Hybrid Propulsion Research Articles

Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of a Liquid Cooling Thermal Management System for Hybrid Fuel Cell Aircraft

The objective of this work is to perform a comprehensive system analysis of a liquid-cooling thermal management system for a hybrid-electric aircraft using fuel cells for general aviation by sizing and optimizing the system with respect to a given objective. A sensitivity analysis on the different design parameters and model assumptions is also performed and their impact on the aircraft and its performances will be assessed. Firstly, the case study is defined and an optimization is run with some initial assumptions leading to a feasibility study for the implementation of this system. The sensitivity analysis is then undergone for the chosen coolant type and fuel cell stack temperature selected after the first optimization. Incorporating the findings of this analysis, a second optimization is run on the thermal management system with improved inputs in order to demonstrate a scenario with reduced penalty on the aircraft. Preliminary results show that implementing this hybrid propulsion system along with its thermal management is feasible with a reduction in payload and range. In addition, it can be concluded that initial assumptions and design choices are shown to have a significant impact on the system’s sizing and should be considered in aircraft sizing design loops.

Defining innovative areas and prospects to develop the patenting of technological advances in the automotive power plant industry

The object of this study is the field of patenting of technological advances registered in the world in the field of automotive power plants. The subject of the study is the dynamics of patenting in the automotive power plant industry, associated with the need to harmonize the trajectories of technological development with global trends in energy efficiency and manufacturability, in order to ensure sustainable economic growth. Patenting in the industry is considered in the following areas: gasoline engines, diesel engines, hybrid cars, electric cars, hydrogen cars. The relevance of this study is determined by the general desire of society to innovate through the latest tools and the introduction of systemic measures to comprehensively address the problem of increasing energy efficiency and reducing air pollution caused by road transport. The paper analyzes the statistics of patents registered in the world, examines patent activity and trends in the patenting of technological advances in the automotive industry from 2010 to 2022. In the industry of gasoline and diesel engines, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, the current work investigates through systematization and analysis of important aspects of patenting statistics and innovation dynamics. For the period of 2017–2022, the average increase in the number of registered patents per year compared to the previous period was found to be 1.37 times higher for the area of "hybrid vehicles", 1.3 times higher for the area of "electric vehicles", and 26 times higher for the area of "hydrogen vehicles". A comparative analysis of the number of registered patents by areas was carried out, further patenting rates were predicted, and priority areas of research and innovation were identified

Електромагнітна небезпека електро- і гібридного транспорту

The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of electromagnetic radiation from electric vehicles. Hybrid and electric cars emit extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or magnetic fields. Studies of EMF levels emitted by cars show that they pose a threat to human health. Measurements of the magnetic induction of internal combustion engine cars, electric cars, and hybrid cars confirm that the magnetic field induction of an electric car is twice as high as that of an internal combustion engine car and does not depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is greater than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction during external charging of an electric vehicle in the cabin is much lower than when driving. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of an electric vehicle is 0.85 ± 0.18 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The magnetic field induction of an electric vehicle is twice as high as that of a car with an internal combustion engine and does not depend on the speed of movement. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of a hybrid car is 1.28 ± 0.61 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P=0.95. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is higher than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement.The conducted studies show that electrical equipment in electric vehicles and, in particular, in an electric car and a hybrid car is a source of alternating EMF with strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the frequency range from 0 to hundreds of megahertz. This is due to the fact that the MF in an electric vehicle and a hybrid car is a superposition of fields from many sources. The direct sources of MF in electric vehicles are traction motors, rechargeable traction batteries, current-carrying elements, various electrical equipment, such as starting and braking resistance, group switches, rheostat units, electrical circuits for ventilation, lighting, heating, etc. Electronic devices on board are usually higher-frequency than MFs due to changes in the driving mode of electric and hybrid vehicles.

