Hydrangea Arborescens Research Articles

Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle' Flower Formation and Flowering in the Current Year.

The perennial woody plant Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle' is of great research value due to its unique mechanism of flower development that occurs in the current year, resulting in decorative flowers that can be enjoyed for a relatively long period of time. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of current-year flower development in H. arborescens 'Annabelle' are still not fully understood. In this study, we conducted an associated analysis to explore the core regulating network in H. arborescens 'Annabelle' by combining phenological observations, physiological assays, and transcriptome comparisons across seven flower developmental stages. Through this analysis, we constructed a gene co-expression network (GCN) based on the highest reciprocal rank (HRR), using 509 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from seven flowering-related pathways, as well as the biosynthesis of eight flowering-related phytohormones and signal transduction in the transcriptomic analysis. According to the analysis of the GCN, we identified 14 key genes with the highest functional connectivity that played critical roles in specific development stages. We confirmed that 135 transcription factors (AP2/ERF, bHLH, CO-like, GRAS, MIKC, SBP, WRKY) were highly co-expressed with the 14 key genes, indicating their close associations with the development of current-year flowers. We further proposed a hypothetical model of a gene regulatory network for the development of the whole flower. This model suggested that the photoperiod, aging, and gibberellin pathways, along with the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and jasmonic acid (JA), work synergistically to promote the floral transition. Additionally, auxin, GA, JA, ABA, and salicylic acid (SA) regulated the blooming process by involving the circadian clock. Cytokinin (CTK), ethylene (ETH), and SA were key regulators that affected flower senescence. Additionally, several floral integrators (HaLFY, HaSOC1-2, HaAP1, HaFULL, HaAGL24, HaFLC, etc.) were dominant contributors to the development of H. arborescens flowers. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanism underlying the entire process of current-year flower development, thereby offering valuable insights for further studies on the flower development of H. arborescens 'Annabelle'.

Evaluation of Hydrangea Cultivars for Tolerance Against Root Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum.

Root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. is a newly identified disease in oakleaf hydrangea. Some cultivars such as Pee Wee and Queen of Hearts grown in pot-in-pot container systems showed root rot symptoms after late spring frost in May 2018 with 40 and 60% incidence in the infected nursery, respectively. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the tolerance among different hydrangea cultivars against root rot caused by F. oxysporum. Fifteen hydrangea cultivars from four different species were selected, and rooted cuttings were prepared from new spring flushes. Twelve plants from each cultivar were transplanted in a 1-gallon pot. Half of transplanted plants (six single plants) were inoculated by drenching 150 ml of F. oxysporum conidial suspension to maintain the concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Half of the plants remain noninoculated (control) and were drenched with sterile water. After 4 months, root rot was assessed using a scale of 0 to 100% root area affected, and recovery of F. oxysporum was recorded by plating 1-cm root sections in Fusarium selective medium. Fusaric acid (FA) and mannitol were extracted from the roots of inoculated and noninoculated plants to see the effect and role on pathogenesis. Further, mannitol concentration was analyzed using absorption wavelength in a spectrophotometer, and FA was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that no cultivars were resistant to F. oxysporum. Cultivars from Hydrangea arborescens, H. macrophylla, and H. paniculata were more tolerant to F. oxysporum compared to cultivars from H. quercifolia. Among H. quercifolia, cultivars Snowflake, John Wayne, and Alice were more tolerant to F. oxysporum.

Anatomical Structure and Phytochemical Analysis of the Leaf, Stem and Root of Hydrangea Tree (<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> L.)

