Hybrid Storage Research Articles

MnNbS/Polyaniline Composite‐Based Electrode Material for High‐Performance Energy Storage Hybrid Supercapacitor Device

Hybrid supercapacitor or supercapattery devices have gained significant attention for their impressive power (Pd) and energy densities (Ed), as well as their exceptional cyclic stability compared to traditional storage devices. In this study, manganese niobium sulfide (MnNbS) is synthesized using a hydrothermal method. To enhance the electrochemical performance of MnNbS, polyaniline (PANI) is blended at varying mass ratios. Initially, the electrochemical properties of MnNbS/PANI are evaluated using a three‐electrode configuration, consisting of working, counter, and reference electrodes. At a current density of 2 A g−1, MnNbS/PANI exhibits an improved specific capacity () of 1366 C g−1. Subsequently, to develop a supercapattery energy storage device, a two‐electrode system is constructed. This setup offers enhanced performance and flexibility, making it an ideal choice for high‐performance supercapacitors. Activated carbon (AC) and MnNbS/PANI are employed as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, in the two‐electrode system. Notably, the device demonstrates outstanding energy density (Ed) of 26.2 Wh kg−1, power density (Pd) of 2072 W kg−1, and specific capacity of 118 C g−1. Furthermore, durability tests involving 1000 charge–discharge cycles reveal a capacity retention of 79%. This study suggests that MnNbS/PANI (at a weight ratio of 80/20%) holds promise as an electrode material for supercapattery applications.

Power management strategy for photovoltaic system with hybrid storage (Batteries/Supercapacitors)

This paper is presented in regard to the interesting continuous interest attributed to photovoltaic energy systems (PESs). To this aim, a study of an isolated photovoltaic system with hybrid storage (HS) is presented. Supercapacitors (SCs) are typically used because of their high specific power density.. Combining batteries and supercapacitors is a solution to maximize their benefits. In this work, the HS is a combinaison of batteries and supercapacitors. The goal of this work is to build a new management algorithm. This aforementioned technique will ensure the control of energy flow between system power sources. Furthermore, it will regulate the charge/discharge cycles of the proposed HS by maintaining their state of charge (SOC) between a desired minimum and maximum values. The proposed method is simple, efficient and it is not computationally heavy. The obtained simulation results are satisfactory and show the interest and effectiveness of the proposed management strategy.

Security constrained optimal power flow solution of hybrid storage integrated cleaner power systems

In an attempt to accelerate the progress towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), optimal utilization of renewable energy (SDG7) in power system operation is gaining enormous attention. Towards effective mitigation of rapid depletion of fossil fuels, volatility in the price of oil, greenhouse gas emissions and upholding a greener and cleaner ecosystem, hybrid power systems (HPS) comes into consideration. However, the inherent volatility of renewable sources may jeopardize the stability of the power system and result in vulnerability in system operations. Thus, to address the issues on the voltage security and operational economy of HPS, this work presents the incorporation of battery energy storage (BES) and pumped hydro storage (PHS) with wind-PV-thermal (WPT) generation facilities. The benefit of hybridizing both small scale storage and large–scale energy storage technologies is to effectively mitigate lower energy imbalance and to manage disruptions or vulnerable events that occur for longer periods of time. Therefore, a comparative evaluation among WPT and WPT + BES + PHS is conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of hybrid storage integrated systems in a security constrained optimal power flow framework. This proposed work aims in evaluating the optimal operational paradigms for various HPS with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) based scheduling strategies. The comparative results show that the WPT + BES + PHS system depicts an annual savings in the operating cost by US$5.764×104 approximately while improving the system voltage by 3.6% to 4.5%. Following the key criteria of SDG7, the optimal scheduling of WPT + BES + PHS falls within the scope of SDG7. IEEE30 bus benchmark power network is used to validate the proposed operating strategy on HPS configurations.

