Hydration-dehydration Treatment Research Articles

Upholding Seed Quality with Mid-storage Invigoration Treatments in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The groundbreaking research investigated the impact of mid-storage invigoration treatments on seed quality parameters in rice. The experimental design used in the study was Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala Agricultural University. The objective of the study was to understand the effect of mid-storage invigoration treatments on seed storage under ambient conditions. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ten different treatments on the quality of seeds, specifically the germination percentage, seed vigour index I, electrical conductivity, and mean germination time. The treatments tested were control- untreated seeds, hydration and dehydration treatment 1l/kg, ascorbic acid 10g/kg, calcium chloride 10g/kg, albizzia leaf powder 2g/kg, neem cake 5g/kg, neem leaf powder 2g/kg, neem oil 2ml/kg, red chilli powder 1g/kg and vayambu leaf powder 2g/kg. The rice variety Jyothi was used. Results showed that all the mid-storage invigoration treatments significantly improved the germination rate of the treated seeds when compared to the control under ambient storage conditions. Neem oil when used showed the highest germination percentage after five months of storage. In the last month of storage, neem oil showed a significantly higher vigour index which was comparable to hydration dehydration treatment and red chilli powder. Germination percentage and seedling vigour index I are positively associated with seed quality. Electrical conductivity and mean germination time are negatively correlated with seed quality. The least electrical conductivity was recorded in hydration dehydration treatment. Neem oil and hydration dehydration treatment had low mean germination time. Based on the research conducted, neem oil, hydration-dehydration, and red chili powder are the most effective treatments for improving the longevity of seeds. These eco-friendly and cost-effective mid-storage invigoration seed treatments can help farmers enhance the quality of their seeds and extend their storage life.

Waste-Derived Green Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production: Kinetic-Mechanism Deduction and Optimization Studies

This research focuses on deducing the kinetic mechanism for biodiesel production catalyzed by a CaO nanocatalyst derived from waste cockle shells via thermal hydration–dehydration treatment. In addition, the CaO nanocatalyst preparation method via thermal hydration–dehydration-related parameters (hydration duration, recalcination temperature, and recalcination duration) was studied and optimized. The transesterification reaction catalyzed by the CaO nanocatalyst followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic mechanism with surface reaction as the rate-limiting step. The relatively low activation energy (3786.7 J/mol) for a transesterification reaction offered by the CaO nanocatalyst enhanced the reaction rate to 27.3% FAME yield/hr. The optimal conditions for the thermal hydration–dehydration treatment used to develop the nano CaO catalyst were 6 h of hydration duration, 650 °C of recalcination temperature, and 3 h of recalcination duration. Of biodiesel yield, 94.13% was obtained at a moderate temperature of 60 °C and 3 h reaction time during the transesterification of palm oil catalyzed by the nano-CaO. SEM, BET, and TPD results proved that the CaO nanocatalyst had a large surface area (13.9113 m2/g) and high pore volume (0.0318 cm3/g) that were rich in active sites (1046.46 μmol CO2/g), and the pore diameter (33.17 nm) was accessible to reactants and products.

Effects of Seed PEG Immersion And Hydration-Dehydration on Rice Physiological Quality

Storage of seeds really determines the storability and quality of seeds, because Long-term storage, the seeds will deterioration. Deterioration of seed quality (deterioration) is inevitable but can be slowed by good and proper storage. To maintain seed quality, proper storage methods need to be carried out. The deterioration of the seeds can be improved by seed PEG immersion and hydration-dehydration. The objective of this research is to obtain an appropriate invigoration method to improve physiological seed quality Method: In this research, we used factorial two factors, we examine the effects of PEG immersion and hydration-dehydration treatment on three rice varieties; Batang Piaman, PB42, and IPB3S. Results: The results showed that PEG immersion and hydration-dehydration of three cultivars interacted with the index value. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the invigoration method significantly improves the viability and vigor of Batang Piaman from 50% to 70% and 46.67% to 70% (PEG immersion), respectively.

Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol\u2013ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst

In this report, the utilization of mixed methanol–ethanol system for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using enhanced eggshell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst was investigated. CaO nano-catalyst was produced by calcination of eggshell powder at 900 °C and followed by hydration-dehydration treatment to improve its catalytic activity. The particle size, morphology, and elemental composition of a catalyst were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques, respectively. After hydration-dehydration the shape of a catalyst was changed from a rod-like to honeycomb-like porous microstructure. Likewise, average particle size was reduced from 21.30 to 13.53 nm, as a result, its surface area increases. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield were investigated, accordingly, an optimal biodiesel yield of 94% was obtained at 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C, and 120-min reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained using 6:6 equimolar ratio of methanol to ethanol, the yield even increased to 91% by increasing the catalyst loading to 3.5 wt%. Moreover, by slightly increasing the share of methanol in the mixture, at 8:4 ratio, the maximum biodiesel yield could reach 92%. Therefore, we suggest the utilization of methanol–ethanol mixture as a reactant and eggshell-derived CaO as a catalyst for enhanced conversion of WCO into biodiesel. It is a very promising approach for the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly technology. Properties of the biodiesel were also found in good agreement with the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards.