Dual-Sided Rotor Design for Performance Boost of Synchronous Reluctance Motors in Electric Vehicles

Increasing environmental awareness is pushing the design of electic motors to favor none rare-earth solutions (i.e., without permanent magnets), and one such example is the SyncRM 2 (or concentrated-coiled SRM2) being proposed for the electric hybrid automobile Toyota Yaris. Following on an already established line of research on this topic, this article proposes a new design that re-assigns most of the magnetic material in the stator to the rotor—resulting in the Dual-sided SyncRM (a variant of the SRM2). The detrimental effect (caused by the extra gap) of slightly reducing the aligned inductance is overwhelmingly outweighed by the beneficial effect of drastically reducing the unaligned inductance. Extensive back-to-back FEMM analysis was conducted, where the recomputed SRM2 matches previous research, providing confidence to the favorable predictions of the Dual-sided SyncRM. Both performances are compared, with the venue being available for download on an open-source database. A realistic photo-rendered three-dimensional model is displayed and also available. An important outcome is the Dual-sided SyncRM torque (and power) increased by 29% (with respect to the SRM2), achieving a saliency ratio of 10 and an efficiency boost to 91% (at the rated operational speed of 1200rpm).

Layered Transition Metal Sulfides for Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractSupercapacitor (SC) devices holds an important position between traditional capacitors and ion batteries in terms of energy density and power density values. In particular, SC′s greater power density values than Li‐ion batteries make them useful for some specific applications, such as storing energy in hybrid cars while the car slows down. Increasing energy density values is one of the key challenges for the SC community. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), are one of the new developing important material systems to have this potential, compared to their counterparts’ transition metal oxides and conductive polymers. This review is about giving insight into the electrochemical performances of two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal sulfides (TMS) such as MoS2, WS2, TaS2, NbS2, VS2, TiS2 and ZrS2 materials. On the other hand, the methods mostly used in synthesizing these materials are presented.

Oversizing Novel Aircraft Propulsion Systems for Power Redundancy

Abstract This paper expands the one-engine-inoperative conventional oversizing consideration to account for aircraft propulsion systems with multiple energy sources and thrust-generating media. Components in a generic hybrid propulsion system are categorized into power-generation, power-transmission, and thrust-generation. For a given architecture, each possible single component failure is simulated to identify elements affected or eliminated by the respective loss of power, through the use of connection matrices. Failures are linked to losses in supplied and propulsive power, creating a list of oversizing factors for all individual components. Each element is oversized according to its corresponding maximum oversizing rate, defining the ideally redundant propulsion system. Case studies for conventional, all-electric, and hybrid-electric powertrains highlight the need for balancing the number of components between minimizing excess power and increasing the probability of a failure. Additionally, it is shown that asymmetrical configurations should not have a major imbalance of power to avoid significant oversizing. The proposed methodology is applied to a 19-passenger, commuter aircraft. Increasing oversizing rate close to ideal leads to lower optimum energy consumption and boosts redundancy. However, payload capacity penalties are required, up to four passengers for ideal oversizing. Heavier variants without penalties are up to 4% more efficient in terms of energy-per-weight in their carrying capacity against counterparts of the same oversize rate with reduced payload capacity. The proposed method maintains the principles of the conventional oversizing process and highlights the tradeoffs needed between redundancy and performance in sizing novel propulsion systems.

Performance and Emission of the Aircraft with Hybrid Propulsion During Take-Off Operation Cycle

Performance and Emission of the Aircraft with Hybrid Propulsion During Take-Off Operation Cycle

Multivariable analysis of vortex generator-aided heat transfer enhancement for 18650 battery thermal management system

