Hydnum Repandum Research Articles

Immobilisation of catalase purified from mushroom (Hydnum repandum) onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan and characterisation: Its application for the removal of hydrogen peroxide from artificial wastewater

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a chemical that is widely used in many industrial processes, and, except at certain concentrations, it is toxic in biological systems such as water and air. Among enzymes, catalases are important industrial enzymes because of their role in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Herein, catalase (CAT) from Hydnum repandum was purified 3.02-fold with a yield of 68.10% by three-phase partitioning (TPP) for the first time. The purified catalase was immobilised on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan (Glu-Cts), and its applicability for the removal of hydrogen peroxide released from industrial processes was investigated. The results of the present study showed that the optimum pH and temperature were found to be 7.0 and 30°C for both free and immobilised catalase (CAT-Glu-Cts). The catalytic efficiency (V max/K m) of the immobilised enzyme increased 8-fold compared to the free enzyme. CAT-Glu-Cts was shown to have better pH, thermal stability, and storage stability than free CAT. In this study, >96% of 6 mM, 15 ve 24 mM H2O2 was removed from artificial wastewater after 2 h using immobilised catalase. We expect that CAT-Glu-Cts, obtained by purifying a plant-derived catalase and immobilising it into an environmentally friendly and biocompatible material, is a promising candidate that can be safely used for H2O2 removal in various branches of industry.

Antioxidant proficiency in Serbian mushrooms: a comparative study on Hydnum repandum L. 1753 from mycorrhizal and edible niches

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of autochthonous Hydnum repandum through LC-MS/MS profiling, total phenolic content (TP), total protein content (TPR), and antioxidant capabilities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) across various extracts (CHCl3, acetone, 70% EtOH, 80% MeOH, and hot water). LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a predominant presence of quinic acid in polar solvents (ranging from 531.37 to 676.07 ng/mL), while EtOH and MeOH extracts exhibited elevated total phenolic levels (27.44 ± 0.32 and 28.29 ± 3.62 mg GAE/g d.w., respectively). Impressively, H. repandum showcased remarkable antioxidant properties, as evidenced by its FRAP values (57.29 to 199.96 mg AAE/g d.w.), ABTS values (5.69 to 29.95 mg TE/g d.w.), and IC50 values in the DPPH assay (91.40 to 372.55 μg/mL), which exhibited a strong correlation with TP. Notably, the acetone extract exhibited the most robust antioxidant activity where the highest TPR was observed, suggesting synergism of primary and secondary metabolites.

The first data on aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidi omycota ) of th e Rik ord Island (Prim orye Territ ory)

In September 2022, the first mycological studies were carried out on the territory of Rikord Island. The southern part of the island was examined, as a result of which 25 species of aphyllophoroid fungi were identified. It should be noted that for the species Pseudofavolus tenuis, Rikord Island is the second locality in Russia, and the species Pycnoporellus alboluteus was found in the Russian Far East only for the second time. Most of the fungi encountered are xylosaprotrophs that destroy dead wood (Plicaturopsis crispa, Daedaleopsis tricolor, Lenzites betulina, Trametes versicolor, etc.), seven species (Bjerkandera adusta, Cerrena unicolor, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Onnia triquetra, Phellinus gilvus, Sanghuangporus baumii , Schizophyllum commune) affect living trees, and one species (Hydnum repandum) lives on the soil.

Assessment of Some Nutrient Contents and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Some Wild Edible Mushrooms in Türkiye