Economic and energetic assessment of a hybrid vanadium redox flow and lithium-ion batteries, considering power sharing strategies impact

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) combine different energy storage technologies aiming at overall system performance and lifetime improvement compared to a single technology system. In this work, control combinations for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB, 5/60 kW/kWh) and a lithium-ion battery (LIB, 3.3/9.8 kW/kWh) are investigated for the design of a HESS. A literature review presents the available energy management/power allocation options that are being studied and applied worldwide in batteries. There is an identified need for opportunities to address better HESS configuration's economic and energy perspective for building applications. The justification of investment in such HESS should improve indicators on use scenarios based on energy management compared to single-battery scenarios. In that context, four scenarios for real-time algorithms application approaches are considered to operate the hybrid storage solution through a 15-year economic and energetic analysis using experimentally validated battery performance models. The results obtained for each scenario are compared with a single technology battery performance to analyse this HESS pair competitiveness and the relevance of the power-sharing techniques among the different ESS technologies, which should be weighted. In the definition of the scenarios, real electricity generation is considered from two solar photovoltaic installations (3.2 kWp and 6.7 kWp) and an estimated representative load of a services building. HESS performance is evaluated through specific energy and economic key performance indicators. The results indicate that using customised energy management strategies (EMSs) renders the VRFB and LIB characteristics complementary, besides enhancing the competitiveness of VRFB as a single technology. Moreover, the HESS management impacts the seasonality factor, contributing to the overall electric system smart management.

Cache eviction for SSD-HDD hybrid storage based on sequential packing

Hybrid storage systems consist of NAND flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) and conventional hard disk drives (HDDs). In which, the SSD device commonly acts as a cache for HDDs, to not only reduce overall power consumption, but also enhance responsiveness of a system. Cache eviction, which is responsible for moving the data out of SSD during garbage collection (GC) so as to maximize the use efficiency of cache, may greatly affect normal I/O processing. This paper proposes a technique of sequential packing-based cache eviction, which groups the flushed data pages in the GC block, with the (cold) sequential address data located in other SSD blocks. Then, the packed data pages can be flushed together onto the lower level storage of HDDs, to fully use their high sequential bandwidth. As a result, our approach can cut down negative effects of write amplification on the SSD cache, and contribute to better I/O performance of SSD-HDD hybrid storage.

A Universal SMR-aware Cache Framework with Deep Optimization for DM-SMR and HM-SMR Disks

To satisfy the enormous storage capacities required for big data, data centers have been adopting high-density shingled magnetic recording (SMR) disks. However, the weak fine-grained random write performance of SMR disks caused by their inherent write amplification and unbalanced read–write performance poses a severe challenge. Many studies have proposed solid-state drive (SSD) cache systems to address this issue. However, existing cache algorithms, such as the least recently used (LRU) algorithm, which is used to optimize cache popularity, and the MOST algorithm, which is used to optimize the write amplification factor, cannot exploit the full performance of the proposed cache systems because of their inappropriate optimization objectives. This article proposes a new SMR-aware cache framework called SAC+ to improve SMR-based hybrid storage. SAC+ integrates the two dominant types of SMR drives—namely, drive-managed and host-managed SMR drives—and provides a universal framework implementation. In addition, SAC+ integrally combines the drive characteristics to optimize I/O performance. The results of evaluations conducted using real-world traces indicate that SAC+ reduces the I/O time by 36–93% compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.

Development of a Control Strategy for the Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Standalone Microgrid

The intermediate energy storage system is very necessary for the standalone multi-source renewable energy system to increase stability, reliability of supply, and power quality. Among the most practical energy storage solutions is combining supercapacitors and chemical batteries. However, the major problem in this kind of application is the design of the power management, as well as the control scheme of hybrid energy storage systems. The focal purpose of this paper is to develop a novel approach to control DC bus voltage based on the reference power's frequency decomposition. This paper uses a storage system combined of batteries and supercapacitors. These later are integrated in the multi-source renewable energy system to supply an AC load. This technique uses the low-pass filters' properties to control the DC bus voltage by balancing the generated green power and the fluctuating load. The hybrid storage system regulates power fluctuations by absorbing surplus power and providing required power. The results show good performances of the proposed control scheme, such as low battery current charge/discharge rates, lower current stress level on batteries, voltage control improvements, which lead to increase the battery life.

