Hydnum Repandum Research Articles

Determination of metal content in wild edible mushroom species from regions of Greece

Eight different species of wild edible mushrooms ( Cantharellus cibarius, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius salmonicolor, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Agaricus cupreobrunneus, Amanita franchetii, Hygrophorus eburneus and Hygrophorus chrysodon) representing seven different families ( Cantharellaceae, Hydnaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Hygrophoraceae) growing in Epirus (Ioannina) and West Macedonia (Grevena, Kastoria), regions of Greece were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for their metal (Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Al, As and Sn) content. All metal concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis (d.w.). The metal content of mushroom samples ranged from 739–1165 μg/g d.w. for Mg, 0.41 to 13.1 μg/g d.w. for Cr, 11.4 to 100 μg/g d.w. for Mn, 46.3 to 317 μg/g d.w. for Fe, not detected–3.34 μg/g d.w. for Co, 0.28 to 10.1 μg/g d.w. for Ni, 3.80 to 32.6 μg/g d.w. for Cu, 35.9 to 96.9 μg/g d.w. for Zn, not detected–1.37 μg/g d.w. for Pb and 0.08 to 0.41 μg/g d.w. for Cd. As, Sn and Al concentrations were under the detection limit of the method used. This research proves that wild edible fungi which consumed traditionally in Epirus (Ioannina) and West Macedonia (Grevena, Kastoria), Greece can be used in well-balanced diets due to their high contents of functional minerals. Also, their low contents of heavy metals (Pb, Cd and As) shows that collection areas are not polluted, therefore all collected edible mushroom species can be unreservedly consumed without any health risk.

DNA interstrand cross-linking by a mycotoxic diepoxide

The diepoxide mycotoxin (2 R, 3 R, 8 R, 9 R)-4,6-decadiyne-2,3:8,9-diepoxy-1,10-diol (repandiol) was both isolated from the mushroom Hydnum repandum and synthesized de novo. Repandiol was found to form interstrand cross-links within a restriction fragment of DNA, linking deoxyguanosines on opposite strands primarily within the 5′-GNC and 5′-GNNC sequences preferred by diepoxyoctane. However, repandiol was a significantly less efficient cross-linker than either of the diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane and diepoxybutane) to which it was compared.

Inventory of non-timber forest product plant and fungal species in the Robson Valley

Increasing interest in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has led to their greater recognition in sustainable forest management planning. This is evident in local resource management plans for the Robson Valley in east-central British Columbia, where public input shows strong support for the sustainable development of NTFPs harvesting. However, information needed to develop sustainable management guidelines for NTFPss is currently lacking. We, therefore, undertook an inventory of non-timber forest product plant and fungal species in the Robson Valley.The distribution and abundance of NTFPs plant species was determined by ecosystem types as described by the Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification system used in British Columbia. Species with a relatively high abundance and commercial potential included the valuable medicinal plant Devil�s club (Oplopanax horridus), berry-producing species such as black huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), and the edible ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris). Plants used for floral greenery that are relatively abundant in certain ecosystem types included falsebox (Paxistima myrsinites), tall Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium), pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), and conifer boughs, especially from western redcedar (Thuja plicata). We identified a number of fungal species noted for their food, medicinal, wildcrafting, industrial, or traditional uses. Among the important food mushrooms we recorded in the Robson Valley were pine mushroom (Tricholoma magnivelare), hedgehog mushroom (Hydnum repandum), and black morel (Morchella elata).Several information gaps were identified. We recommend that future research focus on gathering detailed information about selected NTFPs species. Information describing habitats, growth requirements, production levels, and response to harvesting is needed to develop sustainable management strategies.