In this study, it was aimed to identify mushrooms gathered from two different regions and localities of Türkiye and to determine their heavy metal and nutrient contents. Four of the mushrooms (Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers, Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. and Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr.) from nearby settlements, while the others (Hydnum repandum L., Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél and Lactarius delicious (L.) Gray)) were collected from rural areas. All species have known and consume by local peoples. All identified species were given along with their trophic status, habitats, locations, Turkish names and edibility. Concentrations of elements were determined based on dry weight. The analysis of samples indicated that different result obtained from mushrooms. As (nd, 1.5-17.43), Ba (1.48-10.81), Cd (nd, 1.4-43.46), Co (nd, 12.0- 42.79), Cr (nd, 5.0-14.92), Cu (12.95-143.45), K (nd, 30085- 52680), Mg (nd, 5056-5955.9), Mn (52.45- 187.25), Mo (nd, 1.22-57.53), Ni (43.46-565), Pb (318.9-1483.5), Sb (nd, 0.14-4.12), Si (nd, 3.18-87.83), Ti (20.32-302.2), V (67.66-102.3), Zn (1026.8-2422.0), Ca (411.5 -2077), Na (752.5-2105.5) and Fe (470.5-1093.5) were determined and the elements studied were given in mg/kg. As a result, it was determined that C. comatus, H. repandum, C. cibarius and P. eryngii had the lowest content of heavy metals and P. ostreus had the highest value in terms of calcium and magnesium contents. Therefore, it has been determined that these mushroom species may have important beneficial effects to human health. It is thought that it can be used as a source in future studies.

Phenolic Content, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Several Edible Agaricomycetes Mushrooms Sold in Public Bazaar in Bolu, Turkey

Edible mushrooms are important natural foods that have been used since ancient times due to their delicious taste, high nutritional value, and various biological activities. In this study, antibacterial (against 10 different human pathogens) and antioxidant potentials (free radical scavenging activity and total phenol-flavonoid content) of 13 different wild-growing and the most popular edible mushrooms (Lactarius salmonicolor, L. deliciosus, L. volemus, L. piperatus, Boletus edulis, Marasmius oreades, Agaricus campestris, Tricholoma terreum, Hydnum repandum, Coprinus comatus, Ramaria sp., Cantharellus cibarius, and Pleurotus ostreatus) sold in a public bazaar in Bolu-Turkey were evaluated. Strong antibacterial capacities were observed with all tested Lactarius species, as well as M. oreades, A. campestris, T. terreum, H. repandum, and Ramaria sp. Significant antibacterial potentials of T. terreum and C. comatus against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus vulgaris were observed for the first time. H. repandum strongly inhibited all tested Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes). It was remarkable to reveal strong growth inhibition of M. oreades against S. aureus (29.33 ± 1.11 mm) for the first time. The highest total phenolic content was revealed with L. delicious (193.42 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g dw and 198 ± 0.79 mg TAE/g dw), while L. salmonicolor had the highest total flavonoid content (358.33 ± 15.27 mg CE/g dw). B. edulis demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 value (4.48 ± 0.04 μg/mL). Moreover, L. deliciosus and M. oreades also had high antioxidant potential with the lowest IC50 values (4.76 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 4.77 ± 0.02 μg/mL, respectively). Total phenolic contents of tested mushrooms were highly correlated with their antioxidant capacities. L. delicious is the most well-known and the most delicious mushroom sold in Bolu's public bazaar. The obtained results for this mushroom were notable in terms of the greatest total phenol-flavonoid content and strong antioxidant capability. The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content of L. deliciosus, M. oreades, H. repandum, A. campestris, and B. edulis, as well as their antibacterial activity, were quite outstanding, and our findings demonstrated the importance of these mushrooms as nutraceutical products.

Chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of four different mushroom species collected from Turkey

Many researchers agree that edible mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts obtained from Coprinus comatus, Hydnum repandum, Agaricus impudicus ve Sarcodon imbricatus collected from Yuvacık-İzmit, Kastamonu, and Uzungöl-Trabzon. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the total phenolic (64.69 mg GAEs/g) and flavonoid (1.73 mg QEs/g) content of S. imbricatus was higher than that of the others. In line with its superiority in phytochemical composition analyzes, S. imbricatus extract showed the highest activity in -carotene bleaching, DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power assays (836.0, 89.0 and 267.0 mg TEs/g extract, respectively). Metal chelating test resulted in the superiority of A. impudicus (1282.0 mg TEs/g). Relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) value of S. imbricatus was quite high compared to other extracts (0.90). Apart from the metal chelating assay, there was a high correlation between the antioxidant activities of the extracts and their RACI values. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the phenolic/flavonoid contents of the extracts and their antioxidant activities was over 0.9. The antioxidant activity of A. impudicus was brought to the literature for the first time with this study. When the data obtained from the current study were evaluated as a whole, it was concluded that S. imbricatus could be a rich source for new and alternative antioxidant compounds.

