Hybrid Programming Research Articles

Genetic divergence and cluster analysis for bulb yield and related traits in garlic (Allium sativum) accessions at Dorze, southern Ethiopia

AbstractDespite the benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human life, only a little amount of breeding effort has been done so far. The initial stages of a systemic breeding program include the collection and evaluation of genetic variability. As a result, understanding genetic divergence and cluster dispersion between accessions is a great way to improve future crops. This study was aimed to estimate the extent of genetic divergence across 28 Ethiopian garlic accessions using 11 agromorphological traits to identify parent lines for hybridization programs. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Dorze, southern Ethiopia, during the 2017 main harvest season. The cluster analysis revealed the existence of four divergent groups, with the greatest distance among them being between Groups I and IV (D2 = 4.15), and the shortest distance being between Groups I and II (D2 = 2.93). To obtain accessions with high grain yield and early maturing, cross from Clusters I and IV and from III and IV were obtained. Parent material should be produced among clusters rather than within clusters for future hybridization breeding efforts.

Agro-morphological variation in Kankoda (Momordica dioica roxb)

Kankoda (Momordica dioica Roxb) is a potential and economically important vegetable crop with good nutritional and medicinal value. Characterization was carried out by studying 9 qualitative and 17 quantitative traits. Categorical differences among 15 genotypes including two checks viz Indira Kankoda-1 and CG Kankoda-2 were observed in traits such as days to first female flowering node, stem colour, leaf colour, leaf length, leaf width, leaf margin, leaf colour, fruit shape, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant, days to first male flowering, density of spines, seed colour, days to first female flowering, vine length and 100-seed weight. Several of these traits are useful as genetic markers and for hybridization programmes.

Parent selection for hybridization in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) using multivariate analysis and K-means clustering

The study was conducted to elucidate the extent of genetic diversity of 28 chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes. Chilli plants of the selected genotypes were grown in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding of Bangbandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh with recommended agronomic practices. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with tree replications. The analysis of variance revealed considerable variability among the genotypes for the character studied. Genetic diversity in chilli genotypes were estimated based on 16 growth and yield contributing characters using Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics and K-means clustering. The genotypes were grouped into four different clusters by non-hierarchical clustering. Cluster III had the maximum number (13) of genotypes followed by cluster I, IV and II with 7, 5 and 3 genotypes, respectively. The highest inter-cluster genetic divergence (9.87) was recorded between clusters II and IV, whereas the highest intra-cluster distance was recorded in cluster II (4.37). Cluster II was observed to be the most important with maximum cluster means for most of the valuable traits including number of fruits per plant and number of fruit yield per plant. The characters fruit yield/plant, days to 100% fruiting, days to first flowering and individual fruit weight contributed maximum towards divergence. Considering diversity pattern and other horticultural performance the Gen7 and Gen20 from cluster I, Gen8 and Gen10 from cluster IV and Gen24 from cluster III may be taken into consideration as better parents for an efficient hybridization programme of chilli.

Variability, character association and path analysis for Annona yield and quality attributes

The knowledge of genetic variability among the genotypes for yield and quality attributes is the utmost requirement for any crop improvement work. The eighteen Annona genotypes of two species were studied for five leaves and fruit morphological attributes and twenty-nine components related to growth, yield and fruit quality. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in two replicates. A vast variability among the genotypes was revealed as seen based on the significant difference from ANOVA for all the quantitative traits. For morphological traits, genotypes showed variations for leaf shape, base and apex also for fruit shape and segmentation. The high magnitude of heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean was noted for most of the traits indicated presence of fixable genes and least influence of environment for inheritance. The results of the association analysis presented significant and positive association of fruit yield with growth and fruit morphology and fruit quality attributes at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. A strong influence of fruit traits and fruit quality related traits on yield observed owing to their positive and significant direct effects. The pulp/seed ratio, fruit weight, fruit per plant, total soluble solids, sugar content could be emphasize to discriminate the various Annona genotypes so as to utilize them for future hybridization programme to generate desirable genotypes for yield and quality.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ СОЗДАВАЕМОЙ СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННОЙ МАТЕРИНСКОЙ ЛИНИИ СВИНЕЙ КРУПНОЙ БЕЛОЙ ПОРОДЫ

Studies have been conducted to create a specialized line of Large White breed for hybridization programs using the BLUP method and genomic analysis. Parental forms were formed, the first generation of pigs and boars was obtained and evaluated according to their own productivity and the BLUP method.

