Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Research Articles

Effect of Long-Term Supplementation of AZOMITE (Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate) in Finishing Diets on Growth Performance, Dietary Energy, and Carcass Yield of Hairy Lambs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate growth performance, dietary energy utilization, and carcass characteristics (carcass weight, dressing percentage, and visceral organ mass) of feedlot lambs fed different levels of AZOMITE (AZO), a source of volcanic clay composed of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, the same as that included in a finishing diet. For this reason, 36 Pelibuey × Katahdin crossbred intact male lambs (18.81 ± 3.04 kg initial weight) were used in a feeding trial lasting 81 d. Lambs were grouped by initial weight and assigned within six weight groupings to 18 pens in a randomized complete block design. Diets, offered ad libitum, were corn-based finishing diets with an 88:12 concentrate-to-forage ratio supplemented as follows: 1) no AZO inclusion (CTRL), 2) AZO inclusion at a 0.75% level (0.75AZO) in diet dry matter, 3) AZO inclusion at a 1.50% level (1.5AZO) in diet dry matter. Cracked corn was replaced by AZO. After the feeding trial was finished, lambs were slaughtered and carcass weight was registered and dressing percentage was calculated. The data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with the pen as the experimental unit. Water consumption and dry matter intake were not affected (p ≥ 0.11) by supplemental AZO. The incorporation of AZO into the diet increased gain efficiency and observed dietary net energy (NE), being maximal with 0.75% AZO inclusion (quadratic effect, p = 0.02). The observed-to-expected dietary NE in the control group was as anticipated (1.00) according to the estimated energy based on the ingredient composition in diet, while in the 0.75AZO group, the observed dietary energy was 6% above expected, indicating a greater efficiency in energy utilization destined to growth (quadratic effect, p = 0.006). Lambs that were fed the AZO treatment showed an improvement (linear effect, p = 0.04) in hot carcass weight (HCW), and tended (linear effect, p = 0.06) to improve dressing percentage (DP) as AZO was increased in the diet. Visceral organ mass was not affected by the treatments. It is concluded that AZOMITE clay can be included up to 1.5% in finishing diets for lambs without negative effects on the intake of water and feed. Lambs that received diets supplemented with 0.75% AZO showed greater improvements in feed efficiency and dietary energy utilization, but an inclusion of 1.50% resulted in greater improvements to HCW and DP. This is the first report regarding the effects of AZO supplementation in the dietary energy utilization of fattening hairy lambs. Further research about the effects of AZO supplementation on ruminal and total tract digestion, carcass and meat quality, and the health of lambs is needed in order to more deeply understand the effects of AZO on its productivity performance.

Evaluation of the efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate at mitigating the negative impact of aflatoxicosis on nutrient digestibility and other production- and health-related indices in broiler chickens

Evaluation of the efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate at mitigating the negative impact of aflatoxicosis on nutrient digestibility and other production- and health-related indices in broiler chickens

Effectiveness of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicates and Discarded Date Pits as Dietary Adsorbents for Aflatoxin B1 in Enhancing Broiler Chicken Productive Performance, Hepatic Function, and Intestinal Health.

The research aimed to evaluate how effective hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCASs) and discarded date pits (DDPs) are as dietary adsorbents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in enhancing the performance and health of broiler chickens aged 16 to 30 days. A total of 240 Ross 308 straight-run broilers were randomly allocated into four dietary groups, each with 10 replicates: a control diet, a control diet with 1000 ppb AFB1, an AFB1-contaminated diet with 0.5% HSCAS, and an AFB1-contaminated diet with 4% DDP. Incorporating HSCASs or DDPs into the AFB1-contaminated diet resulted in significant improvements across various parameters, involving increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, higher dressing percentage, decreased relative weights of kidney and spleen, elevated serum levels of total protein, globulin, and glucose, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and heightened hepatic protein concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with diminished hepatic malondialdehyde content and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity. Moreover, both supplements led to increased ileal villus height and surface area, enhanced apparent nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy digestibility, and decreased AFB1 residues in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of DDPs significantly decreased relative liver weight, raised serum albumin concentration, lowered serum alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced hepatic total antioxidant capacity level, and augmented ileal villus width. Conversely, the dietary addition of HSCASs significantly heightened apparent crude protein digestibility. In conclusion, the inclusion of HSCASs and DDPs in AFB1-contaminated diets can mitigate the toxic effects of AFB1 on broiler chickens, with DDPs exhibiting additional advantages in optimizing liver function and gut morphology.