Natural radioactivity and total K content in wild-growing or cultivated edible mushrooms and soils from Galicia (NW, Spain).

The radioactive isotope, 40K, of naturally occurring potassium (0.012%) is present in the Earth's crust in a low percentage of all potassium, leading to its presence in almost all foodstuffs. The impact of 40K activity concentrations was assessed in wild and cultivated edible mushrooms and in growing substrates. Samples were analysed by gamma spectroscopy. In the wild mushroom species, the average activity concentration of 40K was 1291 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dw), approximately 140 Bq kg-1 fresh weight (fw), with a range of average values per species from 748 in Lactarius deliciosus to 1848 Bq kg-1 dw in Tricholoma portentosum. The cultivated species presented an average value of 1086 Bq kg-1 dw; and the soils, compost of cultivation and wood of substrate are 876, 510 and 59.4 Bq kg-1 dw, respectively. The total K content reached a maximum of 59,935 mg kg-1 dw in T. portentosum. The transfer factors (TF > 1) suggested that mushrooms preferentially bioconcentrated 40K. Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus tubaeformis, Hydnum repandum and T. portentosum by most TF could be considered as bioindicators of 40K. Taking into account that the annual radiation dose of 40K due to the average consumption of mushrooms analysed (0.15 μSv/year) is very low, it can be concluded that the consumption of these mushrooms does not represent a toxicological risk for human health. Finally, according to the total K content, from the nutritional point of view, these mushrooms could be considered as a potential source of potassium for the human diet.

HPLC-DAD characterization of phenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antidiabetic activities of five mushroom species from Turkey.

In this study, Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers., Hydnum repandum L., Inonotus radiatus (Sowerby) P. Karst., Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer, and Schizophyllum commune Fr. hexane and methanol extracts were subjected to the spectrophotometric assays for antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, which are linked with human diseases that are very prevalent in recent years. Additionally, phenolic compounds of the mushrooms were quantified by HPLC-DAD. The best antioxidant activity was found in H. repandum methanol extract (IC50: 12.04 ± 0.24 µg/mL) in the β-carotene-linoleic assay; I. radiatus methanol extract in DPPH• (81.22 ± 0.50%), ABTS•+ (IC50: 73.47 ± 0.18 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.50: 88.21 ± 0.02 µg/mL) assays; S. commune hexane extract (53.36 ± 0.89%) in the metal chelating assay. O. olearius hexane extract was found as the best inhibitor against AChE (71.58 ± 0.28%) and BChE (67.30 ± 0.15%). When I. radiatus methanol (95.88 ± 0.74%) and H. repandum hexane (95.75 ± 0.16%) extracts showed close α-amylase inhibitory activity to acarbose (96.68 ± 0.08%), D. quercina methanol extract (70.79 ± 0.34%) had higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than acarbose (67.01 ± 2.28%). Among 16 phenolic compounds analyzed, gallic acid (0.02 ± 0.01-0.23 ± 0.01 µg/g) was detected in all studied mushrooms. This study provides that investigated mushrooms can be used for further research, which can lead to the development of new natural remedies to alleviate complications related to oxidative stress, diabetes, and neurological diseases.

EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF FRUIT BODY GOLDEN CHANTERELLE (CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS FR.) AND HEDGEHOG MUSHROOM (HYDNUM REPANDUM FR.)

The purpose of this work was to perform a comparative study of the chemical composition of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. and Hydnum repandum Fr. and the revision of the data in the occurrence of carotenoids, ergocaliferol, tocopherols and phenolic compounds.
 Substances extracted with 80% ethanol from dried fruit bodies of both fungi were investigated. The fatty acids quantitative and qualitative contents were examined by Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
 Lipophilic substances of hexane extract were investigated by chemical reactions and Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after the separation of compounds from this fraction on a silica gel column.
 It was determined that the hexane fraction of both mushrooms contained a large amount of higher fatty acids and their esters. Linoleic acid (31.42 %) and oleic acid (57.89 %) were the dominant components in Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum accordingly.
 Tocopherols, carotenoids and ergocalciferol were also found in the hexane extracted fraction. The estimated content of tocopherols was ≈0.82% of the total mass of ethanolic extract for chanterelle and ≈0.22% for hedgehog mushroom, respectively.
 Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions did not contain tocopherols, carotenoids and ergocalciferol and their mass was insignificant.
 Carbohydrates content was ≈ 54% and ≈ 49 % of the total mass of ethanolic extract and the content of aminoacids was found as ≈ 4.5% and ≈ 4.7% for Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum accordingly.
 Flavonoids, phenolic substances and hydroxycinnamic acids were not found in the fractions of ethanol extracts of both mushrooms.

