Hydrate Compounds Research Articles

Influence of quartz powder and silica fume on the performance of Portland cement

Supplementary cementitious materials interact chemically and physically with cement, influencing the formation of hydrate compounds. Many authors have analyzed the filler and pozzolanic effect. However, few studies have explored the influence of these effects on hydration, properties in the fresh and hardened states, and durability parameters of cementitious composites separately. This study investigates the influence of the replacement of 20% of Portland cement for silica fume (SF) or a 20-µm medium diameter quartz powder (QP) on the properties of cementitious composites from the first hours of hydration to a few months of curing. The results indicate that SF is pozzolanic and that QP has no pozzolanic activity. The use of SF and QP reduces the released energy at early times to the control paste, indicating that these materials reduce the heat of hydration. The microstructure with fewer pores of SF compounds indicates that the pozzolanic reaction reduced pore size and binding capability, resulting in equivalent mechanical properties, reduced permeability and increased electrical resistance of the composites. SF and QP increase the carbonation depth of the composites. SF and QP composites are efficient in the inhibition of the alkali-aggregate reaction. The results indicate that, unlike the filler effect, the occurrence of pozzolanic reaction strongly influences electrical resistance, reducing the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement inserted in the concrete.

Microstructural Analysis for Cement Mortar with Different Nano Materials

To study the influences of the nanomaterial upon the microstructure of the interfacial transition region of mortar that prepared with a composite binder comprising nanomaterial and to clarify its effect on the compressive strength improvement, in this study, the compressive strength, SEM analysis and XRD analysis were estimated for mortar containing different amounts of ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3 and CaCO3 nanoparticles. Four different contents of each nanoparticles’ types were used as a partial replacement of cement with 1%, 1.5%, 3% and 5% by the weight of cement. Results manifested that the mortar compressive strength enhancement can be ascibed to the microstructure amelioration of the interfacial transition region. In addition, the XRD analysis and the SEM micrographs elucidated the formation of hydration compounds and the enhancement in bonding due to the existence of nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate Compounds From Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Waste

In this study Calcium silicate hydrate based products (CSHP) were synthesized from wet flue gas desulfurization waste (FGD) by alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal treatment. The effect of various factors on the formation of products, such as mineralizing agent, fusion temperature and time, crystallization time and addition of Ca and Si were studied as well as the conditions optimized. The FGD and synthesized materials were characterized by using X-Ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XFR), among other methods. A fusion temperature of 600 °C with NaOH, fusion duration of 1 h, and a subsequent hydrothermal temperature of 100 °C for a reaction of 24 h were found to be the optimal conditions. In these synthesis conditions, CSHP containing tobermorite and Al-tobermorite was the major phases. The synthesized CSHP revealed high selective uptake for Cs+ in water. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cs+ onto the synthesized material, as calculated from the Langmuir model, was 1949 µmol g-1. The performance on the Cs+ removal in the presence of high Na+ contents was also evaluated. The adsorbent material showed a high Cs+ adsorption capacity in deionized water and a decrease of 56% and 62% in saturated media with the Na+ ions and seawater, respectively. Therefore, CSHP as a higher value-added product can be obtained from a by-product of a coal-fired power plant, which has wide range applications, including for Cs+ removal from wastewater.

Microstructural and Compressive Strength Analysis for Cement Mortar with Industrial Waste Materials

Cement production uses large quantities of natural resources and contributes to the release of CO2. In order to treat the environmental effects related to cement manufacturing, there is a need to improve alternative binders to make concrete. Accordingly, extensive study is ongoing into the utilization of cement replacements, using many waste materials and industrial. This paper introduces the results of experimental investigations upon the mortar study with the partial cement replacement. Fly ash, silica fume and glass powder were used as a partial replacement, and cement was replaced by 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 3% and 5% of each replacement by the weight. Compressive strength test was conducted upon specimens at the age of 7 and 28 days. Microstructural characteristic of the modified mortar was done through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) vision, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out for mixes with different replacements. The tests results were compared with the control mix. The results manifested that all replacements present the development of strength; this improvement was less in the early ages and raised at the higher ages in comparison with the control specimens. Microstructural analysis showed the formation of hydration compounds in mortar paste for each replacement. This study concluded that the strength significantly improved by adding 5% of silica fume compared with fly ash and glass powder.