Hydro-Priming and Hydration-Dehydration Treatment Improve Seed Invigoration and Biotic Stress Tolerance

Weed infestation and biotic stresses often deteriorate seed quality and viability of crops by several mechanisms. The objective of the present study is to assess the methodology to increase seed viability by two consecutive hydration and dehydration treatments of hydro-primed crop seeds under biotic stresses. The effect of treatments was assessed in Solanum melongena L. as target crop and Amaranthus spinosus L. and A. viridae L. as weed species used as stress agent. The physiological parameters like germination percentage, seed viability, and vigor of target crop were increased by a factor of twice to thrice while T50 values were reduced after treatments with the association of weed plants. While the biochemical parameters like leaching of soluble carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and electrolytes were reduced after treatments compared to the untreated one. The proline content was also increased in the treated seed samples. The activity of amylase was decreased while dehydrogenase was increased after treatments. Thus the hydro-priming and hydration-dehydration treatments had improved seed health and lesser weed seed viability. Therefore, hydro-priming-hydration-dehydration treatment of target crop plants might be helpful to increase crop yield and also to reduce the stress effects due to biotic stress factors in the agricultural fields.

The Application of Modified Marlstones in Biofuel Technology

Nowadays, researchers have made attempts to seek for cost-effective and eco-friendly catalyst for transesterification reaction. One possible way to reduce the costs of the catalysts is to use biomass or industrial waste as catalytic materials. The use of waste materials as catalysts also reduces the cost of waste handling and disposal. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the low cost, environmentally friendly calcined marlstones to be a viable catalyst in the transesterification of Jatropha seed oil. The calcination of marlstones was conducted at 900 °C for 4 h, and then the modification of calcined marlstones via hydration-dehydration treatment. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated. The solid catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The highest biodiesel yield of 97.56% for modified calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 9:1, and catalyst dosage 7 wt%). It was showing potential applications of novel catalyst in biodiesel industry.

Synthesis and catalytic activity of hydration–dehydration treated clamshell derived CaO for biodiesel production

Biodiesel has gained interest of most researchers recently as an alternative for fossil diesel fuels in promoting environmentally sustainable fuels. With the presence of base catalyst, biodiesel can be easily produced via transesterification of triglyceride with alcohol under mild reaction conditions. Utilization of green catalysts from natural waste shells for biodiesel synthesis is capable of reducing the cost of catalyst which is beneficial to overall production cost. In this study, we have developed a modified CaO catalyst from natural waste clamshell (Meretrix meretrix) via hydration–dehydration treatment for transesterification process. The effects of hydration duration on clamshell were investigated to achieve the most optimum characteristic and catalytic activity. The surface area and the basicity of the treated catalyst increased extensively with prolonged hydration duration technique. By prolonging the water treatment process, it shall allow more formation of Ca(OH)2 which then has promoted the formation of Bronsted base sites for higher basicity. The catalytic activity of hydration–dehydration treated catalysts were found increased in the following order CS-CaO12h>CS-CaO9h>CS-CaO6h>CS-CaO3h>CS-CaO1h. The triglyceride conversion was as high as 98% when utilizing CS-CaO12h under reflux conditions of methanol: oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst amount is 1 wt% and 2h of reaction time.

Enhancing Planting Value of Marginal Seed Lots of Blackgram through Hydration-Dehydration (HD) Treatment

Enhancing Planting Value of Marginal Seed Lots of Blackgram through Hydration-Dehydration (HD) Treatment

Enhancement of biodiesel synthesis over highly active CaO derived from natural white bivalve clam shell

White bivalve clam shell (WBCS), a good source of calcium carbonate collected from sea shore was subjected to calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment to obtain CaO with high activity. The performance of the newly obtained CaO from the calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of WBCS and commercial CaO was tested for their catalytic activity via transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO). The results showed that the methyl ester conversion for the commercial CaO was 67.57% whereas it was 94.25% for the CaO obtained from calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of WBCS at a 7wt.% catalyst (based on oil weight), methanol to oil ratio of 12:1, reaction temperature of 65°C and reaction time of 1h.

Modification of egg shell and its application in biodiesel production

Egg shells were subjected to calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment to obtain CaO with high activity. The performance of CaO obtained from the calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of egg shell and commercial CaO was tested for its catalytic activity via transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO). The results showed that the methyl ester conversion was 67.57% for commercial CaO and it was 94.52% for CaO obtained from the calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment of egg shell at a 5wt% catalyst (based on oil weight), a methanol to oil ratio of 12:1, a reaction temperature of 65°C and a reaction time of 1h. The biodiesel conversion was determined by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR).