Hybrid lithium-ion battery and hydrogen energy storage systems for a wind-supplied microgrid

Microgrids with high shares of variable renewable energy resources, such as wind, experience intermittent and variable electricity generation that causes supply–demand mismatches over multiple timescales. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and hydrogen (H2) are promising technologies for short- and long-duration energy storage, respectively. A hybrid LIB-H2 energy storage system could thus offer a more cost-effective and reliable solution to balancing demand in renewable microgrids. Recent literature has modeled these hybrid storage systems; however, it remains unknown how anticipated, but uncertain, cost reductions and performance improvements will impact overall system cost and composition in the long term. Here, we developed a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for sizing the components (wind turbine, electrolyser, fuel cell, hydrogen storage, and lithium-ion battery) of a 100% wind-supplied microgrid in Canada. Compared to using just LIB or H2 alone for energy storage, the hybrid storage system was found to provide significant cost reductions. A sensitivity analysis showed that components of the H2 subsystem meaningfully impact the total microgrid cost, while the impact of the LIB subsystem is dominated by its energy storage capacity costs. Regarding efficiency, decreased electrolyzer efficiency causes the greatest increase in total system cost, whereas increased fuel cell efficiency has the greatest potential to reduce total system cost. As technologies evolve, the H2 subsystem assumes a greater role (i.e., it is larger and receives/supplies more energy over more hours) compared to the LIB subsystem, but LIB continues to provide frequent intra-day balancing in the microgrid.

Multi-criteria optimisation of fermentative and solar-driven electrolytic hydrogen and electricity supply-demand network with hybrid storage system

Harnessing renewable resources such as solar energy and biogenic waste for hydrogen production offers a path toward a carbon-neutral industrial economy. This study suggests the development of a renewable-based hydrogen and power supply facility (HPSF) that relies on fermentation and solar-driven electrolysis technologies to achieve penetration of renewable hydrogen and electricity in the industrial symbiosis. Literature studies reported that the hybrid battery-hydrogen storage system could effectively improve the sustainability and reliability of renewable energy supplies, yet its application under diurnal and seasonal renewable resource variations has not been well studied. Hence, this work develops a multi-criteria optimisation framework for the configuration design of the proposed HPSF that concurrently targets industrial hydrogen and electrical loads with the consideration of diurnal and seasonal renewable resource variations. Case scenarios with different storage applications are presented to evaluate the role of storage in improving economic and environmental sustainability. The results show that the application of hybrid storage with molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) systems is preferred from a comprehensive sustainability standpoint, which improves the sustainability-weighted return-on-investment metric (SWROIM) score by 4%/yr compared to HPSF without storage application. On the other hand, the application of a single-battery system is the most economical solution with a return on investment (ROI) of 0.7%/yr higher than the hybrid storage approach. The research outcome could provide insights into the integration of fermentative and solar-driven electrolytic hydrogen production technologies into the industrial symbiosis to further enhance a sustainable economy.

Multicriteria Optimisation of the Structure of a Hybrid Power Supply System for a Single-Family Housing Estate in Poland, Taking into Account Different Electromobility Development Scenarios

This article focuses on determining the optimum structure for a hybrid generation and storage system designed to power a single-family housing estate, taking into account the different number of electric vehicles in use and an assumed level of self-consumption of the generated energy. In terms of generation, two generation sections—wind and solar—and a lithium-ion container storage system will be taken into account. With regards to energy consumption, household load curves, determined on the basis of the tariff for residential consumers and modified by a random disturbance, will be taken into account, as well as the processes for charging electric cars with AC chargers, with power outputs ranging between 3.6 and 22 kW. Analyses were carried out for three locations in Poland—the Baltic Sea coast (good wind conditions), the Lublin Uplands (the best insolation in Poland) and the Carpathian foothills (poor wind and insolation conditions). The mathematical and numerical model of the system and the MOPSO (multiobjective particle swarm optimisation) algorithm were implemented in the Matlab environment. The results include Pareto fronts (three optimisation criteria: minimisation of energy storage capacity, minimisation of energy exchanged with the power grid and maximisation of the self-consumption rate) for the indicated locations and three electromobility development scenarios with determined NPVs (net present values) for a 20-year lifetime. The detailed results relate to the inclusion of an additional expert criterion in the form of a coupled payback period of no more than 10 years, a maximum NPV in the last year of operation and a self-consumption rate of at least 80%. The economic calculations take into account the decrease in PV installation capacity as a function of the year of operation, as well as changes in electricity and petrol prices and variations in energy prices at purchase and sale.