Effect of Salinity Stress on Phenylpropanoid Genes Expression and Related Gene Expression in Wheat Sprout

The effect of salinity (NaCl treatment) on the nutritive value of wheat sprouts was investigated by analyzing the expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes and the levels of phenylpropanoid compounds. Treatment with various concentrations of NaCl (50, 100, and 200 mM) resulted in increased epicatechin levels but decreased accumulation of catechin hydrate, benzoic acid, and quercetin compounds in the sprouts compared with the control (0 mM). The trans-cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, epicatechin, and total phenylpropanoid level in wheat sprout was the highest at 50 mM of NaCl treatment. Six-day-old wheat plantlets exposed to 50 mM NaCl for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, showed that the total phenylpropanoids accumulation was the highest at 48 h after the treatment and most of the treatments showed higher phenylpropanoid content than the control at the same time points. Although the shoot and root length and the fresh weight of wheat sprouts decreased with NaCl treatment, these results suggest that treatment of 50 mM NaCl improves the nutritional quality of wheat sprouts, due to increased phenylpropanoid concentrations.

Sustainability assessment of arsenic-iron bearing groundwater treatment soil mixed mortar in developing countries, Bangladesh

The open disposal of groundwater treated soil containing arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) is a critical environmental issue in developing countries like Bangladesh. The current study attempts to use the arsenic-iron soil (AIS) as partial replacement of aggregate for preparing the sustainable solid mortar composite. Four dosages (2.5–10%) of AIS were applied as the substitution of fine aggregate for finding the optimum quantity of AIS, justifying by strength and nominal leaching content of As and Fe in pH solution 4.0 and 7.0 and curing temperatures of 25, 30, and 35 °C. Also, the external surfaces of solidified matrices were modified with cement grouting solution and cement plaster to resist the migration of concerned contaminants to curing media. The analytical compressive and flexural strength results showed that the solid mortars blended with 2.5 and 5% AIS obtained over 80% of the control specimens throughout the testing ages. Moreover, the study found that 5% AIS bearing hardened composition with exterior cement plaster exhibited the releasing contents of As and Fe below the drinking water standard in both pH solutions and adopted three curing temperatures, which is safe as well as economical to use as a construction material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis also demonstrated the encapsulation patterns of target contaminants by forming hard microstructures of calcium silicate hydrate, ettringite and calcium-arsenic compounds. The outcomes of the study showed the potentiality of recycling the contaminated groundwater treatment soil as building materials in an eco-friendly way.

Carbon Isotope Evidence of Methanogenesis in Sediments of the Dal’nyaya Taiga Group (Lower Vendian of the Patom Basin, Siberia)

The results of lithological, petrographic, and C–O isotope studies of various types of the diagenetic and postdiagenetic carbonate cement in silty mudstones, as well as coeval limestones, in postglacial deposits of the Dal’nyaya Taiga Group (Patom Basin, Siberia) are presented. Evidence of methane generation but not its anaerobic oxidation has been obtained. High δ13C (up to 14.9‰) values of the earliest carbonate cement generations in mudstones from the Barakun and Ura formations are related to extreme isotopic fractionation during the biogenic methanogenesis. The absence of isotopic signatures of the anaerobic oxidation of methane indicates its isolation during the subsequent reactions, suggesting the accumulation of gas hydrate compounds inside the sedimentary layers. Analysis of the distribution and correlation of δ180 and δ13C in the authigenic and sedimentary carbonates provides new arguments in favor of link of the Ediacaran global δ13C trend with epochs of the predominant accumulation of gas hydrate hydrocarbon compounds inside the deep-sea sedimentary strata and their subsequent anaerobic oxidation.

Computational and Experimental 1H-NMR Study of Hydrated Mg-Based Minerals.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) can convert to different magnesium-containing compounds depending on exposure and environmental conditions. Many MgO-based phases contain hydrated species allowing 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to be used in the characterization and quantification of proton-containing phases; however, surprisingly limited examples have been reported. Here, 1H-magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of select Mg-based minerals are presented and assigned. These experimental results are combined with computational NMR density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations to calibrate the predicted chemical shielding results. This correlation is then used to predict the NMR shielding for a series of different MgO hydroxide, magnesium chloride hydrate, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium cement compounds to aid in the future assignment of 1H-NMR spectra for complex Mg phases.

