-Rietveld refinement and the reaction of metakaolin in calcined clay calculated by mass balance approach. Finally, an environmental performance indicator with consideration of CO2 emission and compressive strength was also introduced to evaluate the application feasibility of these different low-cement LC3 systems. From the observation of the experiment, cement hydration dominated the compressive strength of LC3 system before 3 days, while the pozzolanic reaction between metakaolin and CH as well as the synergistic reaction between metakaolin and limestone supported the late-strength development regardless of the calcined clay types. Compared to MK30, MK50 was more conducive to hydrates precipitation and microstructure densification, resulting in a higher compressive strength. The environmental performance indicator showed that LC3-50 and LC3-35 prepared by MK30, and LC3-50, LC3-35 and LC3-25 prepared by MK50 can be treated as ideal systems, as they presented much lower environmental impact and also maintained the desired compressive strength. The results of this work present a promising contribution to realizing the environmental sustainability of cement production.

Influence of clay impurities on the performance of calcined clay‐limestone cements

AbstractThe use of blended cements including novel supplementary cementitious materials is the most powerful lever to cut down the carbon footprint of cementitious materials. This has led to an increased interest in research on calcined clay limestone cement (CCLC) over the last years. In this study, we investigate the fresh and early hydration properties of CCLC using kaolinitic clays with a wide range of chemical and mineralogical compositions, which are all of industrial origin. Results show that early performance of calcined clays is not only dependent on kaolinite content but that the total specific surface area of the raw and calcined clays plays a key role in the onset and evolution of rheological properties as well as early hydration and reactivity. Further analysis indicated that among secondary mineral impurities, iron phases affect the physiochemical properties of calcined clays. This is shown by the high specific surface area of these clays. It appears possible that by causing higher kaolinite structure disorder, iron phases also impact hydration.

Molecular dynamics simulations and FTIR spectroscopy investigations on the hydration, transport, and dielectric properties of the NaF(aq) system at various concentrations

Sodium fluoride has many applications in various fields, such as dentistry, geochemistry, and rechargeable battery technology. Indeed, the determination of the hydration structures, dynamics, and dielectric properties of the NaF electrolyte in aqueous solutions is a crucial element in order to optimize its performance and predict its intervention mechanisms in industrial processes. In this study, we used the molecular dynamics approach to study the NaF(aq) binary system at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mol.kg−1 using the OPLS-AA force field combined with the extended simple point load water model (SPC/E). Thus, the ions were represented as charged Lennard-Jones particles. The radial distribution functions (RDF) have been calculated to analyze the hydration shell structures of different ion pairs. The microstructures, self-diffusion coefficient, and dielectric constant were determined by molecular dynamics at various concentrations. Moreover, our FTIR spectroscopy data confirm the results obtained from molecular simulations.

Retrogradation-induced physicochemical changes in pre-cooked rice noodles stored at different temperatures: a viewpoint from water dynamics and structure.

There has been significant interest in pre-cooked noodles that have a long shelf life and are convenient to cook. However, the thermal processes during preparation, and their high moisture content, can lead to significant quality deterioration during storage. Nevertheless, a comprehensive evaluation of these quality losses has not yet been conducted. The effects of different storage temperatures (25, 4, and -20 °C) on the retrogradation-related physicochemical changes in pre-cooked rice noodles were elucidated mainly from the water dynamics and structural viewpoints. Thermal analysis demonstrated that amylopectin recrystallization took place in the noodles stored at refrigerated temperature, followed by room temperature. The refrigerated storage accelerated the starch retrogradation that caused the water molecules to become entrapped within the crystalline structure by lowering the water hydration properties and weighted T2 relaxation times of the pre-cooked noodles. These water mobility patterns were correlated with the textural changes in the noodles (greater hardness and Rmax /extensibility). Furthermore, the higher structural density and thickness derived from starch retrogradation were observed in the tomographic and microscopic images of the refrigerated noodles. The principal component analysis demonstrated that various physicochemical changes of the pre-cooked noodles during storage showed high correlations with the degree of starch retrogradation (r > 0.83). The physicochemical features of the precooked noodles stored under refrigerated conditions were involved in the molecular dynamics of water, showing a notable water mobility reduction derived from the starch retrogradation, which contributed to their thermal, tomographical, and textural changes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Research on hydration characteristics of OSR-GGBFS-FA alkali-activated materials

Based on the characteristics of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) in energy saving and emission reduction, as well as giving full play to the complementary advantages of multi-component solid waste. In this study, a new type of AAMs was prepared from oil shale residue (OSR), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA). Compressive and flexural strength tests, fluidity experiments, setting time, heat of hydration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG-TG) were used to analyse the mechanical properties, workability, mineral composition, microstructure, and hydration products of the AAMs. The results showed that the microstructure of AAMs was dense, with high early strength, good mechanical and working properties, and no tendency for retrogressive strength with an increase in the age of maintenance. Under the action of NaOH/Na2SiO3, there is a synergistic hydration of the water-hard and volcanic ash materials, and the three raw materials have synergistic hydration properties and indispensable coupling mechanisms. Meanwhile, the effect of the activator content on AAMs is bidirectional. The OSR, GGBFS, and FA in the AAMs exhibited faster hydration reactions under the action of NaOH/Na2SiO3 and abundant hydration products, which mainly included C-S-H, C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H, and small amounts of CaCO3, hydrotalcite (HT), and Ettringite (AFt). The specimens all met the requirements of the 42.5-grade composite silicate cement, and some specimens reached the strength requirements of the 62.5-grade silicate cement or above. OSR has great potential as a silicate-aluminate material, and this study provides a solid foundation for its further development and utilisation.

