Properties Of Hybrid Research Articles

Graphene nanoplatelets inclusion effects on mechanical properties of hybrid carbon/glass composites

Graphene nanoplatelets inclusion effects on mechanical properties of hybrid carbon/glass composites

New Benzothiazole–Monoterpenoid Hybrids as Multifunctional Molecules with Potential Applications in Cosmetics

The Thymus vulgaris and Origanum Vulgare essential oils (contained thymol and carvacrol in a range of 35–80%) are used in various products in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, and foods. Molecular hybridization between benzothiazole (BT) and phenolic monoterpenoids is a promising method for the development of biologically active compounds. New benzothiazole–monoterpenoid hybrids were synthesized through a regioselective α-amidoalkylation reaction of thymol and carvacrol with high yields (70–96%). This approach is both simple and cost-effective, employing easily accessible and inexpensive reagents to produce target molecules. The structure of the synthesized compounds was characterized spectrally using 1H-, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS data. The newly obtained compounds are structural analogues of the UVB filter PBSA, which is used in cosmetics. The spectral properties of the aromatic products thymol hybrid (2-(4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole) and carvacrol hybrid (2-(4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole) were successfully examined, using a validated spectrophotometric method. SPF values varied from 31 to 36, compared to the PBSA (30), and were observed at concentrations of 1–0.25 mM. 2-Hydroxyphenylbenzothiazoles are known antimicrobial and antioxidant agents that have potential applications in the food industry and cosmetics as preservatives and antioxidants. In this context, antimicrobial activity of the hybrid compounds was evaluated using the agar diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Compounds of methyl-2-(4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-3(2H)-carboxylate containing carvacrol fragments showed high activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (with 0.044 μmol content). The radical scavenging activity was determined using ABTS and DPPH assays, the highest activity was exhibited by the thymol hybrids ethyl-2-(4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-3(2H)-carboxylate (IC50 – 133.70 ± 10 µM) and methyl-2-(4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-3(2H)-carboxylate (IC50 – 157.50 ± 10 µM), defined by ABTS. The aromatic benzothiazole–monoterpenoid hybrids are classified using in silico analyses as non-mutagenic, with low toxicity, and they are non-irritating to the skin. These compounds were identified as new hit scaffolds for multifunctional molecules in cosmetics.

Influence of heat input on cooling rates and mechanical properties of laser hybrid welded thick structural steels

Influence of heat input on cooling rates and mechanical properties of laser hybrid welded thick structural steels

АДАПТИВНЫЕ ПРИЕМЫ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА В РЯЗАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The purpose of research is to study the adaptive properties of sunflower hybrids depending on the timing of their sowing when grown in the conditions of the Ryazan Region. The scheme of the field experiment, which was carried out in 2019–2022, determined two sowing dates: the second and third decades of May. The objects of research were the hybrids Imeriya KS, Codizol KL, Clarissa KL, Meridis KL, Zubella KL, Fushia KL. The climatic conditions of the Ryazan Region are favorable for the production of oilseeds. However, during the ripening period of sunflower seeds, unfavorable weather conditions (high humidity and low air temperatures) often occur, contributing to the development of diseases, lengthening the harvesting period, and increasing the cost of purchasing desiccants. In the experiment, the most adapted to the conditions of the Ryazan Region were identified sunflower hybrids Imeriya KS and Codizol KL. Their morphometric and photosynthetic parameters, as well as their yield, were significantly higher than those of other hybrids. According to the yield level, the studied sunflower hybrids can be arranged in the following row: Imeriya KS › Codizol KL › Clarissa KL › Zubella KL › Fushia KL › Meridis KL. At this sowing time, the highest values of leaf area, photosynthetic potential, net productivity of photosynthesis, diameter of anthorax and its productive part, number and weight of seeds were obtained. The maximum yield was observed in the hybrids Imeriya KS and Codizol KL, and amounted to 29.3 and 27.1 c/ha, respectively.