Tunable magnetic order in low-symmetry SeO3 ligand linked TM3(SeO3)3H2O ( TM=Mn , Co, and Ni) compounds

Generally, one has two strategies to achieve magnetic frustration: through geometric means or interactions with different length scales. As the former leads to much simpler theoretical treatments it is favored and so magnetic sublattices with geometric frustration are sought after. One approach to finding such lattices is to design them chemically by using non-magnetic linker ligands. Here we report on the magnetic properties of one such family of materials, the transition metal ($TM$) selenite hydrate compounds chemical formula $TM_3$(SeO$_3$)$_3$H$_2$O . These materials link highly distorted $TM$O$_6$ octahedra via non-magnetic [SeO$_3$]$^{2+}$ linkers. Using $TM$ = Mn, Co and Ni we report on the structural effects of changing the $TM$ site and how they may influence the magnetic structure. Using magnetic susceptibility and neutron powder diffraction we identify low temperature magnetic transitions for all three compounds characterized by the onset of long-range AFM order with moderate frustration indexes. Consideration of the magnetic structures reveal that the magnetic order is sensitive to the $TM$ site ion and is tunable as it is changed - especially from Mn to Co - with changes in both the moment direction and the ordering vector. Field dependent susceptibility and heat capacity measurements reveal metamagnetic transitions in both Mn$_3$(SeO$_3$)$_3$H$_2$O and Co$_3$(SeO$_3$)$_3$H$_2$O indicating nearby magnetic ground states accessible under relatively small applied fields. Density functional theory calculations broadly confirm these results, showing both a sensitivity of the magnetic structure to the $TM$ and its local environment. Although no spin liquid behavior is achieved, these results suggest the fruitfulness of such synthesis philosophies and encourage future work to engender higher frustration in these materials via doping, field, pressure or larger linker ligands.

Exploring the Complexity of Processing-Induced Dehydration during Hot Melt Extrusion Using In-Line Raman Spectroscopy

The specific aim in this study was to understand the effect of critical process parameters on the solid form composition of model drug compounds during hot melt extrusion using in-line Raman spectroscopy combined with Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) modeling for semi-quantitative kinetic profiling. It was observed that the hydrate and anhydrate solid forms of two model drugs in the melts of nitrofurantoin (NF):polyethylene oxide (PEO) and piroxicam (PRX):PEO could be resolved from a MCR-ALS model without an external calibration dataset. Based on this model, the influence of two critical process parameters (shear and temperature) on the solid form composition could be evaluated in a real-time mode and the kinetics of complex transformation pathways could be explored. Additionally, the dehydration pathways of NF monohydrate and PRX monohydrate in molten PEO could be derived. It can be concluded that dehydration of both hydrates in PEO occurs via competing mechanisms—a solution-mediated transformation pathway and a solid–solid transformation, and that the balance between these mechanisms is determined by the combined effect of both temperature and shear. Another important observation was that the water released from these hydrate compounds has a detectable effect on the rheological characteristics of this mixture.

Crystal structure, DSC, TGA and electrical studies of Bis (1,12-dodecamethylenediammonium hexachlorobismuthate chloride dihydrate (C12H30N2)2BiCl6.Cl·2H2O