The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the biological characteristics of hydrangeas. The aim of the research was to identify the anatomical and diagnostic features, as well as the chemical composition of the arborescent hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.) from the collection of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result of the research, it was found that the diagnostically significant features of the leaf of this type of hydrangea are the structure of the cells of the epidermis of the upper and lower sides of the leaf, the presence of an anomocytic stomatal apparatus on the lower side of the leaf, crystalline inclusions of calcium oxalate in the form of rafids on the upper and lower sides of the leaf, and simple hairs with coarse warty surface, multicellular base, as well as simple sinuous hairs on the underside of the leaf. Phytochemical analysis of leaves, stems and roots confirmed the presence of coumarins, ascorbic acid and tannins in them, and flavonoids in leaves. It has been established that the highest content of ascorbic acid (0.28 ± 0.014%) and tannins (7.13 ± 0.639%) is observed in the leaves of Hydrangea arborescens, coumarins in terms of umbelliferone in the roots (0.41 ± 0.007%), and the content of flavonoids in the leaves was 1.14 ± 0.048%.

Investigation of the Post-fertilization Barrier and Appropriate Culture Time During the Interspecific Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens ‘Pink Annabelle’ and H. paniculata ‘Polar Bear’

Investigation of the Post-fertilization Barrier and Appropriate Culture Time During the Interspecific Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens ‘Pink Annabelle’ and H. paniculata ‘Polar Bear’

Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis provides insights on the floral scent formation in Hydrangea arborescens.

Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens var. "Annabelle") flowers are composed of sweet aroma sepals rather than true petals and can change color. Floral volatiles plays important roles in plants, such as attracting pollinators, defending against herbivores, and signaling. However, the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms underlying fragrance formation in H. arborescens during flower development remain unknown. In this study, a combination of metabolite profiling and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to identify genes associated with floral scent biosynthesis mechanisms in "Annabelle" flowers at three developmental stages (F1, F2, and F3). The floral volatile data revealed that the "Annabelle" volatile profile includes a total of 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and VOCs were abundant during the F2 stage of flower development, followed by the F1 and F3 stages, respectively. Terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids were abundant during the F2 and F1 stages, with the latter being the most abundant, whereas fatty acid derivatives and other compounds were found in large amounts during the F3 stage. According to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer analysis, benzene and substituted derivatives, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and fatty acyls play a significant role in the floral metabolite profile. The transcriptome data revealed a total of 17,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 7585, 12,795, and 9044 DEGs discovered between the F2 and F1, F3 and F1, and F2 and F3 stages, respectively. Several terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids biosynthesis-related DEGs were identified, and GRAS/bHLH/MYB/AP2/WRKY were more abundant among transcription factors. Finally, DEGs interlinked with VOCs compounds were determined using Cytoscape and k-means analysis. Our results pave the way for the discovery of new genes, critical data for future genetic studies, and a platform for the metabolic engineering of genes involved in the production of Hydrangea's signature floral fragrance.

Assessment of Fresh Miscanthus Straw as Growing Media Amendment in Nursery Production of Sedum spectabile 'Stardust' and Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle'.

The aim of this research was to assess the influence of fresh miscanthus straw shreds as a component of growing media in nursery production of perennial Sedum spectabile 'Stardust' and woody shrub Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle'. A total of five substrate mixes composed of peatmoss and miscanthus straw were used: 100%P, 70%P:30%M, 50%P:50%M, 70%P:30%M, 100%M. Each substrate was subjected to three fertilizer treatments: Basacote, Basacote + YaraMila, and YaraMila. The growth response of both tested species was very similar. In general, plants performed best in 100%P, and the quality decreased with increasing miscanthus straw amendment; however, differences in height and dry weight at the level of ~9% suggest that Sedum plants obtained market value with up to 50% miscanthus amendment and Hydrangea plants with up to 30% miscanthus mixed in media. The most favorable effect on the tested parameters was a combination of Basacote + YaraMila, which delivered more soluble salts, and in higher rates than Basacote and YaraMila used separately. Decrease in EC and nutrients in the substrate with increase in miscanthus straw amendment suggest that uniform irrigation among all the treatments contributed to nutrients leaching from miscanthus media due to its lower water holding capacity.

Research of organic and hydroxycinnamic acids in the roots of Hydrangea arborescens L.

Research of organic and hydroxycinnamic acids in the roots of Hydrangea arborescens L.