Investigating the effect of fiber arrangement on tensile properties of two-dimensional hybrid braided composite rods

Braided composites are gaining attention in the most industrial applications. To design rods with optimal tensile properties against combined loads, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effect of using axial yarn and core in different categories on the tensile properties of braided reinforced composite rods. In this study, six types of braided composite rods with different arrangements of braid components (axial yarn or core type) were produced using glass and polyester fibers with epoxy resin as the matrix. The elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and work of fracture of these rods were tested, and the experimental elastic modulus of samples were compared with previously developed models. Moreover, comparing the stress-strain results of the samples revealed that the produced hybrid samples demonstrate pseudo-ductile tensile behavior, showing varying trends as the type of reinforcement is altered. The results indicate that using a double-layer triaxial braid as reinforcement for the composite can increase the elastic modulus up to 13% compared to the similar single-layer sample. Additionally, employing a double-layer triaxial braid as reinforcement for the composite leads to a greater work of fracture. However, in terms of ultimate tensile strength, biaxial braid reinforcement demonstrates better performance in reinforcing the composite rods.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Benzimidazole Hybrids as Antimicrobial Agents: An In-Depth Analysis

Background: Heterocyclic compounds play an essential role in biological sys-tems and occur widely in nature. They are fundamental in the development of pharma-ceuticals aimed at combating microbial infections and other biological activities. Phar-macological evaluations have demonstrated their efficacy against diverse bacterial strains. This study investigates the antimicrobial properties of various benzimidazole hy-brids. The findings highlight the significant influence of substituting nitrogenous scaf-folds with various heteroatoms on the potential development of new antimicrobial agents. Objective: This review article is expected to make a substantial contribution to the ad-vancement of efficacious antibacterial medications. The research's goal is to improve the efficacy of combating bacterial infections by utilizing the potent properties of benzimid-azole-based hybrid scaffolds. In the end, this will aid in reducing the global incidence of this contagious illness. Methods: Several nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds display substantial poten-tial as antibacterial agents. These compounds possess fused benzene and imidazole nu-clei. These nuclei could change the number of electrons they have, which in turn affects their physiochemical characteristics. The versatility of drugs arises from their capacity to interact with receptors in various modalities, which is a key factor in drug pharmacolog-ical screening. Benzimidazole-based hybrids have demonstrated a wide range of pharma-cological effects, including antibacterial, anti-HIV, anticancer, antimalarial, antiviral, an-tifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tubercular activities. Results: Pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, indole, and benzimidazole are examples of compounds that include nitrogen species. These nitrogen-containing compounds en-gage in metabolic interactions with other molecules within the cell. Nevertheless, an over-abundance of reactive nitrogen species can cause cytotoxicity, causing harm to vital bio-logical macromolecules. But benzimidazole is traditionally the most effective, with a wide range of important qualities, including antibacterial, anti-HIV, anticancer, antima-larial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tubercular activities. Conclusion: This study focuses on the efficacy of novel benzimidazole-based hybrid scaffolds in inhibiting microbial growth or eradicating microorganisms. The study pri-marily focuses on recent studies carried out from 2009 to 2024. The study highlights the effectiveness of different benzimidazole-based hybrids using MIC values. More in-depth studies also show that adding electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) to the nitrogenous framework might make them more effective. Further research is necessary to design strong, least-toxic benzimidazole-based hybrids that can either kill or inhibit multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.

Atomic layer deposition of nanofilms on porous polymer substrates: Strategies for success

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a versatile technique for engineering the surfaces of porous polymers, imbuing the flexible, high-surface-area substrates with inorganic and hybrid material properties. Previously reported enhancements include fouling resistance, electrical conductance, thermal stability, photocatalytic activity, hydrophilicity, and oleophilicity. However, there are many poorly understood phenomena that introduce challenges in applying ALD to porous polymers. In this paper, we address five common challenges and ways to overcome them: (1) entrapped precursor, (2) embrittlement, (3) film fracture, (4) deformation, and (5) pore collapse. These challenges are often interrelated and can exacerbate one another. To investigate these phenomena, we applied various ALD chemistries to porous polymers including polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polycarbonate track-etched membranes. Reaction-diffusion modeling revealed why certain precursors and processing conditions result in embrittling subsurface material growth, entrapment of unreacted precursors, and nongrowth. We quantify the limits of ALD processing temperatures that are dictated by thermal expansion mismatch and can lead to fractured ALD films. The results herein allow us to make recommendations to avoid, mitigate, or overcome the difficulties encountered when performing ALD and plasma-enhanced ALD on porous polymers. We intend this article to serve as a “lessons learned” guide informed by previous experience to provide a better understanding of the difficulties and limitations of ALD on porous polymers and knowledge-based guidelines for successful depositions. This knowledge can accelerate future research and help experimentalists navigate and troubleshoot as they expose porous polymers to reactive precursor vapors.