Polyoxometalate/MXene hybrid film with a 3D porous structure for high-performance electrochromic supercapacitors

MXenes (2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) are attractive pseudocapacitive electrode materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications. The layered structure of MXenes provides intercalation pseudocapacitance properties and numerous reaction sites; however, nanosheet agglomeration and stacking reduce the reaction site availability and limit the electrochemical reaction dynamics of the interlayer ions. In this study, a unique electrochromic-energy storage hybrid film (NW/P2W17Ni/Ti3C2Tx), based on a Ni mono-substituted Dawson-type polyoxometalate (P2W17Ni) and a 2D transition metal carbide (Ti3C2Tx), was produced by the combination of a hydrothermal process and layer-by-layer self-assembly method. With positively charged polyelectrolyte polyetherimide (PEI) as a linker, negatively charged Ti3C2Tx layered sheets and P2W17Ni polyanions were deposited on a TiO2 nanowire (NW) array to form a 3D porous structure which prevented the stacking of nanoparticles and sheets, provided more ion transmission paths, and enhanced the ion transfer kinetics. The NW/P2W17Ni/Ti3C2Tx hybrid film demonstrated elevenfold higher areal capacitance (16.1 mF cm−2, 0.6 mA cm−2) than a pure Ti3C2Tx film (1.4 mF cm−2, 0.6 mA cm−2), and the retention rate reached 100% after 1000 cycles. The asymmetric electrochromic supercapacitor (ECSC) assembled with the NW/P2W17Ni/Ti3C2Tx film as the cathode exhibited a high capacity with significant dual-band regulation in the visible and near-infrared regions. The ECSC illuminated a light-emitting diode and achieved high-speed color switching between olive green and dark azure blue during the charging and discharging processes, demonstrating the energy storage status. These results could lead to considerable advances in the development of MXene-based ECSCs.

Influence of deposition current and different electrolytes on charge storage performance of Co3O4 electrode material

The influence of deposition current and various electrolytes on the charge storage of Co3O4 electrode material has been studied in the supercapacitor, which opens a new area in green energy storage. The cathodic electrodeposition approach was used to synthesize Co3O4 electrode materials. The XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, and contact angle meters were used to study the structural, morphological, optical, and wettability of Co3O4 electrode materials. The influence of the deposition current was observed on crystallite size, morphological structures, and charge storage performance. XRD reveals the cubic polycrystalline structure of Co3O4 materials. SEM elucidates the interconnected porous Co3O4 electrode (PSCE) nanomaterial morphology. The surface area of the PSCE-I3 electrode is 56.224 m2/g with a mesoporous structure. The optical analysis was confirmed by FTIR and UV–Vis spectra. The optimized PSCE-I3 materials show good electrochemical results in 1 M KOH electrolyte, with a maximum specific capacitance efficiency of 833.6 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 2 mVs−1 and a power and energy density of 12.39 kW kg−1 and 158.20 Wh Kg−1, respectively. The PSCE electrode has excellent electrochemical durability, retaining 58% of its capacity after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Thus, PSCE is a promising candidate material for charge storage hybrid supercapacitor in an aqueous 1 M KOH electrolyte.

Optimal Sizing of Battery and Super-Capacitor Based on the MOPSO Technique via a New FC-HEV Application

In light of the energy and environment issues, fuel cell vehicles have many advantages, including high efficiency, low-temperature operation, and zero greenhouse gas emissions, making them an excellent choice for urban environments where air pollution is a significant problem. The dynamics of fuel cells, on the other hand, are relatively slow, owing principally to the dynamics of the air compressor and the dynamics of manifold filling. Because these dynamics can limit the overall performance of fuel cell vehicles, two key technologies that have emerged as critical components of electric vehicle powertrains are batteries and supercapacitors. However, choosing the best hybrid energy storage system that combines a battery and a supercapacitor is a critical task nowadays. An electric vehicle simulated application by MATLAB Code is modeled in this article using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization technique (MOPSO) to determine the appropriate type of batteries and supercapacitors in the SFTP-SC03 drive cycle. This application optimized both component sizing and power management at the same time. Batteries of five distinct types (Lithium, Li-ion, Li-S, Ni-Nicl2, and Ni-MH) and supercapacitors of two different types (Maxwell BCAP0003 and ESHSR-3000CO) were used. Each storage component is distinguished by its weight, capacity, and cost. As a consequence, using a Li-ion battery with the Maxwell BCAP0003 represented the optimal form of hybrid storage in our driving conditions, reducing fuel consumption by approximately 0.43% when compared to the ESHSR-3000CO.