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja, após o processo de hidratação-desidratação e envelhecimento acelerado

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) , envolvendo as variedades UFV-10, IAC-8 e Doko RC, submetidas ao processo de hidratação-desidratação, seguido por uma condição de estresse induzida pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado. As sementes foram pré-condicionadas em PEG 6000, com potencial osmótico de -0,8 MPa, a uma temperatura de 20ºC, por quatro dias. Em seguida, as sementes foram novamente desidratadas, até atingir o conteúdo de umidade inicial, sendo então submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado pelos seguintes períodos: 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas. As sementes pré-condicionadas foram comparadas com duas testemunhas: sementes não-tratadas e sementes embebidas em água. Após cada período de envelhecimento, as sementes foram avaliadas pelo teste padrão de germinação, comprimento de plântula e biomassa seca das plântulas. Em casa de vegetação, determinaram-se o índice de velocidade de emergência e a emergência final em substrato de areia. O tratamento de hidratação-desidratação em solução de PEG 6000 melhorou o desempenho das sementes em termos de germinação e vigor. O aumento nos períodos de envelhecimento acelerado influenciou negativamente o desempenho das sementes, em todos os tratamentos avaliados. Contudo, o tratamento com PEG 6000 foi satisfatório em manter a qualidade das sementes. A embebição das sementes de soja em água desmineralizada prejudicou a qualidade fisiológica. As variedades de soja mostraram resposta diferenciada aos tratamentos de hidratação-desidratação e aos períodos de envelhecimento acelerado.

EFFECT OF MID-STORAGE TREATMENT ON STORAGE LIFE OF TOMATO AND BRINJAL

Eight month old seeds of tomato (cv. Co 3) and brinjal (cv. Annamalai) were given the hydration-dehydration treatment with water and different anti-oxidants. The treated seeds after dehydration were stored in ambient condition along with control and evaluated for the seed quality parameters at bimonthly interval. Among the treatments, the disodium phosphate (10m) recorded higher germination and drymatter production in both tomato and brinjal even after eight months of storage. The treated seeds recorded lower electrical conductivity and higher dehydrogenase activity.

Midterm and presowing hydration-dehydration treatments for improved field performance of wheat

Hydration-dehydration treatment of stored wheat seed (high-medium vigour) midway during the usual storage period, or just before sowing showed improved seedling emergence, grain yield and 1000-grain weight. Seed was hydrated by soaking in water or in a dilute solution of disodium hydrogen phosphate (10 −4 M) or preconditioned with moist sand (dry sand moistened to 5% with water or a solution of disodium phosphate and 1 kg of seed incubated with 3 kg of the sand for 24 h) to avoid soaking injury and to obtain a slow and progressive rise in seed moisture content. The hydrated seeds were thoroughly dried back before re-storage in the midstorage treatment or lightly air-dried in the presowing treatment. As the control seed was stored in moisture-barrier containers, loss of vigour and viability was not very conspicuous but, nevertheless, both midterm and presowing treatments showed improved field performance.

Hydration-dehydration treatment of stored carrot seed for the maintenance of vigour, viability and productivity

Soaking of stored carrot seeds in water or in dilute solutions of chemicals such as sodium thiosulphate (10 −5 M) and disodium phosphate (10 −4 M) for 2 hours, followed by drying back to the original weight, greatly reduced physiological deterioration during subsequent storage. The treatment effects on storability were more pronounced in carry-over seeds than in seeds of the current year's harvest. Instead of soaking, even dipping of stored seeds for 2 minutes in water or solutions of chemicals, or hydration by moisture equilibration with a saturated atmosphere for 24–48 hours followed by the usual drying back, very effectively minimized the loss of seed viability. Hydration—dehydration alone proved highly beneficial, but further improvement over water was noted with some of the chemicals. The beneficial effects of the mid-storage seed treatments were also noted on field performance and the roots of plants grown from treated seeds were bigger than those from control plants. As in the case of laboratory germination tests, the effects of the treatments on field emergence and productivity were more marked in carry-over seed than in current year's seed.

Structural and textural changes in decationated and scandium Y zeolites

Decationated HY and scandium ScY zeolites were prepared from NaY zeolite by exchanging the sodium ions for ammonium or scandium ions. These zeolites were subjected to water treatment under different conditions. The textural changes were investigated by measuring the adsorption capacity with nitrogen at -196 °C. The structural modifications were monitored by the X-ray diffraction method. The textural and structural modifications depend on the nature of the exchanged cation as well as on the degree of replacement. The extent of these modifications depends on the nature and temperature of the hydration-dehydration treatment.

Metabolic changes induced by hydration-dehydration treatment in wheat embryos

Metabolic changes induced by hydration-dehydration treatment in wheat embryos

Overcoming salinity inhibition of sorghum seed germination by hydration-dehydration treatment

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolar (L) Moench cv EA-955 Serena) seeds, subjected or not to hydration-dehydration treatment were planted in distilled water, NaCl, and Na2SO4. When seeds were not hydrated-dehydrated the salts inhibited both seed germination and seedling vigour, and caused an increase in the per cent of abnormal seedlings. The salts neither inhibited seed germination nor increased the per cent of abnormal seedlings if the seeds were treated by hydration-dehydration. However, this treatment was not effective in overcoming the inhibitory effect of either NaCl or Na2SO4 on seedling vigour. Application of these principles in growing plants under saline environment is discussed.