Effect of chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of intra-layer hybrid Alfa/Jute fabric composites

Bidirectional hybrid polymer-based composites are being introduced in many industrial applications. This is because the weaving patterns of woven composites have significant contributions to resulting composite performances. The main goal of this work was to study the effect of chemical treatments and the effect of hybridization on the mechanical properties of intra-layer hybrid Alfa/Jute fabric composites. Jute and Alfa fibers were used as natural fibers reinforcing the polyester matrix-based composites. First of all, the untreated, alkali and permanganate treated Alfa fibers were analyzed by using physical and mechanical tests (ATR-FTIR, XRD, and MEB). Weibull statistical analysis was employed to estimate the variability of untreated and treated Alfa fiber-resin interfacial shear strength. On the other hand, three plain-woven intra-ply hybrid fabrics were used as reinforcements for the polyester matrix. These three produced composite samples were subjected to mechanical, and physical tests such as three-point flexural strength, compressive strength, water absorption, and optical observation. The results were examined, analyzed, and compared to a jute-woven composite reinforced with the same resin. The results show that the chemical treatment can affect positively the fibers’ properties. In others hand, among the studied composites, the developed treated intra-ply woven fabric reinforced polyester resin have good mechanical properties in term of flexural and compression resistance. Weibull statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate and quantify the variability in the tensile strength of various intra-layer hybrid Alfa/Jute fabric composites.

Analysis of Temperature and Stress Distribution on the Bond Properties of Hybrid Tailored Formed Components

Processing of hybrid materials is particularly challenging due to the different physical properties and requires extensive knowledge to produce defect‐free components. When serially combining steel and aluminum through rotary friction welding and subsequent cup backward extrusion in Tailored Forming, the strongly different yield stresses are a decisive factor. The following study analyzes the temperature and stress distribution after the compensatory heating step with additional cooling and during cup backward extrusion within a preform of a hybrid hollow shaft using experimental heating tests and finite element simulations. The influence on the bond strength is quantified by uniaxial tensile tests along the interface. Compared to uncooled samples, local cooled samples exhibit higher compressive stresses in the joining zone and hence higher forming resistance due to higher temperature gradients. Therefore, delamination and cracks can be prevented. While areas at the edge or in the center indicate reduced strengths overall, areas with high surface enlargement do not fail in the joining zone, but in the base material of the aluminum. To further enhance process stability and process control measures, a preliminary concept for the implicit determination of component temperatures using integrated sensor systems on the handling system is presented.

Design, synthesis, and apoptotic antiproliferative action of new benzimidazole/1,2,3-triazole hybrids as EGFR inhibitors.

This work outlines the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of benzimidazole/1,2,3-triazole hybrids as apoptotic antiproliferative agents that inhibit the EGFR pathway. The research assesses the antiproliferative efficacy of compounds 6a-i and 10a-i against various cancer cell lines. The research emphasizing hybrids 6i and 10e for their remarkable activity, with GI50 values of 29nM and 25nM, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the most potent hybrids 6e, 6i, 10d, 10e, and 10g on EGFR were assessed. Compounds 6i and 10e exhibited greater potency than erlotinib as EGFR inhibitors. Compounds 6i and 10e were also examined for their apoptotic potential, revealing that these compounds promote apoptosis by activating caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bax, while down-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Molecular docking experiments are thoroughly examined to validate the binding interactions of the most active hybrids, 6i and 10e, with the EGFR active site. Furthermore, our new study examined the ADME properties of the new hybrids.

Highly phosphorescent N^C^N platinum(II)-peptide nucleic acid conjugates: synthesis, photophysical studies and hybridization behaviour.

The synthesis of novel highly phosphorescent N^C^N tridentate platinum(II)-complex-peptide nucleic acid (PNA) bioconjugates was accomplished through the solid-phase approach. Melting temperature measurements and circular dichroism spectroscopy studies demonstrated that these conjugates maintain the PNA ability to recognize complementary ssDNA and ssRNA, though the length of the spacer between the metal center and the PNA sequence affects their hybridization properties. Noteworthy, the conjugation of PNA to this family of Pt(II) complexes significantly enhanced the luminescent features of the organometallic moiety, leading to increased quantum yields (82.8%, 10-5 M), even in the presence of oxygen (48.6%, 10-5 M). An in vitro cytotoxicity study of Pt(II)-PNA conjugates on HeLa cells showed no significative effect on cell growth in the dark (1 μM for 72 h).