The Remarkable Antibiofilm Activity of the Sweet Tooth Mushroom, Hydnum repandum (Agaricomycetes), Displaying Synergetic Interactions with Antibiotics.

This study examines the antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of Hydnum repandum, an edible and medicinal mushroom known as sweet tooth or wood hedgehog. H. repandum ethanolic extract had a high amount of myricetin and apigenin and displayed antiproliferative effects against the MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines. Moreover, the extract displayed antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Synergetic interactions have been observed when antibiotics such as kanamycin and ampicillin are used together with mushroom extract. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration values were lower for H. repandum extract than for antibiotics. This study demonstrates that H. repandum has antibiofilm potential against biofilms and confronts antibiotic resistance.

Metal concentration and health risk assessment of wild mushrooms collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey.

Mushrooms are rich sources of organic nutrients (especially proteins). However, they can excessively accumulate metals in their fruiting bodies that pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study was the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents, daily intake, and health risk index values of some mushroom species collected from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey (Arsin, Trabzon). The samples were collected from hazelnut gardens that are free from industrial pollution and have a low population density. As a result of elemental analysis, it was determined that the concentration ranges of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the mushrooms were as follows: 0.29-9.11, 0.04-3.70, 0.01-8.29, 0.18-20.82, 3.1-79.8, 5.2-673.0, 14.9-752.0, 63.0-7769.0mg/kg dry weight. Daily intakes of all the elements were found to be below the reference dose in Fistulina hepatica, Hydnum repandum, Macrolepiota procera, and Tapinella atrotomentosa. Amanita caesarea, Agrocybe praecox, Amanita vaginata, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Daedalea quercina, Gymnopus dryophilus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Infundibulicybe gibba were found to have high risk index values especially with respect to Cd, Co, and Pb. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe-Mn (0.840, p < 0.01) and Pb-Ni (0.7540, p < 0.01) couples are significant.

Establishment of monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Hedgehog mushrooms (Hydnum repandum and related species) from basidiospores

Abstract Hydnum repandum and its relatives are gourmet edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. However, no reliable pure cultures have been reported in this genus. Here, we report for the first time the successful isolation of mycelial strains from basidiospores in the genus Hydnum. Basidiospores obtained from basidioma samples were aseptically inoculated onto modified Norkran's C (MNC) medium, MNC containing n-butyric acid (n-MNC), or MNC with gellan gum instead of agar (G-MNC). Although basidiospore germination was observed in most samples, the isolation rate was higher from MNC (91.7%) and G-MNC (93.8%) than from n-MNC (36.4%). Most established isolates were monokaryotic and lacked a clamp connection, but three were dikaryotic and had clamp connections. Established isolates were identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene. These results suggest that basidiospores can be used to establish monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Hydnum species.

Antiproliferative, Immunostimulatory, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts Derived from Mushrooms Collected in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (Canada).