Understory Vegetation and Ectomycorrhizal Sporocarp Diversity Response to Pine Regeneration Methods in Oaxaca, Mexico

Abstract This study was carried out over a period of 3 yr in three stands of Pinus oaxacana in Oaxaca, Mexico. Our objective was to determine if pine regeneration, understory vegetation, and ectomycorrhizal (EM) sporocarps respond to increasing levels of site disturbance 5 yr after application of silvicultural treatments. Numbers of pine seedlings, trees, shrubs, and herbs, and numbers and richness of EM sporocarps were assessed in a control stand, a thinned stand, and a thinned and controlled burn stand. The thinned stand without slash burning (Seed Tree) had twice as many pine seedlings compared to the thinned and burned stand (Seed Tree with Burning). The number of shrubs was about twice as great in the treated stands compared to the control. The number of herbs in the control stand was twice that of the Seed Tree stand and four times that of the Seed Tree with Burning stand. Succulent plants were present in low numbers in the control stand and were not found in the treated stands. The structure of the EM community was evaluated by identifying the sporocarps and sclerotia. Abundance and richness of fungi did not differ among stands, but species composition was significantly different. Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria laccata, Russula emetica and Lactarius crysorheus species were common in all three stands. Although L. laccata was present in the three stands, the number of sporocarps decreased with increased disturbance. Sporocarps of some EM species were found only in the control stand (e.g., Clavariadelphus truncatus, Craterellus fallax, Helvella crispa, Hydnum repandum) and others only in the treated stands (e.g., Amanita gemmata, Lactarius chrysorheus, L. volemus). West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):101–108.

The concentrations and bioconcentration factors of copper and zinc in edible mushrooms.

Copper and zinc contents have been determined in up to 28 species of edible mushrooms from different sites in the province of Lugo (NW Spain). Two hundred thirty-eight collected samples were analyzed by an anodic stripping voltammetric technique using a drop mercury as the working electrode. The results showed that the element concentrations were species-dependent, and the highest metal levels corresponded to the following species: Calvatia utriformis (235.5 mg Cu/kg), Macrolepiota procera (217.8 mg Cu/kg), and Agaricus macrosporus (217.7 mg Cu/kg) and Calvatia utriformis (265.8 mg Zn/kg), Lactarius delicious (231.0 mg Zn/kg), and Agaricus macrosporus (221.3 mg Zn/kg) for Cu and Zn, respectively. All mushroom species bioaccumulated copper and zinc. Nevertheless, some individual samples of the species, such as Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, and Coprinus comatus, were bioexclusors (BCF < 1). The hymenophore in mushrooms showed higher mean metal levels than the rest of the fruit bodies, with statistically significant differences. The copper and zinc concentrations were compared to literature data and levels set by legislation. It can be concluded that the consumption of these mushrooms cannot be considered a toxicological risk, and they provide an important nutritional requirement to the diet.

Antioxidant Activity of Edible Fungi (Truffles and Mushrooms): Losses during Industrial Processing

The antioxidant properties of two raw truffles (Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Picoa juniperi Vittadini) and five raw mushrooms (Lepista nuda, Lentinus edodes, Agrocybe cylindracea, Cantharellus lutescens, and Hydnum repandum) were tested by subjecting these truffles and mushrooms to different industrial processes (freezing and canning) and comparing them with common food antioxidants (α-tocopherol [E-307], BHA [E-320], BHT [E-321], and propyl gallate [E-310]) with regard to their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation. All of the truffles and mushrooms analyzed exhibited higher percentages of oxidation inhibition than did the food antioxidants according to assays based on lipid peroxidation (LOO•), deoxyribose (OH•), and peroxidase (H2O2). Frozen samples exhibited a small reduction in free radical scavenger activity, but the results did not show a significant difference (P < 0.05) with respect to the raw samples, while canned truffles and mushrooms lost some antioxidant activity as a consequence of industrial processing. All of the raw and frozen truffles and mushrooms except frozen Cantharellus improved the stability of oil against oxidation (100°C Rancimat), while canned samples accelerated oil degradation. Antioxidant activity during 30 days of storage was measured by the linoleic acid assay, and all of the samples except canned Terfezia, Picoa, and Hydnum showed high or medium antioxidant activity. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay was used to provide a ranking order of antioxidant activity as measured against that of Trolox (a standard solution used to evaluate equivalent antioxidant capacity). The order of raw samples with regard to antioxidant capacity was as follows (in decreasing order): Cantharellus, Agrocybe, Lentinus, Terfezia, Picoa, Lepista, and Hydnum. Losses of antioxidant activity were detected in the processed samples of these truffles and mushrooms.