Effect of self-assembly of nucleator adsorbed at the interface by H-bonding on the crystallization and mechanical behaviors of iPP hybrids

DCHT (N, N-dicyclohexylterephthalamide) as a common type of β-nucleator could self-assemble into various morphologies in iPP (isotactic polypropylene) matrix and further affect its crystallization behaviors. In this study, a third component of PA11 (polyamide 11) was intentionally introduced into iPP hybrids to tune the adsorption and assembly of DCHT by forming hydrogen bonds, whose effects on the crystallization and mechanical properties of iPP hybrids at different processing temperature (Tf) were investigated in detail. It is observed that DCHT could form flower-like crystals at higher Tf, while it tends to aggregate and form rod-like crystal with high concentration in the hybrids. DSC results show that DCHT could lost its nucleation ability at low concentration. With the increase of DCHT concentration, the residual DCHT in the matrix could induce the crystallization of iPP as β-nucleation site. A core-shell structure was observed for the first time in which the shell as the interface layer is formed by DCHT assembly and iPP crystal. It is a key to greatly improve the toughness of the hybrids and the strength of the interface layer between PA11 and iPP by self-assembling and crystallizing at the interface. By changing the PA11 hard core to the TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethanes) soft core at a higher Tf of 280 oC, the impact strength of iPP/20TPU/0.5DCHT hybrid reaches 13 kJ/m2, which is 4 times of pure iPP, while the tensile strength only slightly decreases. This study provided a new strategy to optimize the mechanical properties of iPP by forming the core-shell structure and meanwhile tunning the assembly of nucleator at the interface.

Unveiling thermal treatment effects on the thermomechanical and IR optical properties of chalcogenide hybrid inorganic/organic polymers

Under a systematic thermal treatment, the thermomechanical and infrared optical properties of sulfur and/or selenium-based chalcogenide hybrid inorganic/organic polymers are improved.

A Computational Study of New Glitazones‐Sulphonylureas Hybrids as Potential Antidiabetic Agents

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with global cases expected to increase significantly in the coming decades. Existing treatments include sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which target insulin secretion and sensitivity. Hence, in this study, we have virtually designed a new hybrid of 2,4‐thiazolidinedione‐sulphonylureas 6a‐r by utilizing molecular hybridization of sulphonylurea and TZD moieties to enhance and improve their antidiabetic efficacy and bioavailability while eliminating their side effects. Furthermore, we have used computational techniques to evaluate the antidiabetic and pharmacokinetic properties of hybrids 6a‐r. The docking study of hybrids 6a‐r was assessed against five key proteins: α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, PPAR‐γ, DPPIV, and SGLT2. The SwissADME and PkCSM results revealed the favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and acceptable toxicity. Amongst the 2,4‐thiazolidinedione‐sulphonylurea hybrids 6a‐r investigated, glitazone 6c and rhodanine 6k emerged as the best inhibitors of DPPIV and SGLT2 with binding free energies of −38.76 kcal/mol and −36.45 kcal/mol respectively, as well as corresponding docking scores of −8.78 and −6.28 kcal/mol. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these binding to the enzymes' active sites. These findings suggest that glitazone and rhodanine hybrids can act as DPPIV and SGLT2 inhibitors, thus assisting in the drug discovery of new potential antidiabetic agents.

Oil Spill Response: Existing Technologies, Prospects and Perspectives

ABSTRACTThe growth of the economy and technological advancement has led to an increased demand for energy and the transportation of raw materials for the production of fuels, chemicals, and petroleum products. However, this increased activity has also resulted in an elevated risk of oil‐related disasters, which can have devastating consequences for the environment and local communities. More than 1700 oil spills have occurred, including severe spills such as the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, which released 134 million gallons. However, technological developments and restrictions have resulted in a significant reduction in spills. Oil spills happened in aquatic and terrestrial environments providing numerous impacts on wildlife and public health. Existing literature may have limited scope or depth; therefore, this review addresses the literature gap by discussing the strengths and limitations of current and emerging technologies for detecting, cleaning, and restoring oil‐contaminated marine and soil sites. Booms, skimmers, chemical agents (dispersants), and in situ burning are generally used for oil spill remediation. Other than conventional methods, numerous novel approaches including adsorbents (e.g., aerogels, carbon nanotubes, and other sorbents) and modified materials have been developed. For detection purposes, collaboration remote sensing and artificial intelligence are used as new emerging technologies. Modified oil adsorbents such as aerogels, sponges, and carbon nanotubes demonstrated high sorption capacity (> 100 g/g) for oil removal. Despite the challenges such as transport, high production cost, and toxicity, these emerging technologies have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oil spill remediation in the future. The materials with hybrid properties should be developed and more real‐scale tests should be tested to mitigate limitations in practical scenarios of developing novel sorbent modifications like nanoparticles and aerogels.

Growth and properties of hybrid Au-Co0.8Ni0.2nanowires embedded in SrTiO3/SrTiO3(001).