Agents of Different Origins for Reduction of Mycotoxins’ Level in Feed

Abstract Toxic secondary metabolites of some fungi (mainly representatives of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera) may contaminate agricultural products, representing serious health hazards to both humans and animals. Along with this, the economic losses due to the mycotoxins’ presence in feed production, including crop and animal feedstuff processing and distribution, motivated the plentiful research of detoxification strategies. Feed supplementation with mineral adsorbents (zeolites, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), bentonites, etc.) is the most prominent approach widely applied. Besides these, other products for mycotoxin level reduction based on the constituents of the yeast cell wall or Lactobacilli are often used. Recently, many investigations are directed toward plant-derived products that can efficiently adsorb mycotoxins in their native (biosorbents) or modified forms (e.g. activated carbon, biochar etc.). These renewable, easily accessible and readily prepared sorbents are economically viable and safe alternatives for mycotoxin decontamination of feed resources. Organic polymers (chitosan, cellulose, etc.) as well as synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidine, also might reduce mycotoxins’ level in feed. Besides these conventional methods, new research trends are nanotechnologies, the promising, effective, low-cost way for mycotoxins’ removal. This overview systematically summarizes information on binding agents of different origins for the reduction of mycotoxins’ levels in feed. Furthermore, the knowledge of potential applications of binding agents in the feed industry is also reviewed and discussed.

A network meta-analysis on the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders to reduce aflatoxin M1 in milk after aflatoxin B1 challenge in dairy cows

The objective of this network meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders (MTB) to reduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. A literature search was conducted to identify in vivo research papers from different databases. Inclusion criteria were in vivo, dairy cows, description of the MTB used, doses of MTB, aflatoxin inclusion in the diet, and concentration of AFM1 in milk. Twenty-eight papers with 131 data points were selected. Binders used in the studies were hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), yeast cell wall (YCW), bentonite, and mixes of several MTB (MX). The response variables were AFM1 concentration, AFM1 reduction in milk, total AFM1 excreted in milk, and transfer of aflatoxin from feed to AFM1 in milk. Data were analyzed with CINeMA and GLIMMIX procedures with the WEIGHT statement of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). The AFM1 concentration in milk decreased for bentonite (0.3 µg/L ± 0.05; mean ± SE) and HSCAS (0.4 µg/L ± 0.12), and tended to decrease for MX (0.6 µg/L ± 0.13) but was similar for YCW (0.6 µg/L ± 0.12), compared with control (0.7 µg/L ± 0.12). The percentage reduction of AFM1 in milk was similar for all MTB and different from control with a range of reduction from 25% for YCW to 40% for bentonite. The excretion of AFM1 in milk was lower in YCW (5.3 µg/L ± 2.37), HSCAS (13.8 µg/L ± 3.31), and MX (17.1 µg/L ± 5.64), and not affected by bentonite (16.8 µg/L ± 3.33) compared with control (22.1 µg/L ± 5.33). The transfer of aflatoxin B1 from feed into AFM1 in milk was lowest in bentonite (0.6% ± 0.12), MX (1.04% ± 0.27), and HSCAS (1.04% ± 0.21), and not affected in YCW (1.4% ± 0.10), compared with control (1.7% ± 0.35). The meta-analysis results indicate that all MTB reduced the AFM1 transfer into milk, where bentonite had the highest capacity and YCW the lowest.