Currently, electric vehicles and hybrid cars have emerged as global solutions to replace internal combustion engine vehicles, with lithium-ion batteries being the most widely chosen option due to their low discharge rates and high energy density. Air-cooling systems, recognized for their cost-effectiveness and stability, are extensively employed in the thermal management systems of automotive batteries. However, conventional air-cooling models exhibit drawbacks in uniformly cooling battery packs. In this study, a numerical investigation is conducted to explore the enhanced cooling heat transfer facilitated by a vortex generator in the air-cooled battery thermal management system. The heat generation and transfer of a battery pack are analyzed using the experimentally validated 2C discharge heat dissipation model for batteries. The assessment focuses on the impact of a vortex generator on the heat transfer performance of a series-connected battery pack. The results indicate that fluid mixing, boundary layer modification, and flow instability are the primary factors contributing to enhanced heat transfer. Through the utilization of orthogonal experimental design and fuzzy grey relational analysis, the influence of three parameters (vortex generator position, angle of attack, and fin height) on thermal performance was systematically analyzed. The analysis reveals that the vortex generator position exerts the most significant impact on the heat transfer index, followed by height, with the angle having the least effect. Nusselt number and entropy generation were chosen as optimization indicators for a comparative analysis of enhancing heat transfer with and without optimized vortex generator assistance. The research results demonstrate that the optimal scenario occurs when entropy generation is minimized, resulting in a 56.4 % reduction in temperature difference (2.66 K) and a 12.1 % decrease in the maximum temperature (2.75 K). This study provides valuable guidance for further optimizing battery thermal management.

Alternative Propulsion in Railway Passenger Transport – the Way to Green Transport

Alternative and hybrid propulsions in railway passenger transport can significantly contribute to the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants around non or semi-electrified railway lines, what is beneficial for the environment and human health. These new technologies can bring savings in operational and societal costs. The article deals with the comparison of the production of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions when using different rolling stocks (diesel, hybrid, etc.) on the semi-electrified railway line Vrútky - Horná Štubňa. Based on available valuations of individual types of externalities, the external costs are calculated for different rolling stocks taking into account the parameters of the selected railway line (electrified or non-electrified section of the line, rural or central area and so on).

IoT-Enabled Predictive Maintenance for Sustainable Transportation Fleets

This research examines the profound effects of integrating IoT-enabled predictive maintenance in sustainable transportation fleets. By using real-time sensor data, this implementation aims to enhance fleet dependability and operational efficiency. The fleet, including a variety of vehicles such as electric buses, hybrid cars, electric trucks, CNG-powered vans, and hybrid buses, is constantly monitored using IoT sensors that capture important characteristics like engine temperature, battery voltage, and brake wear percentages. The predictive maintenance algorithms adapt maintenance schedules in response to live sensor data, enabling a proactive strategy that tackles prospective problems before they result in major failures. The examination of the maintenance records reveals prompt actions, showcasing the system’s efficacy in reducing operational interruptions and improving the overall dependability of the fleet. Moreover, the examination of percentage change confirms the system’s flexibility, demonstrating its capacity to anticipate fluctuations in engine temperature, battery voltage, and brake wear. The findings highlight the system’s ability to adapt to various operating situations and its contribution to lowering maintenance expenses while enhancing operational effectiveness. The established approach incorporates ethical issues, such as data security and privacy, to ensure responsible adoption of IoT technology. This study has broader ramifications beyond the particular dataset, providing a detailed plan for incorporating IoTenabled predictive maintenance into contemporary transportation infrastructures. The study’s findings offer valuable insights into the potential of proactive maintenance strategies to transform the transportation industry towards sustainability. This contributes to a future where fleets operate with increased efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and improved reliability.

Harness EMI Problems for the Hybrid and Electric Aeronautical Propulsion Systems of Tomorrow

Harness EMI Problems for the Hybrid and Electric Aeronautical Propulsion Systems of Tomorrow

Active and Semiactive Suspension Systems for Minimizing Tire Wear in Articulated Vehicles

ABSTRACT Electric and hybrid propulsion systems for articulated vehicles have been gaining increased attention, with the aim to decrease exhaust particle emissions. However, the more environmentally-friendly electric or hybrid articulated vehicles are expected to have increased nonexhaust pollution-related sources because of their significantly increased mass compared with conventional vehicles. One of the main sources of nonexhaust pollution is tire wear, which could potentially cancel the benefits of removing the exhaust through electrification. Tire wear is mainly affected by internal (tire structure and shape) and external (suspension configuration, speed, road surface, etc.) factors. This work focuses on suspension systems and, more specifically, on the ability of active and semiactive suspensions to decrease tire wear in an articulated vehicle. In this direction, an articulated vehicle model that incorporates the tread in its modeling is built to study tire wear during cornering over a class C road. A novel active suspension design based on the H approach is suggested in this work and is compared with passive, semiactive, and other active suspension systems. The suspension systems are also compared mainly with regard to tire wear levels but also with other vehicle performance aspects (i.e., comfort and road holding). The H∞ active suspension design is the most effective in decreasing tire wear, with decreases of about 8% to 11%, but without neglecting the rest of the objectives.