Characterization of Dryas octopetala ectomycorrhizas from limestone karst vegetation, western Ireland

The principal ectomycorrhizas of Dryas octopetala L. from a treeless grass-heath in the Burren, western Ireland, were characterized using morphotyping and molecular methods (PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS-rDNA and sequencing of the ITS region). Twenty-one distinct morphotypes are described. Six of these (Cortinarius atrovirens Kalchbr., Cortinarius caesiocanescens (Mos.) Kühn. &amp; Romagn., Cortinarius calochrous (Mos.) Nezd., Cortinarius odorifer Britz., Cortinarius mussivus Fr., and Tricholoma myomyces (Scop.) Quél.) were distinguished by tracing rhizomorph connections between mycorrhizas and basidiomes. The ectomycorrhizas of Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Craterellus lutescens (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., and Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet:Fr.) Gill were identified based on molecular and morphological evidence. The ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius brunneus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., Cortinarius infractus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., Hydnum repandum L., and Hebeloma circinans Quél. were distinguished provisionally, because they were consistently found in soil core samples containing basidiomes of a particular fungal species. The provisional identification of Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr., and Russula delica Fr. ectomycorrhizas was also based on anatomical evidence, particularly the presence of lacticifers and cystidia, respectively. Six morphotypes could not be assigned to a specific fungal taxon and, therefore, were named "Dryadirhiza" + a characterizing epithet (D. aerea, D. cerina, D. fulgens, D. nigra, D. rugosa, and D. truncata). It is concluded that Dryas octopetala forms ectomycorrhizal associations in the Burren with woodland fungal species.Key words: ectomycorrhizas, Dryas octopetala, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP, mountain avens.

Identification of genes for lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases in ectomycorrhizal fungi.

• Genes for ligninolytic enzymes, normally associated with white-rot fungi, are shown to be widespread in a broad taxonomic range of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. • ECM fungi were screened for lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) genes by PCR using primers specific for known isozymes in the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, with DNA sequencing used to confirm the identity of the amplified fragments. • Genes for LiPs were detected in ECM fungi representing the orders Agaricales, Aphyllophorales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Hymenochaetales, Sclerodermatales, Stereales and Thelephorales. MnP genes were detected in only Cortinarius rotundisporus and three ECM Stereales taxa. • The presence of genes for decomposer activities supports putative evolutionary relationships between ECM and saprotrophic fungi. Expression of the lignolytic genes may facilitate ECM fungal access to nutrients associated with dead plant material in soil and potentially a supplementary carbon supply. Strict functional boundaries between ECM and decomposer fungi may be less clear-cut than previously thought.

A review of edible mushroom radioactivity

Abstract The review deals mainly with the situation in Europe where wild-growing mushrooms are widely consumed as a delicacy and some species have been found to be extensively contaminated by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The natural isotope 40K usually causes activities of 0.8–1.5 kBq kg−1 dry matter. Activities of 137Cs, from nuclear weapons testing, below 1 kBq kg−1 dry matter, were commonly reported until 1985. The situation changed dramatically after the Chernobyl accident and activities up to tens of kBq kg−1 dry matter of 137Cs and to a lesser extent of 134Cs were observed in the following years in some edible species. Among the heavily accumulating species belong Xerocomus (Boletus) badius, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Suillus variegatus, Rozites caperata and Hydnum repandum. Activity concentrations have been affected by several environmental factors, such as rate of soil contamination with fallout, the horizon from which mycelium takes nutrients, soil moisture and time from the disaster. Wild mushroom consumption contributed up to 0.2 mSv to the effective dose in individuals consuming about 10 kg (fresh weight) of heavily contaminated species per year. The radioactivity of cultivated mushrooms is negligible. Contamination can be considerably decreased by soaking or cooking of dried or frozen mushroom slices. Animals, such as deer, eating mushrooms, have elevated levels of radionuclides in their tissues.