Wild mushrooms, while largely explored for their ecological significance, have not been systematically studied for their medicinal properties. This is the first report of biological activities of mushrooms from Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada. The 17 mushroom species in this study were collected from multiple locations on Haida Gwaii and were screened for antiproliferative, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Prior to screening, mushrooms were genetically identified and then sequentially fractionated into four crude extracts using 80% ethanol, 50% methanol, water, and 5% sodium hydroxide. We report here the strong antiproliferative and antiinflammatory activities of Amanita augusta, Phellodon atratus, Guepinia helvelloides, Chroogomphus tomentosus, Laetiporus conifericola, and Inocybe sp. In addition, A. augusta, G. helvelloides, and Inocybe sp. showed potent immunostimulatory activity. Two other species (Ganoderma tsugae and Pleurotus ostreatus) displayed strong immunostimulatory activity consistent with previous reports by others, suggesting that similar constituents are present in the same species from Haida Gwaii. For nine species (Russula paludosa, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, Tricholomopsis rutilans, Tyromyces chioneus, Hydnum repandum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Clavulina cinerea, P. ostreatus and Ramaria cystidiophora), we describe antiproliferative, immunostimulatory, and/or anti-inflammatory activities that have never been reported before. The new findings serve as a platform for future investigations into the potentially novel bioactive constituents of these mushrooms, as well as an incentive to further study a wider array of wild mushrooms for medicinal properties.

The Most Popular Edible Wild Mushrooms in Vezirköprü District of Samsun Province

Edible wild mushrooms are becoming more and more important in our diet for their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to gather information about edible wild mushroom species existed in mycobiota of Vezirköprü district of Samsun province that are economically important and are collected from nature by the villagers and sold in the local markets. The mushroom samples were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features. The information, obtained on the collecting time, local names and habitats of the mushrooms was inquired from the sellers, consumers and traders. Cantharellus cibarius, Morchella spp. and Boletus edulis species are not only sold in the Vezirköprü market but also exported. Amanita caesarea, Cantharellus ferruginascens, Craterellus cornucopioides, Clitocybe geotropa, Hydnum repandum, H. rufescens, Lactarius deliciosus, L. semisanguifluus, L. vellereus, L. vinosus, Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria spp., Russula delica and Tricholoma terreum are species of mushrooms with high edible quality and economical importance.

Beta-glucan Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Edible Mushroom Species

In this study the β-glucan content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hydnum repandum and Agaricus bisporus were studied. For this purpose, methanol and acetone extracts of mushrooms were obtained. The β-glucan content of mushrooms varied between 14.57 ± 0.80% - 11.26 ± 0.69%. According to the results obtained from the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the radical scavenging activity was highest in B. edulis and A. bisporus. The total phenolic content of extracts ranged between 22.75 ± 0 .32 - 45.5 ± 0.71 µg/mg as gallic acid equivalents. Mushroom extracts had low reducing power capacity in comparison to standards. When the guaiacol peroxidase activity of mushrooms was examined, B. edulis and A. bisporus showed enzyme activities of 0.07 U/ml and 0.13 U/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of acetone and methanol extracts of mushrooms showed varied levels of inhibitory effects on the microorganisms tested.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FIVE EDIBLE MUSHROOM SPECIES FROM KASTAMONU, TURKEY

Background: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods.&#x0D; Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents.&#x0D; Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides.

Screening of mushrooms bioactivity: piceatannol was identified as a bioactive ingredient in the order Cantharellales

Wild edible mushroom species are appreciated for consumption due to their high nutritional value. The aim of the present study was to examine in vitro beneficial bioactivity of mushroom extracts and to investigate the molecular identity of the active ingredients. In this regard, methanol extracts of 29 different wild edible mushroom species, that are traditionally consumed by residents in the National Park of North Pindos in North-Western Greece, were examined for antioxidant, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and pro-apoptotic activities towards a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and by flow cytometry. Certain mushroom species exhibited high antioxidant activity, which was related to their high content in total phenols and flavonoids. Methanol extracts of Cantharellus cibarius, Cantharellus cinereus, Craterellus cornucopioides and Hydnum repandum, which belong to the order Cantharellales, exhibited high cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis–necrosis to A549 cells. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed as an active ingredient piceatannol ((E)-4-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]1,2-benzenediol-3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene). Piceatannol, according to our best knowledge, is identified for the first time in wild edible mushrooms. Experiments with authentic piceatannol confirmed the potent antiproliferative activity of this compound. Tested mushrooms are promising sources of bioactive compounds.