Potential of Protective Effect of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Dietary Aflatoxicosis in Broiler Chicks

Potential of Protective Effect of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Dietary Aflatoxicosis in Broiler Chicks

The administration of diets contaminated with low to intermediate doses of deoxynivalenol and supplemented with antioxidants and binding agents slightly affects the growth, antioxidant status, and vaccine response in weanling pigs.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grading levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet of weaned pigs, as well as the effects of a supplementation with antioxidants (AOX), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS), and their combination on the growth, AOX status, and immune and vaccine responses against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). At weaning, 336 piglets were allocated to six dietary treatments according to a randomized complete block design. Treatments were as follows: basal diet (CTRL); basal diet containing DON at 1.2 mg/kg (DON1.2); basal diet containing DON at 2.4 mg/kg (DON2.4); DON2.4 diet + a mix of AOX which included vitamins A and E at 20,000 IU and 200 IU/kg feed respectively, selenized yeast at 0.3 mg/kg, and a grape seed extracts at 100 mg/kg feed (DON2.4 + AOX); DON2.4 diet + the mix of AOX and the modified HSCAS mentioned above (DON2.4 + AOX + HSCAS); DON2.4 + AOX + HSCAS. Pigs were vaccinated against PRRSV and PCV2 at 7 d; on 0, 14, and 35 d, growth performance was recorded, and blood samples were collected in order to evaluate the oxidative status, inflammatory blood markers, lymphocyte blastogenic response, and vaccine antibody response. Increasing intake of DON resulted in a quadratic effect at 35 d in the lymphocyte proliferative response to concanavalin A and PCV2 as well as in the anti-PRRSV antibody response, whereas the catalase activity decreased in DON2.4 pigs compared with the CTRL and DON1.2 groups (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the DON2.4 diet, the AOX supplementation slightly reduced gain to feed ratio (P = 0.026) and increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma as well as α-tocopherol concentration (P < 0.05), whereas the association of AOX + HSCAS increased the anti-PRRSV IgG (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the HSCAS supplement reduced haptoglobin levels in serum at 14 d compared with the DON2.4 group; however, its concentration decreased in all the experimental treatments from 14 to 35 d and particularly in the DON2.4 + AOX pigs, whereas a different trend was evidenced in the DON2.4 + HSCAS group, where over the same period haptoglobin concentration increased (P < 0.05). Overall, our results show that the addition of AOX and HSCAS in the diet may alleviate the negative effects due to DON contamination on the AOX status and immune response of vaccinated weanling pigs.

PSIV-10 The Effect of a Dacitic (rhyolitic) Tuff Breccia, a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS), Inclusion in Corn-soybean Meal Diets on Growth Performance of Individually Housed Grower Pigs

Abstract Crossbred pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts; BW 35.59±0.24 kg) were blocked by body weight, sex, and allotted in a randomized complete block design to 3 dietary treatments: 1) Control [CON], 2) CON+0.25%, and 3) CON+0.50% inclusion of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) to evaluate effects on growth performance. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirement estimates and fed for 2 phases (d0-14=PHS_1 and d14-28=PHS_2). Diets were limit fed based on metabolic body weight (3.5 x maintenance ME needs [3.5 × 106 Kcal ME/kg BW0.75]). Pigs were weighed weekly and feed allowance adjusted accordingly. In PHS_1, a tendency for a sex difference, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (4.92%; 0.913 vs. 0.870 kg; P=0.10) and G:F (4.14%; 0.528 vs. 0.507; P=0.06) existed. The responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.877, 0.900, and 0.896 kg; linear P=0.54) and G:F (0.510, 0.522, 0.521; linear P=0.46) were numerically greater. In PHS_2, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.67%; 0.946 vs. 0.895 kg; P=0.05) and G:F (7.98%; 0.460 vs. 0.426; P&amp;lt; 0.01) existed. The numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.912, 0.944 and 0.905 kg; P=0.41) and G:F (0.439, 0.446, 0.444; linear P=0.70) continued. A tendency for a quadratic response in ADFI (P=0.06) existed because feed allowance increased with increasing weekly BW for treatments 2 and 3. Overall, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.30%; 0.929 vs. 0.882 kg; P&amp;lt; 0.05) and G:F (6.23%; 0.491 vs. 0.462; P&amp;lt; 0.01) occurred. Numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.895, 0.921 and 0.900 kg, P=0.32) and G:F (0.471, 0.480, 0.479; linear P=0.50) occurred. Additionally, the response to DTB appeared to be higher in barrows.