Trypsin inhibitor activity of basidiomycetous mushrooms

and Hygrophorus species, Craterellus cornucopioides, Gomphidius glutinosus, Macrolepiota rhacodes and Hydnum repandum. The inhibiting activities found were higher than those of cereals but lower than those of some fabaceous plants.

Accumulation of heavy metals in some edible mushrooms from Turkey

Four heavy metal (Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cu) contents bioaccumulated by six different species of edible mushrooms ( Laccaria laccata, Agaricus bitorquis, Tricholoma terreum, Agaricus silvicolla, Hydnum repandum and Russula delica) of Turkish origin were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The natural levels of Hg (II), Pb (II), Cd (II), and Cu (II) were determined in concentrations of mg metal ion/kg dry, weight. The soils were fortified in situ with the four heavy inetals in concentrations of 0.35–11, 0.40–70, 0.21–8.45, and 0.55–32.5 ing metal ion/kg dry weight for Hg (II), Pb (II), Cd (II), and Cu (II), respectively. The highest metal levels were: 6.79 mg/kg Hg in Hydnum repandum, 6.87 mg/kg Pb in Russula delica, 16.8 mg/kg Cd in Agaricus silvicolla, and 66.4 mg/kg Cu in Tricholoma terreum on a dry-weight-basis.

Distribution patterns for stable 133Cs and their implications with respect to the long-term fate of radioactive 134Cs and 137Cs in a semi-natural ecosystem

Stable 133Cs was measured in soil and vegetation samples taken from a coniferous forest in Bavaria, Germany. This site has been under continuous investigation since 1987, mainly with respect to radiocaesium. Soil profiles for stable 133Cs, expressed in mg kg -1 dry weight, and radioactive 134Cs and 137Cs, expressed in Bq kg -1 dry weight, were established for 1993, 1995, and 1996, and compared. The profile for Chernobyl 134Cs shows a clear maximum in the Of and Oh horizon. The profiles for weapons fallout 137Cs and stable 133Cs are similar for the organic layers including the Ah horizon. Both profiles exhibit a gradual increase from the L to the Ah horizon, in contrast to the profile for Chernobyl 134Cs. For four edible fungal species ( Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch: Fr.) Kummer, Xerocomus badius (Fr.) Kühner ex Gilbert, Hydnum repandum L. ex Fr., and Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeffer ex Fries)) and one plant species (leaves of bilberry [ Vaccinium myrtillus L.], berries edible), transfer factors for stable 133Cs were calculated on the basis of its concentration in those soil layers, from which the corresponding species takes up radiocaesium. Using this definition, transfer factors for radioactive 134Cs agree within a factor of 2 or better with the corresponding transfer factors for stable 133Cs. Since the stable 133Cs is expected to have attained a dynamic equilibrium within the forest ecosystem, the similar bioavailability for stable 133Cs and radiocaesium indicates that the current distribution of stable 133Cs within the organic soil layers and understory vegetation represents the equilibrium distribution which is expected for decay-corrected radioactive 134Cs and 137Cs several decades after deposition. It is concluded that the transfer factors for radiocaesium will not change with time from several years after deposition onwards, at least for species which take up radiocaesium predominantly from the organic soil layers.