Development of an interspecific hybrid between Hydrangea arborescens ‘Magical Pinkerbell’ and H. quercifolia JNHQ01

Development of an interspecific hybrid between Hydrangea arborescens ‘Magical Pinkerbell’ and H. quercifolia JNHQ01

Xanthomonas hydrangeae sp. nov., a novel plant pathogen isolated from Hydrangea arborescens.

This paper describes a novel species isolated in 2011 and 2012 from nursery-grown Hydrangea arborescens cultivars in Flanders, Belgium. After 4 days at 28 °C, the strains yielded yellow, round, convex and mucoid colonies. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed on its isolation host, as well as on Hydrangea quercifolia. Analysis using MALDI-TOF MS identified the Hydrangea strains as belonging to the genus Xanthomonas but excluded them from the species Xanthomonas hortorum. A phylogenetic tree based on gyrB confirmed the close relation to X. hortorum. Three fatty acids were dominant in the Hydrangea isolates: anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c). Unlike X. hortorum pathovars, the Hydrangea strains were unable to grow in the presence of lithium chloride and could only weakly utilize d-fructose-6-PO4 and glucuronamide. Phylogenetic characterization based on multilocus sequence analysis and phylogenomic characterization revealed that the strains are close to, yet distinct from, X. hortorum. The genome sequences of the strains had average nucleotide identity values ranging from 94.35-95.19 % and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values ranging from 55.70 to 59.40 % to genomes of the X. hortorum pathovars. A genomics-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed which was specific to the Hydrangea strains for its early detection. A novel species, Xanthomonas hydrangeae sp. nov., is proposed with strain LMG 31884T (=CCOS 1956T) as the type strain.

РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ ТА ОЗЕЛЕНЕННЯ ЗАГАЛЬНООСВІТНІХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ

The problem of landscaping of schools today is quite acute, as greenery around educational institutions serve a functional purpose: sanitary - hygienic, protective, architectural – artistic, fire, recreational, educational. They reduce dust and air content of chemicals, noise levels, improve the microclimate of areas and premises, enrich the air with oxygen, phytoncides and light ions, soften the radiation and thermal regime, and have antibacterial properties. But, unfortunately, on the territory of most secondary schools green plantations were formed mostly spontaneously, which have now lost their purpose and need reconstruction, renovation, optimization taking into account the environmental conditions of the area around the school. Therefore, the project of reconstruction and landscaping of the secondary school №46 was just in time. The research was conducted during 2020–2021, as a result of which the climatic features, the current state of green areas of the educational institution were established, and also woody, bushy and flowering plants that are currently in satisfactory condition were identified, such as: ash-leaved maple (American) (Acer negundo L.), common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.), scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common rosehip (Rosa canina L.), european forsythia (Forsythia europaea Vahl.), yucca plant (Yucca filamentosa L.) and yellow daylily (Hemerocallis flava L.), privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). However, their condition today remains unsatisfactory, so they need reconstruction and restoration, as well as sanitary pruning and topiary. Taking into account all factors, as well as taking into account the available range of plants for landscaping new school areas, and for the reconstruction of existing ones, we have identified, selected and recommended the following species range of plants: Hydrangea arborescens (Hydrangea arborescens L.), Thunberg's barberry (Berberis thunbergii L.), Vinca minor (Vinca major L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Using just such a species composition and following the above recommendations, you can completely restore the green areas of the school, as well as create new, more modern forms of landscaping of secondary schools

Summer‐flowering trees and shrubs in landscaping for the south‐eastern coast of the Crimea