(C12H30N2)2BiCl6.Cl·2H2O compound crystallizes at 296 K in triclinic system with P-1 space group [Z = 2; a = 10.532(3) Å, b = 12.143(4) Å, c = 16.295(5) Å; α = 97.543(13)°, β = 101.451(14)°, δ = 97.484(13)°]. DSC analysis showed three anomalies (338 K, 347 K, and 367 K) in heating, not reproducible in cooling, which are due to dehydratation process, above which a stable anhydrous compound undergoes a second order phase transition at 483/470 K (heating/cooling). TG-DTG analyses showed that the weight loss is due to removing of crystallization water from the hydrate compound, which is confirmed by the Infrared spectra recorded at room temperature and at 408 K. The X-rays powder diffraction pattern of the dehydrated compound (408 K) is well indexed in triclinic unit cell with a non centrosymmetric space group P1 [a = 11.467(62) Å, b = 16.671(14) Å, c = 9.787(11) Å; α = 103.822(13)°, β = 95.194(12)°, δ = 96.614(13)°]. Dielectric constant (εr) evolution with temperature and frequency showed that the dehydrate compound may be a relaxor ferroelectric below the diffuse phase transition (Tm = 473 K at 1 MHz). Cole-Cole plots of impedance complex have been performed. The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) model is used in analysis of experimental data of temperature dependence of the relaxation time. The temperature dependence of frequency exponent n implies that the conduction mechanism may be due to the small polaron tunnelling SPT model below the phase transition temperature Tm.

Recent advances in liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage

Exploring safe and efficient hydrogen storage materials has been one of the toughest challenges for the upcoming hydrogen economy. High capacity, mild dehydrogenation conditions and good stability at room temperature endow liquid-phase chemical hydrides the great potential to be utilized as the next generation of hydrogen storage medium. In this review, we will shed light on the recent advances in liquid chemical hydrides, including metal-boron hydrides, ammonia borane, formic acid, hydrazine hydrate and aromatic compounds. A special focus will be placed on the roles of catalysts in controlling dehydrogenation process of different liquid chemical hydrides as well as their synthetic strategies. Meanwhile, the recycling solutions of spent liquid chemical hydrides are also evaluated for developing the affordable and sustainable hydrogen storage systems to achieve the requirements for further industrial applications.

The Effect of Exposure on the Autogenous Self-Healing of Ordinary Portland Cement Mortars.

Exposure conditions are critical for the autogenous self-healing process of Portland cement based binder matrixes. However, there is still a significant lack of fundamental knowledge related to this factor. The aim of this paper was to investigate and understand the effects of various potentially applicable curing solutions on the efficiency of the crack closure occurring both superficially and internally. Four groups of exposures were tested, including exposure with different water immersion regimes, variable temperatures, application of chemical admixtures, and use of solutions containing micro particles. The self-healing process was evaluated externally, at the surface of the crack, and internally, at different crack depths with the use of optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The phase identification was done with an energy dispersive spectrometer combined with the SEM. The results showed very limited self-healing in all pure water-based exposures, despite the application of different cycles, temperatures, and water volumes. The addition of a phosphate-based retarding admixture demonstrated the highest crack closure, both internally and externally. The highest strength recovery and a very good crack closure ratio was achieved in water exposure containing micro silica particles. The main phase observed on the surface was calcium carbonate, and internally, calcium silicate hydrate, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate compounds. Phosphate ions were found to contribute to the filling of the crack, most likely by preventing the formation of a dense shell composed of hydration phases on the exposed areas by crack unhydrated cement grains as well as by the additional precipitation of calcium and phosphate-based compounds. The micro sized silica particles presumably served as nucleation sites for the self-healing products growth. Changes in the chemical composition of the self-healing material were observed with a distance from the surface of the specimen.

Mechanical, microstructural and structural investigation of phosphate-based geopolymers with respect to P/Al molar ratio

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of P/Al molar ratio on the mechanical properties, microstructure and structure of phosphate-based geopolymers. Brazilian tests were made in order to identify the optimal P/Al molar ratio. The mechanical behavior of different samples showed a ductile behavior for P/Al molar ratio equal to 2 and a fragile one for other samples. A dense structure was observed for geopolymers that presented a fragile behavior and a bubble structure was observed for geopolymers that displayed a ductile behavior. For the structural study, different techniques were used: atomic absorption measurements, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), 29Si, 27Al and 31P Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These techniques revealed that the geopolymer sample obtained with deficiency of acid presents an amorphous composite material composed of a geopolymeric network based on Al–O–P units and another one based on Si–O–Al–O–P units. The geopolymer sample obtained with the optimum quantity of acid also revealed an amorphous composite material. However, it does not present only these two geopolymeric networks, but also some Si–O–P units in the terminal chains of Si layer. The geopolymer sample obtained with excess of acid revealed a gel based almost on a crystalline phase of Aluminum Phosphate Silicate Hydrate compound and some amorphous geopolymeric networks.