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО СВИНОВОДСТВА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПО СОСТОЯНИЮ НА 1 ЯНВАРЯ 2022 ГОДА

The state of breeding pig breeding of the Russian Federation at the beginning of 2021 was analyzed. Given the increase in the productive qualities of breeding pigs, it should be noted that the domestic breeding base is very weak. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the strategy for the development of GCS, which will become the basis for the implementation of hybridization programs and the organization of pig breeding on a qualitatively new genetic basis.

Characterization of some local pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for agro-morphologicaltraits and mineral concentrations

The aim of the present study is to evaluate diversity among the Turkish local pea germplasm for mineral concentrations and agro-morphological traits for breeding programs. The experiment was conducted during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 and arranged according to an augmented block design with 40 local genotypes and two standard check cultivars (Carina and Jof). Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, harvest index, and 100-seed weight. The first three principal components (PC1) for agro-morphological traits accounted for 76.3% of the total variation. The principal first component was positively correlated with harvest index, seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and negatively correlated with first podding height and plant height. The PC2 was positively related to plant height, first podding height, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight. Principal components analysis for mineral contents revealed that first three component accounted for 69.6% of total variability which was observed among the genotypes. PC1 was positively associated with protein, Cu, Zn, K, Mg, and P. PC2 was positively correlated with Mn and Ca, but negatively correlated with K. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that genotypes were grouped into 5 main clusters for agro-morphological traits and mineral concentrations. The present study revealed that wide genetic variability among the various genotypes for these traits from different clusters can be exploited for selection or hybridization programs to improve with high-seed yielding pea genotypes.

Genetic Variability and Diversity in Rice Cultivars of North Bank Plain Zone of Assam for Traits Associated with Grain Yield and Adaption under Moisture Stress

Fifty four rice cultivars from North Bank Plain Zone (NBPZ) of Assam were assessed for their genetic variability and diversity with respect to yield and traits associated with adaptation under moisture stress with a view to formulate hybridization strategies for further genetic improvement. Genotypes were evaluated following a completely randomized design with two replications under PVC pipes at the experimental field of BN College of Agriculture, Biswanath Chariali, Assam. A higher magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for root volume, root dry weight, root length density, filled grains per panicle, shoot dry weight, root length, root-shoot ratio and grain yield per plant. High heritability coupled with higher genetic advance was registered for root dry weight, root length density, root volume, root-shoot ratio, root length and grain yield per plant. D2 analysis revealed that the genotypes could be distributed into a group of eight clusters with maximum distance between cluster III and cluster V (845.71). Root volume was found to contribute highest towards divergence (12.83%). Out of all the clusters, cluster IV with an intra cluster distance of 370.76 consisted of maximum number of accessions (17). Genotypes based on the inter se genetic distance and per se performances of specific traits were identified for undertaking hybridization programme. The implication of the diversity pattern elucidated for breeding varieties for moisture stress adaptation were discussed. Hybridization programme may be undertaken between the identified genotypes having inter se genetic diversity belonging to diverse clusters. Thus it could be expected to obtain desirable segregants out of the hybridization programme for further genetic improvement of rice in the region.

Assessment of the Genetic Structure and Diversity of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Germplasm Using Diversity Array Technology and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers.

Knowledge of the genetic structure and diversity of germplasm collections is crucial for sustainable genetic improvement through hybridization programs and rapid adaptation to changing breeding objectives. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of 281 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) soybean accessions using diversity array technology (DArT) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the efficient utilization of these accessions. From the results, the SNP and DArT markers were well distributed across the 20 soybean chromosomes. The cluster and principal component analyses revealed the genetic diversity among the 281 accessions by grouping them into two stratifications, a grouping that was also evident from the population structure analysis, which divided the 281 accessions into two distinct groups. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that 97% and 98% of the genetic variances using SNP and DArT markers, respectively, were within the population. Genetic diversity indices such as Shannon’s diversity index, diversity and unbiased diversity revealed the diversity among the different populations of the soybean accessions. The SNP and DArT markers used provided similar information on the structure, diversity and polymorphism of the accessions, which indicates the applicability of the DArT marker in genetic diversity studies. Our study provides information about the genetic structure and diversity of the IITA soybean accessions that will allow for the efficient utilization of these accessions in soybean improvement programs, especially in Africa.