WITHDRAWN: Short term optimal scheduling of a virtual power plants integrated with electrothermal hybrid energy storage system using an effective adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm

virtual power plants (VPPs) in the power distribution grid play an important role in balancing the power and heat generation and consumption in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. This study proposes VPPs for risk-averse energy exchange of resources and customers in the presence of the hybrid storage system. An appropriate energy management program is presented to make a balance between generators and consumers in VPPs considering generation uncertainties including electricity demand and price forecasting in the electricity market and renewable energy uncertainties. Hence, monetary exchange methods such as day-ahead agreements are proposed for energy exchange among VPPs. The expanded exchange structure of the suggested framework simplifies the renewable energy's sources to the electricity market despite its small-scale and non-dispatchable features. Also, a novel model is presented for short-term programing of virtual power plant considering technical and economic uncertainties. Given that VPPs can enter the electricity market based on time-of-use (TOU) pricing strategy and participation in demand response (DR) program, minimizing the expected cost of energy generation and environmental pollution is considered as the objective function. A multi-objective efficient model of energy management employing the machine speed scaling mechanism is suggested. An effective adaptive multi-objective differential evolution (AMODE) algorithm is presented to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. AMODE usages a novel Fitness Evaluation Mechanism (FEM) using dynamic reference point and fuzzy association randomness study to evaluate solutions in the evolutionary population by implementing the conditional value at risk (CVaR) method for risk management. The simulation studies and sensitivity analysis results are evaluated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model on a VPP in the island and grid-connected modes with and without participation in DR program. Finally, the conceptual results are discussed.

Operation optimization strategy of a BIPV-battery storage hybrid system

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system attracts increasing attention of researchers due to environmentally friendly and saving land resource. Combining storage battery with BIPV can improve the flexibility of the entire system, which is promising for distributed renewable energy application. However, how to optimally dispatch the hourly energy flow of PV panel, storage battery and power grid based on a building load is crucial and less investigated. In the paper, a multi-restricted condition nonlinear optimization model is established for a BIPV-battery storage hybrid system under different building loads at a clear day. The optimization model was solved by fmincon function through MATLAB code. In the optimization, overall minimum daily cost including facility cost of the hybrid system, electric price and carbon price were considered as objective function to obtain optimal operation strategy of hourly power distributions of PV, battery and grid for daily building consumption. The key finding indicates that the system has high dependence on power gird when the office building load is heavy, while reduces the depending of power grid as the electrical demand is decreased. Under full-load resident building scenario, when the system with battery cost of 800 Yuan/kW·h or higher, the redundant green power generated by photovoltaic (PV) is sold to power grid in real time to earn extra profit, while the green power is accumulated in the storage batteries as storage battery cost is declined. Moreover, the resident building with BIPV-battery storage hybrid system has less dependence on power gird during day time, realizing self-sufficiency. Under all the scenarios, high storage battery cost limits the capacity of storage battery. And the CO2 emission is reduced as the BIPV-battery storage hybrid system is adopted.