Fuzzy Logic Modelling of Degradation of Cement Mortar in Aggressive Environment

Degradation of cement mortar takes place in the acidic aggressive environment due to the alkaline nature of hydration compounds of cement. This happens to depend on many factors such as the aggressiveness of environment, time of exposure, mortar mix composition, etc. A study was carried out to appreciate the mechanism of such degradation and an effort has been made to classify various patterns in the degradation process. Due to roles of various factors in such a process, a definite nature and degree of fuzziness creeps in this mechanism. It has been the motive of this study to accept this fact and apply fuzzy logic concepts to such a mechanism comprising of various stages of degradation in the form of different effects which could be visually observed. In this study, it is intended to define degradation stages in cement mortar more rationally by the concept of fuzzy logic and to find out the optimum number of categories in which various types of effects should be divided so that various degradation effects being produced in the material are rightly judged and calibrated with the correct ‘structural’ condition of the material.

Development and evaluation of an external reusable piezo-based concrete hydration-monitoring sensor

Hydration of concrete is a very complicated and multiphase process, where the cement gel transforms into a hardened state from plastic/semiplastic phase. Proper progression of the hydration process ensures the development of targeted mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the Poisson’s ratio, and finally, the characteristic strength of concrete. Concrete experiences large thermal variations during the early phase of hydration due to the heat generated during the formation of cement hydration compounds, which contributes to shrinkage and cracking, somewhat making ground for the ultimate failure in the long run. Therefore, it is utmost important to monitor the progression of hydration for enhancing performance during the curing and the early service life. This article presents a new reusable external configuration of piezo-impedance transducers to monitor the hydration process in concrete structures using the electro-mechanical impedance technique. The proposed configuration consists of a thin metal foil instrumented with piezoelectric ceramic patch at the free end with the other end of the foil embedded inside the concrete. This configuration is compared against a piezoelectric ceramic patch directly bonded on the rebar used for reinforcement and another one embedded in the concrete surrounding the rebar. The sensing capability of the proposed metal foil configuration is clearly evident from the coupled admittance signature quantitatively vis-à-vis the other configurations. As a preliminary analysis, root mean square deviation values are employed to monitor the hydration process quantitatively. A piezo-equivalent mechanical model is also developed wherein the piezo-identified mass, stiffness and damping parameters are investigated for the cement hydration process so as to chalk out rigorous quantifiers of hydration progression. The employability of the proposed configuration is further proven by explanation of the physio-chemical products developed during various stage of hydration with step-by-step explanation along with corelation of the piezo-identified mass, stiffness and damping parameters. Overall, the proposed reusable configuration carries a high potential for field deployment in concrete industry for early detection of physio-chemical changes.

Elucidating how particle packing controls rheology and strength development of dense cementitious suspensions

Although maximizing particle packing strategy is primarily applied to formulate high performance cementitious suspensions, this may induce constraints for the growth of hydration products, resulting in reduced microstructural evolution at later ages. This paper elucidates the effects of particle packing on rheology and strength development of dense suspensions containing ordinary portland cement (OPC) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The particle packing was altered through tuning water film thickness to examine its impact over transition of cementitious suspensions from concentrated state to the onset of flow state. This transition was characterized by determining the optimum water demand to achieve maximum solid concentration and minimum water demand to initiate flow. A series of virtual microstructural simulations were also performed to examine the effect of excess water on inter-particle spacing and formation of the connected solid network through formation of main cement hydrate (i.e., calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H)). The results indicate that although transition of the cementitious suspension from concentrated state to the onset of flow state reduces particle packing and elevates separation between neighboring particles, these effects become less pronounced for the OPC-SCM systems than the plain OPC system. The synergistic effect between OPC and SCMs on strength development is controlled by water extent. An account of saturated surface area effect, rate of strength evolution slows down at concentrated state. The outcomes of this study can be applied to optimize the design of dense cementitious suspensions by exploiting optimal particle packing while enabling strength development by providing pore space for growth of hydration compounds.