Performances of an in-line deep learning-based inspection system for surface defects of die-cast components for hybrid vehicles

The detection of surface defects is a critical activity for quality assurance of automotive products. Deep learning (DL) methods range among the most suitable tools to support this task. They allow the inspection system to learn how to detect surface defects on the basis of a series of sample images. However, most of the past studies regard laboratory experiments. This study demonstrates the actual integration of an inspection system into an industrial production plant to perform surface defect inspection operations on machined and unmachined areas of aluminium components for hybrid cars. The proposed DL method is practical for industry, where the number of available defect samples is low. Experimental results showed a True Positive Rate of 98%.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ УСЛОВИЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОЙ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ГИБРИДНЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ

The article provides a set of assessment methods that allow us to formulate criteria for the efficiency of hybrid cars. To predict the fuel efficiency of hybrid vehicles under given operating conditions, a theoretical calculation method is used, in which the hybrid engine is considered as a system in which energy from the gasoline engine is transmitted to the drive wheels through several energy chains. Taking into account the design features and the type of hybrid engine, energy trans-fer losses and fuel consumption are determined. As an example, the results of assessing the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of cars with three types of hybrid engines when driving on the WLTC test cycle are presented. Based on the developed methods for assessing the operating efficiency and the method for predicting the fuel consumption of hybrid vehicles, the boundaries of their economically efficient operation were determined.

Fueling Electrification: The Impact of Gas Prices on Hybrid Car Usage

Fueling Electrification: The Impact of Gas Prices on Hybrid Car Usage

Wireless Charging Techniques for New Energy Vehicles

Auto Wireless Billing is an easy and quick way to charge an electric or plug-in hybrid car. The car will be able to use wireless charging at any time, without having to connect to it. In extreme cold weather, the electric vehicles (EVs) will probably be buried in the snow and ice and will not be usable. But the wireless billing technique is able to satisfy the demand of all kinds of weather. Aside from recharging during idle mode, wireless charging also offers a potential for dynamic charging - enabling the car to be recharged as it travels. Once this technique is developed, it will be able to solve the problem of EV's running range. Therefore, it is possible to lower the load of EV, lower the cost of EV, and increase the quantity of EV. In this paper, various wireless charging technologies for EV are discussed and analyzed. Also, the optimization strategies will be given as future perspectives.

A New Generation of Hydrogen-Fueled Hybrid Propulsion Systems for the Urban Mobility of the Future

The H2-ICE project aims at developing, through numerical simulation, a new generation of hybrid powertrains featuring a hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) suitable for 12 m urban buses in order to provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for the abatement of both CO2 and criteria pollutant emissions. The full exploitation of the potential of such a traction system requires a substantial enhancement of the state of the art since several issues have to be addressed. In particular, the choice of a more suitable fuel injection system and the control of the combustion process are extremely challenging. Firstly, a high-fidelity 3D-CFD model will be exploited to analyze the in-cylinder H2 fuel injection through supersonic flows. Then, after the optimization of the injection and combustion process, a 1D model of the whole engine system will be built and calibrated, allowing the identification of a “sweet spot” in the ultra-lean combustion region, characterized by extremely low NOx emissions and, at the same time, high combustion efficiencies. Moreover, to further enhance the engine efficiency well above 40%, different Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems will be carefully scrutinized, including both Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based recovery units as well as electric turbo-compounding. A Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system will be developed to further reduce NOx emissions to near-zero levels. Finally, a dedicated torque-based control strategy for the ICE coupled with the Energy Management Systems (EMSs) of the hybrid powertrain, both optimized by exploiting Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) connection, allows targeting H2 consumption of 0.1 kg/km. Technologies developed in the H2-ICE project will enhance the know-how necessary to design and build engines and aftertreatment systems for the efficient exploitation of H2 as a fuel, as well as for their integration into hybrid powertrains.