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in the fruit-bodies of macrofungi in Great Britain and an assessment of dietary intake habits

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in the fruit-bodies of some species of macrofungi are higher than in many other foodstuffs. The consumption of fruit-bodies contributes significantly to radiocaesium intake of humans in some countries. In the United Kingdom, the collection of wild fungi has generally been considered to be of minor importance and there are few data on consumption rates or radiocaesium activity concentrations in most edible species. Samples of commonly eaten species in Great Britain have been collected to assess radiocaesium contamination levels and geographical variation. Concurrently, surveys of consumption habits were conducted. A total of 425 samples representing 37 different species were collected. Significantly higher radiocaesium activity concentrations occurred in mycorrhizal compared to saprotrophic or parasitic species. The highest 137Cs activity concentration of 30.5 kBq kg−1 dry wt. was determined in a sample of Hydnum repandum collected in Wales. The transfer of radiocaesium from soil to fungal fruit-bodies was highly variable, ranging over three orders of magnitude within individual species. A number of approaches to quantifying radiocaesium transfer from soil to fungal fruit-bodies were used. Although these were in general agreement with previously measured values in other countries, all the approaches gave variable results. Over 200 people responded to the dietary habits questionnaire. The median intake rate was 0.75 kg year−1 (fresh wt.) and 60% of respondents consumed only one species (generally Agaricus campestris). However, intakes of up to 26 kg year−1 were recorded and a total of 82 species were consumed. The intake of 137Cs was determined by the amount of mycorrhizal fungi in the diet rather than the total intake of fungi. Assuming median recorded 137Cs activity concentrations in each fungal species, the estimated annual committed effective dose for over 95% of respondents was <1 μSv. Hence, currently, the consumption of wild fungi in the UK would not be expected to significantly increase the dose above that attributable to the normal diet of most consumers. However, the results of this study demonstrate that, in the event of any future accidental release of radiocaesium, the potential ingestion dose received from the consumption of wild fungi would need to be considered.

Study of heavy metals in some cultivated and uncultivated mushrooms of Turkish origin

Twenty-four different species of uncultivated mushrooms of Turkish origin and one cultivated mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus) growing in soil composts with 16 different compositions were analysed spectrometrically for their heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. The highest Pb levels were 2.35 mg kg −1 for the species Agaricus bitorquis and 7.00 mg kg −1 for the species of Hypholoma fasciculare growing in the vicinity of the road. The highest Cd level was 3.42 mg kg −1 for the species of Hydnum repandum. In the wild mushrooms the highest Fe content was 93.6 mg kg −1 for the species of Bovista plumbea and the highest Cu content was 51.0 mg kg −1 for the species Tricholoma terreum. The highest Mn content was 35.9 mg kg −1 for the species Laccaria laccata and the highest Zn content was 31.6 mg kg −1 for the species of Agaricus bitorquis.

Repandiol, a new cytotoxic diepoxide from the mushrooms Hydnum repandum and H. repandum var. album.

Repandiol, a new cytotoxic diepoxide has been isolated from the mushrooms Hydnum repandum and H. repandum var. album. The chemical structure was elucidated as (2R,3R,8R,9R)-4,6-decadiyne-2,3:8,9-diepoxy-1,10-diol on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The structure was confirmed by the synthesis of optically active repandiol. Repandiol displayed potent cytotoxic activity against various tumor cells.

Studies on the constituents and culture of Korean basidiomycetes

To develop potent antitumor polysaccharides from higher fungi of Korea the alcohol precipitated polysaccharides, which were obtained from hot water extracts of shake-cultured mycelia of eight species of basidiomycetes, were subjected to antitumor screening tests, using sarcoma 180 as a tumor cell. When administeredi.p., at the dose level of 20mg/kg/day for ten days into the mice which were implanted with 1×106 cells of sarcoma 180 twenty-four hour before the start of polysaccharide injection, the polysaccharides ofPluteus cervinus ISA-Pc-1004,Pleurotus pulmonarius, Hydnum repandum ISA-Hr-1006, andLaccaria laccata ISA-L1-1008 respectively showed inhibition ratios of 62.0%, 51.7%, 64.8%, and 57.8%. They were selected for further study, while those ofPanellus serotina ISA-Ps-1012,Laccaria amethystina ISA-La-1001,Pholiota adiposa ISA-Pa-1010, andLepista sp. ISA-Ls-1007 respectively showed inhibition ratios of −9.3%, 25.3%, 27.3%, and 33.0%.