Dietary inclusion of AZOMITE improves feed efficiency in broilers and egg production in laying and broiler breeder hens

The dietary inclusion of aluminosilicates has been reported to enhance pellet quality, improve feed mill throughput, bind toxins, improve feed efficiency, and promote immunological function across a variety of production systems. AZOMITE is a product marketed as a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate containing macro and trace minerals, and rare earth elements and the potential benefits of its dietary inclusion in broiler, layer, and broiler breeder diets was investigated. In a battery study, broilers were fed diets containing 0, 0.125, 0.250, or 0.500% AZOMITE from 0 to 21 d of age. Laying hens were fed a control diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from 54 through 98 wk of age, with the hens fed a standard molting diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from 71 to 72 wk of age. Broiler breeder hens were fed a control diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from the onset of photostimulation at 21 wk of age through 65 wk of age. All 3 dietary inclusion rates of AZOMITE improved (P < 0.05) the feed to body weight gain ratio in broilers fed these diets relative to broilers fed the control diet. In laying hens total marketable eggs, and in broiler breeder hens total settable eggs were increased (P < 0.05) with the dietary inclusion of AZOMITE by 8 eggs per hen. The inclusion of dietary AZOMITE also improved apparent Ca and P digestibility in broilers and tibia ash content in laying hens. The results indicate the dietary inclusion of AZOMITE in poultry diets improves bird performance.

COMPARISON OF HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE AND TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) TO AMELIORATE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AflATOXIN IN BROILER CHICKS

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of curcumin-containing turmeric powder (TP) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) alone or in combination to alleviated aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks. A total of 480 day-old broiler chicks were separated into 8 treatments. Each of the 8 dietary groups was divided into four replicates of 15 chicks each. The first group was fed basal diet and used as control. The other treatments (from 2 to 8 ) were fed the same basal diet and supplied with 0.5% turmeric powder (TP) including 1.48% total curcuminoids (80 mg/kg (80 mg/kg), Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) alone (0.5% ), TP (0.5%) plus HSCAS (0.5%), Aflatoxin B1 ( AFB1) alone in the diet (1 mg/kg of diet), AFB1 plus TP (0.5%), AFB1 plus HSCAS (0.5%) and AFB1 plus TP (0.5%) plus HSCAS (0.5%, respectively) for 35 day. The findings showed that the turmeric or HSCAS substantially addition to the AFB1 diet increased feed consumption and body weight and decreased liver weight. Supplementation of turmeric or HSCAS and turmeric with HSCAS reinforced the harmful effects of AFB1 on serum constituents. Furthermore, decreased antioxidant functions and increased serum and liver homogeneous malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations due to AFB1. In conclusion, the combined method to the management of aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks can be considered to be the addition of HSCAS and/or turmeric

Efficient Aflatoxin B1 Sequestration by Yeast Cell Wall Extract and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Evaluated Using a Multimodal In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo Methodology.

In this work, adsorption of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by two sequestrants—a yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (YCW) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS)—was studied across four laboratory models: (1) an in vitro model from a reference method was employed to quantify the sorption capabilities of both sequestrants under buffer conditions at two pH values using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD); (2) in a second in vitro model, the influence of the upper gastrointestinal environment on the mycotoxin sorption capacity of the same two sequestrants was studied using a chronic AFB1 level commonly encountered in the field (10 µg/L and in the presence of feed); (3) the third model used a novel ex vivo approach to measure the absorption of 3H-labelled AFB1 in the intestinal tissue and the ability of the sequestrants to offset this process; and (4) a second previously developed ex vivo model readapted to AFB1 was used to measure the transfer of 3H-labelled AFB1 through live intestinal tissue, and the influence of sequestrants on its bioavailability by means of an Ussing chamber system. Despite some sorption effects caused by the feed itself studied in the second model, both in vitro models established that the adsorption capacity of both YCW and HSCAS is promoted at a low acidic pH. Ex vivo Models 3 and 4 showed that the same tested material formed a protective barrier on the epithelial mucosa and that they significantly reduced the transfer of AFB1 through live intestinal tissue. The results indicate that, by reducing the transmembrane transfer rate and reducing over 60% of the concentration of free AFB1, both products are able to significantly limit the bioavailability of AFB1. Moreover, there were limited differences between YCW and HSCAS in their sorption capacities. The inclusion of YCW in the dietary ration could have a positive influence in reducing AFB1′s physiological bioavailability.