Self-Tuning Multiport Resonant DC/DC Converter Based on Actively-Controlled Inductors for Hybrid Storage System Integration

In the field of electric mobility, in particular heavy-duty electric vehicles and long-haul trucks, the energy systems are susceptible to transients with different amplitudes and dynamics due to the high power demand. With the combination of high power and long distances, the available battery technologies become insufficient as a single energy source for such a system. Thus, the integration of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) with different energy capabilities, such as fuel cells, battery packs, and supercapacitors, is highly required. In this context, for leveraging HESSs in an efficient way, a resonant multiwinding transformer-based converter is proposed to interconnect these different energy storage systems (ESSs) since the resonant converters are able to operate at a wider range of switching frequencies and, hence, a wider soft-switching range. However, due to the multiple resonant circuits and possible parameter deviations, the control capability might be compromised. Thus, a multiport resonant dc/dc converter embedded with variable inductors is proposed to enhance the power flow management among these different ESSs with reduced conversion stages. Further, the proposed concept can also improve the immunity to parameter deviations on the resonant by compensating for possible variations at the resonant frequencies. Finally, simulations and experimental results of a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{20} \;\text{kW}$</tex-math></inline-formula> four-port resonant dc/dc converter embedded with variable inductors are shown to prove the effectiveness of the proposed concept.

Optimum Sizing and Modeling of Stand-Alone DC Microgrid With Hybrid Energy Storage System for Domestic Applications: Cost of Energy, Net Present Cost, and Feasible Configurations

In this article, optimum sizing and modeling of a stand-alone dc microgrid (DCMG) system for domestic applications with hybrid storage system is been proposed. The hybrid storage system consists of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) and supercapacitor (SC). The DCMG is designed to meet the load requirements of a house located in Aruppukottai, in the southern region of Tamil Nadu, India. The daily energy demand is estimated as 7.77 kWh with a peak load of 1.19 kW. This DCMG is designed and simulated by using Homer Pro software. The optimum sizing of solar photovoltaics (PVs), wind turbine (WT), LIB, and SC is evaluated based on cost of energy (CoE) and net present cost (NPC), and all feasible configurations are discussed. The feasible configurations include PV+LIB, PV+WT+LIB, WT+LB, PV+WT+SC, PV+SC, and WT+SC and are compared in terms of CoE and NPC. The results show that the PV+LIB architecture is the optimum configuration, with a CoE of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\$}$</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.2/kWh and an NPC of $7,334.

How does solid‐state drives cluster perform for distributed file systems: An empirical study

SummaryAs the capacity of Solid‐State Drives (SSDs) is constantly being optimised and boosted with gradually reduced cost, the SSD cluster is now widely deployed as part of the hybrid storage system in various scenarios such as cloud computing and big data processing. However, despite its rapid developments, the performance of the SSD cluster remains largely under‐investigated, leaving its sub‐optimal applications in reality. To address this issue, in this paper we conduct extensive empirical studies for a comprehensive understanding of the SSD cluster in diverse settings. To this end, we configure a real SSD cluster and gather the generated trace data based on some often‐used benchmarks, then adopt analytical methods to analyse the performance of the SSD cluster with different configurations. In particular, regression models are built to provide better performance predictability under broader configurations, and the correlations between influential factors and performance metrics with respect to different numbers of nodes are investigated, which reveal the high scalability of the SSD cluster. Additionally, the cluster's network bandwidth is inspected to explain the performance bottleneck. Finally, the knowledge gained is summarised to benefit the SSD cluster deployment in practice.

Rapid sizing of a hydrogen-battery storage for an offshore wind farm using convex programming

This paper carries out a comprehensive analysis on an offshore wind farm equipped with a hybrid storage comprised of hydrogen and battery, from the perspective of economic effectiveness. To rapidly evaluate the system economy, a computationally efficient convex program that takes the nonlinear storage efficiencies into account is provided, which can simultaneously and synergistically optimize the storage sizing and energy management over a long offshore wind cycle. In the analysis, a case study on the optimal configuration and operation of the hybrid storage is thoroughly investigated, answering what the scalings are and how the storage functions in the offshore wind farm. Comparisons to other offshore wind farms with none or only one storage type further demonstrate the advantage of combining hydrogen plant and battery. Influences of the offshore wind electricity price of grid parity and hydrogen price on the system economies, in the terms of total annual cost, net annual profit and hydrogen production cost, are also discussed, revealing sensitivity and dependency of the scalings. Finally, this paper presents the future potential of applying hydrogen plant in the offshore wind farm, from the angles of hydrogen production cost and energy saving.

MCB: a multidevice cooperative buffer management strategy for boosting the write performance of the SSD-SMR hybrid storage

MCB: a multidevice cooperative buffer management strategy for boosting the write performance of the SSD-SMR hybrid storage