Aim. To study the species composition, form diversity, bioecological features of summer‐ flowering trees and shrubs in green spaces of the south‐eastern coast of the Crimea and suggest ways to expand the range. Materials and Methods. The green spaces of Feodosia, Sudak and the localities of Semidvorye, Solnechnogorskoye, Malorechenskoye, Rybachye, Morskoye, Novy Svet, Solnechnaya Dolina, Shchebetovka, Kurortnoye, Koktebel and Primorskiy were investigated. Bioecological and phenological studies of ornamental trees and shrubs were undertaken according to generally accepted methods. Results. The species composition and shape diversity of summer‐flowering trees and shrubs in green plantings of Crimea’s south‐eastern coast were identified. It was found that summer‐ flowering plants make up almost half of the species composition (48.6%) used in landscaping. However, only 23 species are widespread throughout the region, such as Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Buddleja davidii Franch., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Elaeagnus angustifolia L. etc. The greatest number of species and forms of arboreal plants bloom in early summer, their number decreasing significantly from the second decade of June. Conclusion. An assortment is proposed for increasing the number of trees and shrubs which flower during the summer, taking into account both their decorative visual appeal and their environmental requirements, especially drought and frost resistance. Of great interest are species that bloom from June onwards, especially those which are highly decorative and have a long flowering period, such as Albizia julibrissin, Buddleja davidi and forms, Hydrangea arborescens L., Campsis radicans, Kerria japonica f. plena C.K. Schneid, Robinia viscosа Vent., Vitex angus‐castus L.

Comprehensive assessment of the degree of landscape compositions’ ornamentality

Plantings’ ornamentality is an important aspect of the aesthetic appearance formation of urbanized landscapes. In urban ecosystems, trees and shrubs are often exposed to high stress levels that shortens their lifespan and reduces ornamentality. Plant introduction is one of the methods of enriching the assortment with resistant species. The aim of the research was to comprehensively assess the ornamentality degree of North American introduction tree groups from the genetic collection of the All-Russian scientific research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) arboretum and to give recommendations on improving their composition. Research was carried out in 2013-2019, taking into account the dynamics of changes in decorative qualities during the year. Throughout the year, landscape compositions showed peaks of ornamentality in the same seasons of the year (May, September). To give dynamism to groups in the summer period, it is recommended to plant Spiraea douglasii in the 1st group; in composition 2 — Hydrangea arborescens and two varieties of Physocarpus opulifolius: ‘Darts Gold’ and ‘Summer Wine’. Graphics of ornamentality degree changes of landscape groups are recommended to be used when drawing up landscape groups for various purposes to ensure their ornamentality during either an entire year or a certain period.

An in vitro study of Hydrangea arborescens, homoeopathic preparation as an inhibitor of Calcium oxalate crystallisation

Background: Homoeopathic mother tincture Hydrangea arborescens (Hydrang.) is conventionally used for urinary complaints, such as urinary tract infection, renal stones and prostate hypertrophy. However, the mode of its action for annihilation of complaints remains uncertain. This study was designed to investigate in vitro effect of homoeopathic preparations of Hydrang. on urolithiasis (Calcium oxalate [CaOx] crystallisation). Objective: To analyse the role of Hydrang. a, homoeopathic preparation in an in-vitro CAOx crystallisation. Materials and Methods: Spectrophotometric crystallisation assay was carried on and the slopes of nucleation and aggregation phases were calculated using linear regression analysis, and the percentage inhibition exerted by the Hydrang. Q, 6C, 30C and 200C was calculated. Microscopic observations of crystals of CaOx were carried out in the presence and in the absence of Hydrang. Q, 6C, 30C and 200C to support the spectrophotometric crystallisation assay. Results: The crystallisation studies performed indicate Hydrang. to be a potent medicine against CaOx crystallisation both at the level of nucleation and aggregation. Hydrang. Q favours aggregation to a great extent by showing the inhibition of about -15%; while for 6C, 30C and 200C, the percentage inhibition was 13.70%, 42.30% and 14.90%, respectively. This shows inhibitory nature for aggregation, with maximum inhibition shown by Hydrang. 30C potency. Conclusion: The homoeopathic preparations of the Hydrang. inhibit the primary events of stone formation. The findings of the above experiment show the evidence to support the usefulness of Hydrang. in the cases of renal calculi.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Homeopathic Mother Tincture and Total Phenolic Content