119 Effect of DON on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS binder

Abstract The objective of the current study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a novel modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) binder to detoxify DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed a control diet or diet adding 1.0 or 3.0 mg DON/kg, or 3.0 mg DON/kg plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 4 weeks. Compared to the control, the DON diets reduced serum porcine circovirus antibody titer and the dermal hypersensitivity response to OVA at day 21 or 28. DON also induced focal necrosis and proliferation of cortical lymphocytes and apoptosis and increased the total antioxidant capacity and reduced protein carbonyl concentrations in thymus. DON increased thymus mRNA and(or) protein levels, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3). Interestingly, the modified HSCAS mitigated the DON-induced alterations on serum antibody titer, and thymic histopathology, apoptosis, redox status, inflammation and apoptosis signaling. In conclusion, these findings help to explain the toxic effects and mechanisms of DON and demonstrated the modified HSCAS binder could be used to detoxify the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.

121 Effects of DON on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent

Abstract The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) binder to detoxify DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed either a control diet, or diet adding 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg DON, or 3.0 mg/kg DON plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 28 d. Compared to the control, dietary DON at 1.0 and/or 3.0 mg/kg decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the feed intake (18.1–38.7%) and body weight gain (16.0–60.8%) during the whole experiment, and increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the feed/gain ratio (12.8–33.8%) during d 1–14. Worse results were obtained at 3.0 mg/kg DON in comparison to 1.0 mg/kg for most of these variables. DON exposure reshaped gut microbial structure by drastically dysregulating the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families, and genera, such as dysbiosis of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in small intestine. Notably, dietary modified HSCAS binder supplementation mitigated the negative effects of DON on growth performance of piglets and improved the intestinal flora disorder. Therefore, this study has revealed that the modified HSCAS binder can mitigate DON-induced adverse effects and could be used as a promising countermeasure for detoxifying DON toxicity.

PSXI-8 Corn stover feedlot diets with elevated mycotoxins and binder effect on cattle performance

Abstract Weather conditions often dictate the quality of corn, corn silage, and corn stover harvested for livestock feed. When growing and/or harvest conditions are wet, mycotoxin producing fungi can flourish. Mycotoxin levels were determined to be elevated in the fall 2018 corn crop (Table 1). A 3 x 2 factorial experiment was initiated to observe effects of a mycotoxin binder, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (Engage-M, United Animal Health, Sheridan, IN), on cattle performance. Three treatment diets with elevated mycotoxin levels were amended with Engage-M fed at 0 or 14 g hd-1 d-1. Steers (n = 72, 12 pens total) were fed during Grow (21 d) and Finish (51 d) phases. During the Grow phase a 52% corn silage, 20% DDGS, and 8% supplement basal diet was fed and treatments were an additional 20% diet DM included as corn silage (CSIL), conventional corn stover (CST), or single-pass bale stover (SPB). Cattle fed Engage-M during Grow phase had numerically higher daily gains, 1.35 kg d-1, compared to no binder, 1.26 kg d-1 (P = 0.17). During the Finish phase, all cattle were fed similarly (72.1% rolled corn, 12% corn silage, 8.9% DDGS, 7% supplement diet DM). Cattle fed Engage-M tended (P = 0.09) to have increased daily gains, 2.07 kg d-1, compared to no binder, 1.9 kg d-1. Dry matter intake was similar for both treatments during the Finish trial, 12.9 kg hd-1 d-1 (P = 0.83), suggesting the increase in cattle performance was due to improved utilization of feed and not feed intake. The Finish phase feed to gain ratio was 6.25 vs. 6.83 (P = 0.06) with and without Engage-M, respectively. The trend was for cattle fed Engage-M to be 9.2% more efficient. The present study suggests that feeding Engage-M may increase cattle performance when diets have elevated levels of zearalenone and vomitoxin.