Solar magnetic cycles as a Van Der Pol-Duffing oscillator: new insights

ABSTRACT In this paper, we use an approximative stable limit cycle solution of the hybrid Van der Pol-Duffing differential equation, obtained by homotopy and Poincaré–Lindstedt perturbation methods, to describe the toroidal component of the solar magnetic field B(t). This analytic approach allows us to recover an explicit relationship between the parameter μ, which is related to the meridional circulation, and the period of the Hale’s magnetic cycle with a correlation coefficient of r = −0.58. Furthermore, assuming that the sunspot number (SN) is proportional to the square of the toroidal magnetic field (SN∝B2), our solution accurately predict the presence of an harmonic oscillation in the SN data, occurring at a period of T/4 = 5.52 ± 0.44 yr. This prediction has been validated through Lomb–Scargle analysis, with a high statistical significance. Additionally, we find that the ratio of spectral powers between the T/4 harmonic and the main T/2 oscillation is almost equal to the value obtained from our solution using the mean values of the parameters. Interestingly, this study also reveals a correlation between the intermittent 5.52-yr cycle and μ, the parameter associated with the meridional circulation of the Sun. Both follow a similar pattern, suggesting that the origin of the five-year cycle lies within the meridional circulation. Finally, we will see how, using this model, we can overcome the limitations of direct observations and reconstruct the variation profile of the meridional circulation over two centuries using a single observation (from the last magnetic cycle).

Longitudinal vibration analysis and active disturbance rejection decoupling control of marine anticorrosive coatings Hybrid Propulsion Screw

The traditional manual methods of mixing paint, the construction process is difficult to ensure the quality and efficiency of the construction due to construction instability and error. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach to automatically mix and discharge marine anti-corrosion coatings using a Hybrid Propulsion Screw. The longitudinal vibration of the Hybrid Propulsion Screw (HPS) during operation is a critical factor that affects the mixing and discharge stability of anti-corrosion coatings. To analyze the vibration characteristics and stability of HPS during operation, we established a three-degree-of-freedom longitudinal vibration model of the HPS using the concentrated mass method and numerically solved it using the Runge-Kutta algorithm, and investigated the effects of external excitation and frequency on the longitudinal vibration of the system. Moreover, to reduce the fatigue damage caused by vibration, we introduced the Active Disturbance Rejection Decoupling Control (ADRDC) considering the nonlinear strong coupling relationship in HPS. And finally, we used the Fibonacci series to adjust the parameters of the Extended State Observer (ESO), and the simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective for controlling the longitudinal vibration amplitude of the system, which is of great significance for developing efficient and reliable screw stirring devices.

On-water surface synthesis of electronically coupled 2D polyimide-MoS2 van der Waals heterostructure

The water surface provides a highly effective platform for the synthesis of two-dimensional polymers (2DP). In this study, we present an efficient on-water surface synthesis of crystalline monolayer 2D polyimide (2DPI) through the imidization reaction between tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (M1) and perylenetracarboxylic dianhydride (M2), resulting in excellent stability and coverage over a large area (tens of cm2). We further fabricate innovative organic-inorganic hybrid van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) by combining with exfoliated few-layer molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals face-to-face stacking between MoS2 and 2DPI within the vdWH. This stacking configuration facilitates remarkable charge transfer and noticeable n-type doping effects from monolayer 2DPI to MoS2, as corroborated by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence measurements, and field-effect transistor (FET) characterizations. Notably, the 2DPI-MoS2 vdWH exhibits an impressive electron mobility of 50 cm2/V·s, signifying a substantial improvement over pristine MoS2 (8 cm2/V·s). This study unveils the immense potential of integrating 2D polymers to enhance semiconductor device functionality through tailored vdWHs, thereby opening up exciting new avenues for exploring unique interfacial physical phenomena.