Background: Antioxidants are those compounds which scavengers the free radicals, widely used in health protection and prescribed on large scale in biomedical health care units. In homeopathic system of medicine mother tinctures are prescribed. Mother tinctures of medicinal plants are having the potential to treat the various acute and chronic ailments.
 Objectives: The present study was accompanied to determine the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of homeopathic mother tincture of plant origin i.e. Baptisia tinctoria, Berberis aquifolium, Echinacea angustifolia, Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrastis canadensis, Kreosotum, and Thuja occidentalis in comparison with ascorbic acid.
 Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assay method. A volume of 0.1 mM solution of DPPH was used while mother tinctures (1.25, 5, 2.5 μl volumes) were used for evaluation of antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid was taken as a standard control and alcohol as negative control in antioxidant activity protocol. Total phenolic content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent assay. Total phenolic content of mother tinctures was measured in comparison with ascorbic acid.
 Results: All tested homeopathic mother tinctures of plant origin showed significant antioxidant potential except Hydrangea arborescens and Kreosotum. Alcohol which was used as negative control exhibited no antioxidant activity. Pulsatilla nigricans possess highest antioxidant potential 85±0.3 among other tested mother tinctures against DPPH free radical and 98.8±2 maximum no of phenolic contents.
 Conclusion: Homeopathic Mother Tinctures of plant origin showed antioxidant activity due to presence of phenolic content.

Lady’s Slipper Orchid and Hydrangea: New Ornamental Hosts of Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Minnesota

The lady’s slipper orchids are a subfamily encompassing over 160 species, including the state flower of Minnesota, Cypripedium reginae. Hydrangea is a genus of about 75 species of shrubs and trees that are popular in perennial gardens. Chlorotic and necrotic foliar symptoms were observed in lady’s slipper orchid and Hydrangea arborescens on plants in St. Paul, Minnesota. From partially purified extracts, virus particles resembling those of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were observed. TRV-specific primers amplified products from both hydrangea and lady’s slipper and were then sequenced. The sequences matched published TRV sequences with 99% identity, confirming the presence of the virus. TRV has a broad host range including ornamental, vegetable, and weed hosts. This is the first report of TRV infection in both lady’s slipper and hydrangea in Minnesota and the United States.

Influence of miscanthus-based growing media with the amendment of hydrogel and different multicomponent fertilizers on the fresh biomass ofHydrangea arborescens‘Annabelle’

Influence of miscanthus-based growing media with the amendment of hydrogel and different multicomponent fertilizers on the fresh biomass of<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>‘Annabelle’

Comparing Insect Pollinator Visitation for Six Native Shrub Species and Their Cultivars

Interest in native landscape plants to support pollinators has increased. Most native plants sold by nurseries are cultivars, and some consumer and conservation groups question the suitability of native cultivars to support pollinators. In 2017 and 2018, insect pollinator visitation was quantified for six native shrub species and one or more cultivars of each species (Aronia melanocarpa, A. melanocarpa ‘UCONNAM012’ Ground Hog®, A. melanocarpa ‘UCONNAM165’ Low Scape Mound®, Clethra alnifolia, C. alnifolia ‘Hummingbird’, C. alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’, Dasiphora fruticosa, D. fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, D. fruticosa ‘Pink Beauty’, Hydrangea arborescens, H. arborescens ‘Annabelle’, Kalmia latifolia, K. latifolia ‘Sarah’, Physocarpus opulifolius, and P. opulifolius ‘Monlo’ Diabolo®). Insects were identified into 12 categories (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp., Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, other bees, Lepidoptera, Syrphidae, other flies, wasps, Coleoptera, and other insects). The number of inflorescences and insect visitation was similar for C. alnifolia and its cultivars, and the compact cultivar Hummingbird had the greatest floral density. A. melanocarpa had more total visitors of Andrenidae than both of its compact cultivars because it was larger and produced more inflorescences. Compact Aronia cultivars and the straight species were mostly similar for Andrenidae visitation when compared on a per-inflorescence basis. D. fruticosa had more visitors of Bombus spp. and Megachilidae than both of its cultivars. These insects may have been less attracted to ‘Pink Beauty’ because of its pink flower color and ‘Goldfinger’ because of its wider flowers, which result from it being a tetraploid. H. arborescens ‘Annabelle’ had one-third the number of Bombus spp. visitors as H. arborescens because ‘Annabelle’ produces &gt;50% fewer fertile florets. P. opulifolius ‘Monlo’ attracted more syrphids than P. opulifolius possibly because flowers contrasted more strongly with the reddish purple foliage of ‘Monlo’ than with the green foliage of the straight species. Insect visitation was similar for K. latifolia and K. latifolia ‘Sarah’. Based on this work, we determined that native shrub cultivars are not universally less or more attractive to pollinators and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Do recent research studies validate the medicinal plants used in British Columbia, Canada for pet diseases and wild animals taken into temporary care?