Investigations on mineralogical characteristics of Indonesian nickel laterite ores during the roasting process

Nickel is obtained from laterite ores by a metallurgical process to produces ferronickel. Nickel metal is present in a carrier mineral, a nickel magnesium silicate hydrate compound called garnierite. Garnierite is the common name of magnesium silicate hydrate minerals including chlorite, clay and serpentine. This study to investigate the phase formed when the nickel ore is roasted from a temperature of 600°C to a temperature of 1000°C under atmospheric enviromental. Microscopic analysis of roasted samples was analyzed by SEM-EDX and the dehydroxylation and recrystallization was studied using DTA-TGA. The endothermic peak was appear at 78.8°C, 293.7°C and 638.0°C, this corresponds to the release of free water and the release of crystalline water. While the exothermic peak occurs at 828.0°C. The exothermic temperatures associated with structural changes due to dihydroxylation of serpentine into a forsterite phase. Based on the XRD graph it is known that the sample of the roasting will produce the olivine and forsterite phases.

Vibrational study and thermal behavior of dihydrogenotriphosphate trihydrate of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its anhydrous new form fertilizer type NP

Chemical synthesis methods and IR spectrometry studies are reported for an organic triphosphate (NH3C6H4COOH)3H2P3O10.3H2O and its anhydrous new form NH3C6H4COOH)3H2P3O10. The hydrate compound (NH3C6H4COOH)3H2P3O10.3H2O was synthetized by the ion-exchange resin method. The dehydration of (NH3C6H4COOH)3H2P3O10.3H2O leads at 130°C to (NH3C6H4COOH)3H2P3O10 crystallizing in the triclinic system with space group P 1 (Z = 2) [a = 14.566(6) Å, b = 6.866 (1) Å, c = 6.445 (6) Å, α = 112.36 (3) °, β = 94.51 (1) °, γ = 95.94(7) °, and V = 587.98 (1) Å3 ]. Merit’s figures are M (10) = 91.9 and F (10) = 55.6 (0.0032, 56). Its thermal behavior and kinetic study were studied by using thermal analyses TGA and DTA techniques between 25 and 600°C.

An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Hydroxide Ion Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes

Solid alkaline polymer electrolytes are important enablers for safe, lightweight, electrochemical energy storage devices. Tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) is an OH- ion conductor, compatible with various water soluble polymers[1,2]. Polyacrylamide (PAM), a hygroscopic amorphous polymer, was combined with TEAOH to form a solid electrolyte. The resulting TEAOH-PAM electrolyte exhibited good ionic conductivity (> 10 mS cm-1) at room temperature. However, its performance can vary with the environmental relative humidity (RH). It was reported that TEAOH is prone to bond with water, forming different hydrate compounds that may impact OH- ion-conduction[3]. In addition, the role of ion content and ion motion on OH- ion-conduction in a polymer matrix needs to be further clarified by using dielectric analysis[4]. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the influence of these effects on OH- ion-conduction in the solid-state under different environmental conditions (i.e. RH, temperature). In this study, we investigated the ionic conduction mechanism at various temperatures using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitances of the enabled solid cells and conductivities of the electrolytes were correlated to ion content and ion motion by dielectric analyses from the EIS data. The hydration structure of ions in TEAOH-PAM was quantified under three levels of RH[3]. Through analyzing these properties at elevated temperatures, an interplay of conduction mechanisms between ion transport via segmental motion of the polymer chains and OH- ion hopping was discovered (Fig. 1). High temperature studies were performed on 2D solid-state electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), leveraging the TEAOH-PAM electrolyte with vertically-oriented graphene nanosheet (VOGN). The super high rate performance of the solid-state EDLC was demonstrated at and above 100 °C. While the device operates optimally at 100 °C, it is also capable of withstanding short-term temperature exposure up to 120 °C. The excellent thermal resilience was further evidenced by the repeatable performance after subjecting to thermal cycles. From thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy experiments at different temperatures, we found that dehydration of TEAOH-PAM is linked to rearrangement of ion conformations. This change in chemistry with higher thermal energy are key attributes responsible for the device’s temperature dependent performance. These results provide guidelines and strategies to design polymer electrolytes for high performance solid-state energy storage devices.