Optimizing the Encapsulation Behavior of Egg Yolk on DHA by Vacuum Low-Temperature Spray Drying to Improve the Hydration Properties of the Powder

Optimizing the Encapsulation Behavior of Egg Yolk on DHA by Vacuum Low-Temperature Spray Drying to Improve the Hydration Properties of the Powder

Synergistic preparation of high-performance composite blast furnace slag powder from multiple industrial solid wastes: Performance regulation and optimization

Blast furnace slag (BFS) is commonly used as a substitute for cement clinker due to its hydration properties. However, the demand for BFS is outpacing the supply, and its price is rising steadily. Moreover, the significant accumulation of industrial waste with potential hydration properties poses a severe environmental threat. To address these challenges, this paper aimed to prepare high-performance composite blast furnace slag powder (CBFS) by incorporating red mud (RM), fly ash (FA), desulfurization gypsum (DG) and BFS, guided by the synergistic effects and the theory of medium-calcium systems. This paper reveals that the primary activation methods of the amorphous silicon-aluminum mineral phases in CBFS are alkali activation and sulfate activation. The optimal results demonstrate that the compressive strength of CBFS-cementitious material (50% CBFS + 50% cement) can reach 52.8 MPa, meeting the standards of Portland Cement PO 42.5. Additionally, RM, FA and DG account for 66% of CBFS and the hydration activity of CBFS is better than that of S95-grade BFS. Furthermore, the CBFS-cementitious material effectively immobilizes hazardous elements of the raw materials, and the leachate meets drinking water standards. The application of CBFS facilitates the recycling of industrial solid wastes, improves the quality of construction materials and reduces the construction industry's dependence on BFS.

Dietary fibre fractions rich in (poly)phenols from orange by-products and their metabolisation by in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation

Orange peel is an interesting by-product because of its composition, particularly its dietary fibre and flavanones. The aim of this work was to extract different fibre fractions from orange peel to obtain potential added-value ingredients and evaluate how the presence of fibre may interfere with (poly)phenol metabolism. Using an aqueous extraction, as a green extraction method, an insoluble fibre fraction (IFF) and a water-soluble extract (WSE) were obtained. Those fractions were analysed to determine the proximate and dietary fibre composition, hydration properties, (poly)phenol composition and antioxidant capacity, comparing the results with the orange peel (OP). The IFF presented the highest content of insoluble dietary fibre and the WSE showed the highest content of (poly)phenols, these being mainly flavanones. An in vitro faecal fermentation was carried out to evaluate the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate as prebiotic indicators; the IFF gave the highest production, derived from the greater presence of dietary fibre. Moreover, catabolites from (poly)phenol metabolism were also analysed, phenylpropanoic acids being the major ones, followed by phenylacetic acids and benzoic acids. These catabolites were found in higher quantities in WSE, because of the greater presence of (poly)phenols in its composition. IFF also showed a significant production of these catabolites, which was delayed by the greater presence of fibre. These results reveal that the new ingredients, obtained by an environmentally friendly water extraction procedure, could be used for the development of new foods with enhanced nutritional and healthy properties.

Experimental study and thermodynamic modelling of the temperature effect on the hydration of belite-ye’elimite-ferrite cements

This study focuses on the kinetics of hydration, phase assemblage, microstructure and mechanical properties after various hydration times of two different BCSA cements at 5, 20, 40 and 60 °C and compares experimental data with thermodynamic modelling. Different curing temperatures change the type of hydrates and their amounts. Ye’elimite and gypsum in belite-ye’elimite-ferrite cements are almost fully reacted after 24 h of hydration at 20, 40 and 60 °C, while not at 5 °C. The hydration of belite is slower than the one of ye'elimite, but reaches a high degree of hydration after 150 days which is increasing with temperature. Less ettringite is present at elevated temperatures due to its increasing solubility, while more monosulfate is observed. Furthermore, with increasing temperature siliceous hydrogarnet forms at the expenses of strätlingite as well as more C−S−H is found as more belite reacts resulting in higher compressive strength. Dense and homogenous microstructure is observed at 5 °C, while it is more heterogeneous at higher temperatures. The presence of more ye'elimite resulted in higher ettringite and strätlingite formation and a higher compressive strength, while more belite yields more C−S−H in the hydrates and lower compressive strength.