We present a sequential growth scheme based on pulsed laser deposition, which yields dense arrays of ultrathin, match-shaped Au/CoNi nanopillars, vertically embedded in SrTiO3thin films. Analysis of the magnetic properties of these nanocomposites reveals a pronounced out-of-plane anisotropy. We show that the latter not only results from the peculiar nanoarchitecture of the hybrid films but is further enhanced by strong magneto-structural coupling of the wires to the surrounding matrix. Finally, we provide a detailed overview of the optical response of these vertical nanostructures. Combining ellipsometry measurements with finite-difference time-domain simulations allows us to assess the potential of our self-assembly approach, as well as its possible shortcomings, for producing hybrid thin films with well-tailored magneto-plasmonic properties.

Theoretical Study on the Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Metal-Modified and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials.

Cr(VI) can cause great harm to human beings and the environment and often exists in the form of HCrO4̅ in aqueous environments. The adsorption characteristics of HCrO4̅ on nitrogen-doped and iron-nickel-modified carbon substrates were systematically investigated using first principles. The properties of electron transfer and orbital hybridization of the substrates and HCrO4̅ during the adsorption process were analyzed by electron deformation density and density of states. The electrons were donated by the metal atoms and gained by the oxygen atoms involved in the adsorption of HCrO4-. The binding energies of the substrates and metal atoms were larger than the cohesive energies of the metal atoms, indicating excellent structural stability. Both mono- and bimetallic modifications of the carbon materials by Fe/Ni were favorable for the adsorption of HCrO4-. The increased number of doped nitrogen atoms could promote the adsorption. Among them, (Fe,Ni)/N-C possesses the optimal adsorption of HCrO4-, with an adsorption energy of -4.64 eV. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the Fe-Ni bimetallic atoms simultaneously participate in the electron transfer and orbital hybridization, providing a new perspective for the adsorption of Cr(VI) on bimetallic-modified substrates.

Tailoring the Energetic Properties of Pyrazole Hybrids through Functionalization with Dinitromethyl and N-Hydroxytetrazole.

The functionalization of pyrazole-based compounds with dinitromethyl and N-hydroxytetrazole groups resulted in enhanced energetic properties. Two key compounds, 5-(dinitromethyl)-3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (5) and 5-(3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-ol (7), along with their salts, were synthesized and evaluated for their energetic properties. Notably, the bishydroxylammonium salts 5b (Dv: 8778 m·s-1; P: 33.1 GPa) and 7b (Dv: 8988 m·s-1; P: 34.6 GPa) demonstrated an optimal balance between high detonation performance, good thermal stability, and low sensitivity, outperforming RDX, and positioning them as promising candidates for advanced secondary energetic materials.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid [(18-Crown-6)K][MoOCl4(H2O)

Crown ether anchored organic-inorganic hybrid halides have been recently reported as interesting luminescent materials in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. Is it possible to develop such crown ether anchored hybrid materials for near infrared emission? Motivated by this question, we designed a new hybrid material, namely, [(18-Crown-6)K][MoOCl4(H2O)]. 18-Crown-6 ether bound with K+ form the cationic part [(18-Crown-6)K]+. The K+ of [(18-Crown-6)K]+ electrostatically interacts with Cl- of the anionic part [MoOCl4(H2O)]-, forming the hybrid crystal [(18-Crown-6)K][MoOCl4(H2O)]. It crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system with Pnma space group. The Mo(V) possesses one d-electron (d1) in point group symmetry in the [MoOCl4(H2O)]- polyhedra. This electronic configuration leads to multiple spin-allowed transitions along with a ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) resulting into multiple optical absorption bands in the near UV-visible-near infrared (NIR) region. The lowest energy transition via 2E ( , )/2E ( ) 2B2 ( ) leads to NIR PL with peak at 952 nm, but with a poor intensity at room temperature.

Cell-penetrating anti-sense peptide nucleic acids targeting sulfatase 2 inhibit adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells

Targeting the genes regulate the lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to adipocytes provides a promising strategy for addressing obesity. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of cell-penetrating anti-sense peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) designed to enhance solubility and hybridization properties, specifically targeting sulfatase 2 (SULF2), a potential reciprocal regulator of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation in hMSCs. Cell-penetrating modified PNA oligomers effectively inhibit SULF2 gene transcription, leading to significant reductions in adiponectin protein synthesis and intracellular lipid droplet accumulation during adipogenesis in human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs). Notably, PNA oligomer compound 5 exhibited the most potent anti-adipogenic activity, with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM. These findings show the potential of SULF2-targeting cell-penetrating PNA oligomers as novel therapeutic agents for obesity-related metabolic diseases.