PSIX-6 Effect of dacitic tuff breccia in nursery diets on pig growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology

Abstract Trace element and mineral intake are important for proper function of the immune system and various metabolic processes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), classified as a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, in the diet of nursery pigs. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON + 0.25% DTB (DTB1), and 3) CON + 0.50% DTB (DTB2). Pigs (6.79 + 0.064 kg; 26d of age) were individually housed and fed dietary treatments for 21 d (n=48; 16/trt). At the end of the experiment, blood, jejunal, and ileal samples were collected for a typical metabolic panel and basic histologic and morphologic measurements. DTB2 fed pigs tended (P=0.07) to have greater ADG than CON and DTB1 fed pigs (392, 397, 430g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively), and greater (P=0.008) ADFI (591, 592, 669g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Gain:Feed was not different (P=0.75) among treatments (0.655, 0.663, 0.644 for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Crypt depth in the jejunum was greater (P=0.04) for DTB1 compared to CON fed pigs but did not differ from DTB2 fed pigs (254.7, 292.0, 275.6mm for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Villous height, villous:crypt, number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes did not differ among treatments in both ileum and jejunum (P &amp;gt;0.17). Total white blood cell (WBC) count did not differ (P &amp;gt;0.10). However, the proportion of WBC that were monocytes was lower (P=0.024) in DTB1 compared to CON and DTB2 fed pigs (1.27, 0.79, 1.45% for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration tended (P=0.06) to be linearly decreased with increasing DTB concentrations (9.27, 8.80, 7.75mg/dL). DTB inclusion at 0.5% in nursery pig diets tended to improve growth performance, while inclusion at 0.25% increased jejunal crypt depth and reduced monocytes:WBC and increasing DTB concentrations tended to decreased BUN linearly.

185 Effect of dacitic tuff breccia in nursery diets on pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility

Abstract For proper function of many metabolic processes trace element and mineral intake is important. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, on nursery pig growth and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control (CON) and 2) CON+0.50% DTB (DTB). Pigs (7.73±0.205 kg; 26 d of age) were individually housed and fed for 20d (n=24, 12/trt). Nutrient digestibility was evaluated using individual metabolism pens for 3d total collection of feces and urine during the last week of evaluation. DTB had no effect on pig performance during week 1 (P &amp;gt;0.28). Week 2 ADG (128 versus 302 g/d; P=0.02), BW (10.63 versus 11.77 kg; P=0.03), and G:F (0.275 versus 0.608; P=0.02) were improved for DTB compared to CON fed pigs. Week 3 ADFI was greater for DTB fed pigs compared to CON (642 vs 768 g/d; P=0.01). Overall (d0-20), DTB fed pigs had greater ADG (279 versus 352 g/d; P=0.04), final BW (13.3 versus 14.8 kg; P=0.04), and numerically greater ADFI (497 versus 558 g/d; P=0.16) and G:F (0.562 versus 0.624; P=0.22) compared to CON. During the collection period, ADG was numerically increased (396 versus 427 g/d; P=0.69) and ADFI (544 vs 668 g/d; P=0.03) was greater for DTB versus CON fed pigs. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by inclusion of DTB in the diet (P &amp;gt;0.05). Digestibility coefficients for CON and DTB, respectively, were: 0.863 and 0.856 for DM; 0.842 and 0.842 for digestible energy; 0.824 and 0.814 for nitrogen; 0.701 and 0.667 for phosphorus; 0.873 and 0.816 for sodium; 0.481 and 0.431 for zinc; 0.517 and 0.458 for iron; and 0.438 and 0.392 for manganese. DTB in nursery pig diets improved growth performance and tended to improve feed intake, but had no effect on nutrient digestibility.

Modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate-supplemented diet protects porcine oocyte quality from zearalenone toxicity.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxins produced by fungus in contaminated feed. ZEN has multiple toxicities, including reproductive toxicity of domestic animals, particularly pigs. However, studies on the effects of ZEN on ovary/oocytes have been primarily based on in vitro experiments, and there is still no evidence from porcine in vivo models due to multiple limitations. Moreover, no report has investigated the effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) as a supplement on pig oocyte quality. In the present study, we fed pigs a 1.0 mg/kg ZEN-contaminated diet for 10 days. The results showed that pigs fed ZEN presented reduced oocyte-cumulus cell interactions, an increase in the number of denuded oocytes in ovaries, a decrease in the number of oocytes in each ovary, and an increase in the oocyte death rate. Oocytes from ZEN-exposed pigs exhibited a delayed cell cycle and abnormal cytoskeletal dynamics during meiotic maturation, which could be due to oxidative stress-induced autophagy. Moreover, we also show that supplementing the ZEN-contaminated diet with modified HSCAS effectively protected porcine oocyte quality. Taken together, our study provides in vivo data demonstrating the protective effects of HSCAS against ZEN toxicity in porcine oocytes.

Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent to reduce DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed either a control diet, or diet containing 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg DON, or 3.0 mg/kg DON plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 28 d. Compared to the control, dietary DON at 1.0 and/or 3.0 mg/kg reduced (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (16.0–60.8%) and feed intake (18.1–38.7%) during the whole experiment, and increased (P < 0.05) the feed/gain ratio (12.8–33.8%) between d 1–28. The body weight gain and feed intake were further decreased (P < 0.05) in 3.0 mg/kg DON in comparison to 1.0 mg/kg DON during d 15–28. DON exposure reshaped gut microbial structure by drastically affecting the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families and genera, including dysbiosis of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in small intestine. Notably, dietary Amdetox™ supplementation alleviated the adverse effects of DON on growth performance of piglets and improved the intestinal flora disorder. Therefore, the current study has revealed that Amdetox™, the modified HSCAS binder, can alleviate DON-induced negative effects and could be used as a promising countermeasure for reducing DON toxicity.

Effect of deoxynivalenol on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent

The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent to reduce DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed a control diet or diet containing 1.0 or 3.0 mg DON/kg, or 3.0 mg DON/kg plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 4 weeks. Compared to the control, the DON diets decreased serum porcine circovirus antibody titer and the dermal hypersensitivity response to OVA at day 21 or 28. DON also induced focal necrosis and proliferation of cortical lymphocytes and apoptosis and increased the total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl concentrations in thymus. DON increased thymus mRNA, protein and (or) enzyme levels, cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3), while hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) decreased. Intriguingly, the modified HSCAS alleviated the DON-induced changes on serum antibody titer, and thymic histopathology, apoptosis, redox status, inflammation and apoptosis signaling. In conclusion, these findings help to explain the toxic effects and mechanisms of DON and demonstrated the modified HSCAS adsorbent could be used to reduce the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.

362 Effect of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate adsorbent on the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and digestive tract morphology of chicks challenged with T-2 toxin

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent ability to reduce the toxicity of T-2 toxin in broilers. 96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups with 4 replicates of 6 birds each. The four groups 1–4 were received the basal diet (BD), BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin, BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin with 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, BD plus 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, respectively, for 2 weeks. The growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and digestive tract histopathology were analyzed. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion by 11.4–31.8% during d 1–7, d 8–14 and d 1–14. Dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin also decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the apparent metabolic rate of crude protein, calcium, and total phosphorus by 14.9–16.1% during d 8–14. These alterations induced by T-2 toxin were mitigated or prevented (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by the supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent. Meanwhile, dietary modified HSCAS adsorbent supplementation also prevented (P &amp;lt; 0.05) T-2 toxin-induced morphological changes and damage, such as severe degeneration and desquamation of the villous epithelial cells, congestion in intestinal lamina propria, and edema and thicken in the serosa with infiltration of numerous lymphoid cells, in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of broilers. Notably, dietary supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent alone did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) any of those parameters. In conclusion, these findings indicate this novel HSCAS could be used as a promising adsorbent for protecting against T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in chicks (This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, Projects 2018YFD0500601 and 2016YFD0501207).