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThere are insufficient safe and effective treatments for chronic pain in pets. In cases such as osteoarthritis there is no commercially available cure and veterinarians use NSAIDs to manage pain. Pet owners may have to plan for a lifetime of plant-based treatment for the conditions that lead to chronic pain in pets. Phytopharmacotherapies have the advantage of being less toxic, cheap or free, readily available, are more likely to be safe for long-term use and have the potential to reset the immune system to normal functioning. Aim of the studyTo examine the recently published medicinal plant research that matches unpublished data on ethnoveterinary medicines (EVM) used for pets in Canada (British Columbia) to see if the EVM data can provide a lead to the development of necessary drugs. Materials and methodsIn 2003 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 participants who were organic farmers or holisitic medicinal/veterinary practitioners obtained using a purposive sample. A draft manual prepared from the data was then evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop that discussed the plant-based treatments. A copy of the final version of the manual was given to all research participants. In 2018, the recently published research matching the EVM data was reviewed to see if the EVM practices could serve as a lead for further research. Results and conclusionMedicinal plants are used to treat a range of conditions. The injuries treated in pets in British Columbia included abscesses (resulting from an initial injury), sprains and abrasions. Dogs were also treated with medicinal plants for rheumatoid arthritis, joint pain and articular cartilage injuries. More than 40 plants were used. Anal gland problems were treated with Allium sativum L., Aloe vera L., Calendula officinalis L., Plantago major L., Ulmus fulva Michx., Urtica dioica L. and Usnea longissima Ach. Arctium lappa, Hydrangea arborescens and Lactuca muralis were used for rheumatoid arthritis and joint pain in pets.Asthma was treated with: Linum usitatissimum L., Borago officinalis L., Verbascum thapsus L., Cucurbita pepo L., Lobelia inflata L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Pets with heart problems were treated with Crataegus oxyacantha L., Cedronella canariensis (L.) Willd. ex Webb & Berth, Equisetum palustre L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, Humulus lupulus L., Valeriana officinalis L., Lobelia inflata L., Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev., and Viscum album L. The following plants were used for epilepsy, motion sickness and anxiety- Avena sativa L., Valeriana officinalis, Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen., Scutellaria lateriflora L., Satureja hortensis L., and Passiflora incarnata L.Plants used for cancer treatment included Phytolacca decandra, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Rumex acetosella, Arctium lappa, Ulmus fulva, Rheum palmatum, Frangula purshiana, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ulmus fulva, Althea officinalis, Rheum palmatum, Rumex crispus and Plantago psyllium. Trifolium pratense was used for tumours in the prostate gland. Also used were Artemisia annua, Taraxacum officinale and Rumex crispus.This review of plants used in EVM was possible because phytotherapy research of the plants described in this paper has continued because few new pharmaceutical drugs have been developed for chronic pain and because treatments like glucocorticoid therapy do not heal. Phytotherapuetic products are also being investigated to address the overuse of antibiotics. There have also been recent studies conducted on plant-based functional foods and health supplements for pets, however there are still gaps in the knowledge base for the plants Stillingia sylvatica, Verbascum thapsus, Yucca schidigera and Iris versicolor and these need further investigation.