137Cs in mushrooms from Croatia sampled 15–30 years after Chernobyl

The aim of this study was to select species with higher potential to accumulate 137Cs among the available mushroom species, by determining the activity concentrations of 137Cs in mushrooms collected along north and north-western part of Croatia. A total of 55 samples of 14 different species were analyzed and the potential of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic species to accumulate 137Cs was compared. A wide range of the dry weight activity concentrations of 137Cs was detected, ranging from 0.95 to 1210 Bq/kg (154 Bq/kg mean value; 52.3 Bq/kg geometric mean) in mycorrhizal and 1.05–36.8 Bq/kg (8.90 Bq/kg mean value; 5.49 Bq/kg geometric mean) in saprotrophic species. Statistical analyses showed that mycorrhizal species accumulate significantly higher concentrations of 137Cs and thus could perform better as long-term bioindicators of environmental pollution by radiocaesium then saprotrophic species. The comparison of Boletus sp. and Hydnum repandum (both mycorrhizal species commonly found in Croatia) showed, in general order of magnitude, higher accumulation in Hydnum repandum. Clearly, mushrooms, especially mycorrhizal species, can be used as significant indicators even decades after the occurrence of any serious 137Cs contamination event. However, as a wide range of values indicates that various parameters may influence the total uptake of the 137Cs into the mushroom fruit bodies, it is necessary to emphasize that 137Cs activity detected in a single mushroom sample is very site-specific.

Chemical composition and nutritional value of three Tunisian wild edible mushrooms

Numerous species of wild growing mushrooms are widely consumed as a delicacy in Tunisia. Three wild edible mushrooms species (Tricholoma equestre, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus) are very abundant in the forests of Bizerte, North of Tunisia. The present work aims to evaluate the nutritional value of the mentioned mushrooms. Chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fats, total carbohydrates and ash), non volatile components content (soluble sugars, free amino acids) and minerals and trace elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn) were determined. A comparative essay with Agaricus bisporus (commercial species) was investigated. All studied wild edible mushrooms revealed that these species are rich sources of proteins (14.10–18.09 g/100 g dry weight) and low content of fats (3.35–8.35 g/100 g dry weight). The highest energetic contribution was observed by H. repandum (1615.40 kJ/100 g dry matter). However, L. deliciosus showed the highest concentration of essential amino acids (21.20 mg/g dry weight) and revealed the highest concentrations of carbohydrates (67.46 g/100 g dry weight). Mannitol and trehalose were the most abundant polyol and sugar. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) are the most abundant minerals in analyzed samples. H. repandum showed the highest concentrations of K and Na (28052.05 and 5365.99 µg/g dry weight, respectively). The wild Tunisian mushroom species showed a high nutritional quality and prove to be excellent foods for low caloric diets.

Antifungal activity of macrofungi extracts on phytopathogenic fungal strains of genera Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp.

During the last decades, intensive application of synthetic fungicides in the agricultural crop protection practice caused growing concern for the existence of toxic chemical residues in food as well as in the whole environment. Instead of using synthetic fungicides, it is suggested that crop protection be carried out by using preparations based on compounds of natural origin (secondary metabolites of plants or microorganisms, including macrofungi from Basidiomycota) as biological control agents. The potential of macrofungal species as biocontrol agents was analyzed in this investigation of eight autochthonous species from different locations in Serbia. Both the terricolous species: Coprinus comatus, Coprinellus truncorum, Amanita strobiliformis, Hydnum repandum and the lignicolous species: Flammulina velutipes, Stereum subtomentosum, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera adusta were examined, with an aim to detect some novel sources of antifungal agents. This study surveyed antifungal activity of selected macrofungal extracts (MeOH, EtOH and CHCl3) against phytopathogenic Fusarium and Alternaria strains isolated from garlic, soybean and rice: F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. graminearum and A. padwickii. Microdilution method in 96 well microplates was applied for the estimation of antifungal effects of macrofungi extracts in the range from 24.75 to 198.00 mg/ml and determination of minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). EtOH extract of mychorhizal species H. repandum showed antifungal activity against all analyzed phytopathogenic strains, with the strongest effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75 mg/ml; MFC 24.75 mg/ml). Among others, MeOH extracts of S. subtomentosum and C. micaceus showed similar effects while only B. adusta showed slight effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml; MFC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml) and none effect on A. padwickii. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using examined extracts as efficient antifungal agents and provide the basis for the new formulations of biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi in the future.