Databasing and georeferencing historical collections to discover potential sites for rare and endangered plants of New York, U.S.A.

Over 400 years of natural history inventories of preserved specimens and vouchers in museums and research institutions are now important repositories of invaluable information and permanent records documenting life on earth. Plant collections, in particular, play roles in understanding climate change, conservation modeling, molecular and medicinal studies, invasive-species management, and biodiversity assessments. Researchers reexamine these collections in order to establish conservation priorities for threatened and endangered taxa. Herbarium specimens, spanning many decades, can provide data on a natural population’s geographical range and its shift over time. Although historical specimens provide valuable information about past distributions, label information may lack geographic coordinates or precise locations, or may have descriptions that are too vague or confusing to be useful. Here we present a case study for plant specimens collected by Thomas F. Lucy in the late 1800’s in Chemung County, New York. The goal of this research was to determine if Lucy’s label localities could be improved using historical land use and topographic maps, and georeferenced using Google Earth©. Lucy documented 134 plant families for the Chemung County area: 106 species of flowering plants (ca. 982 taxa, excluding hybrids), 12 fern and fern allies (48 taxa), 13 mosses (21 taxa), and one species each for lichens, liverworts, and algae. Nine taxa are noteworthy for the state of New York. Fourteen taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, or unknown: Chaerophyllum procumbens (Apiaceae), Arabis shortii (Brassicaceae), Cacalia suaveoleus and Lactuca floridana (Compositae), Carex retroflexa (Cyperaceae), Hydrangea arborescens (Hydrangeaceae), Allium cernuum and Chamaelirium luteum (Liliaceae), Liparis lilifolia and Platanthera hookeri (Orchidaceae), Polygonum erectum (Polygonaceae), Lysimachia quadrifolia (Primulaceae), Geum virginianum (Rosaceae) and Vitis vulpine (Vitaceae). Nine other plants are recommended for protection: Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae), Rudbeckia fulgida (Compositae), Carex conjuncta (Cyperaceae), Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae), Aesculus grabra (Hippocastanaceae), Epilobium ciliatum (Onagraceae), Cypripedium arietinum (Orchidaceae), and Calamagrostis porteri and Panicum scoparium (Poaceae).

New woody alien plant species recorded in Lithuania

AbstractMany woody plant species that originate from various regions of the world have been introduced in other regions or continents and are used in ornamental gardening, silviculture, erosion control, for fruit sources or other purposes. Woody plants selected for introduction usually originate from regions with similar climate conditions; therefore, after certain time lag they start to spread outside places of cultivation, become naturalized or even invasive. In addition to 77 woody alien plant species reported in Lithuania, ten new species were recorded and analysed in this paper. Information on the native and anthropogenic ranges, first record in Lithuania, size of populations, habitats, reproduction and naturalization of Aralia elata, Berberis thunbergii, Caragana frutex, Celastrus orbiculatus, Cornus alba, Cytisus austriacus, Hydrangea arborescens, Pinus strobus, Rhus typhina and Thuja occidentalis is presented. All these species have been introduced intentionally and are used mainly in ornamental gardening. Three of the reported species, Berberis thunbergii, Hydrangea arborescens and Thuja occidentalis, currently are casual species. Remaining seven species were recognized as naturalized in Lithuania, and five of these, i.e. Aralia elata, Celastrus orbiculatus, Cornus alba, Pinus strobus and Rhus typhina as well as Berberis thunbergii, which currently is treated as a casual, have very high or high probability of getting invasive. Constant survey of potential habitats, detection of new escaped alien plants, particularly of trees and shrubs, is the best way to reveal potentially dangerous species and make timely decisions for their control or eradication, if necessary.