Morpho-molecular Characterization of Maize Inbred Lines Accelerating Parental Selection for Hybridization

Characterization of genetic diversity is the foundation step for crop improvement, which provides a basis for analyzing combining ability and heterosis of inbred genotypes during a hybridization program. An investigation was carried out at the field laboratory of the Genetics and Plant Breeding department in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, to elucidate the genetic architecture by evaluating 12 morphological and 4 molecular (SSR) markers within 52 diverse S1 genotypes, and to assess the relationship of molecular and morphological GD. An almost equal amount of PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance for the traits cob weight (gm), NKPC, and NKPR lead to the selection of promising genotypes based on these characters. Correlation coefficient and scatter plot matrix established a positive and strong relationship of KL (mm), KW (mm), and KT (mm) with 100 kernel weight (gm) suggesting the importance of kernel morphology. Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed the highest inter-cluster distance between I and II. The percentages of molecular variance within the population and among the population were 76% and 14 %, respectively. The optimum K-value was 5. Heatmap relying on molecular GD exposed MMIL-28, MMIL-54, and MMIL-96 as the most diverse lines. SHE analysis hypothesized the increase of richness and diversity over time. Less correlation between the divergence generated from morphological traits and molecular markers suggested that the morphological variation may be determined by environmental factors and also by genetic factors. A strategy for the effective selection of predicting parental lines for a future hybridization program was developed.

Multivariate analysis on blackgram genotypes for bruchine (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) resistance towards selection of parental lines

Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is one of the most important pulse crops in daily diets. However, black gram production and post-harvest preservation are still tedious due to the losses caused by the storage pest bruchine, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), both quantitatively and qualitatively. Hence, the present study involves the utilization of the multivariate analysis by effectively understanding variation among the genotypes based on their level of bruchine infestation. The multivariate studies indicated that the traits viz., the total number of adult emergence (AE), seed damage % (SD) and seed weight loss % (SWL) had more variation and with more significant correlation among them. Also, these traits are the most influential principal component traits governing 88% of the variation among genotypes. The divergence analysis showed that the genotype TU 68 found in cluster II would have the potential to create the variation for bruchine infestation among the black gram genotypes involved in the study. As it has scored lesser adult emergence (AE) (7 adults), seed damage % (SD) (14 %) and seed weight loss % (SWL) (17.79 %) than the other genotypes. It shows the resistant nature of the genotype against bruchine beetles. Hence, TU 68 could be utilized in the future hybridization programme as a donor for bruchine resistance.

Participant Exercise-Session Attendance in Community-Based, Bridging, and Hospital-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

BackgroundA paucity of studies have investigated participant attendance in community-based and hybrid cardiac rehabilitation programs in the Canadian setting. We compared exercise-session attendance of community-based, bridging (hospital plus community-based), and hospital-based participants who attended a high-volume cardiac rehabilitation program in Alberta, Canada. MethodsExercise sessions attended and participant characteristics were collected and analyzed from 230 records of patients who attended cardiac rehabilitation between 2016 and 2019. Community-based (n = 74) and bridging (n = 41) program participants were age- and sex-matched in a 1:1 ratio to hospital-based participants. The number of exercise sessions attended was compared among program groups, between female and male patients, and for patients with vs without cardiac surgery. The percentage of exercise sessions attended was also compared among program groups. ResultsBridging participants attended the greatest number of exercise sessions (median = 10.0 sessions) and demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of sessions attended (91%, 25th and 75th percentile interquartile range [IQR] = 64, 100%) than matched hospital participants (median = 6.0 sessions; 63%, 25, 75 IQR = 13, 94%; P = 0.01). Percentage of sessions attended did not differ for bridging and community-based participants (P = 0.30). Exercise-session attendance was similar for community-based participants (median = 6.0 sessions; 75%, 25, 75 IQR = 38%, 88%) vs their hospital matches (median = 6.0 sessions; 81%, 25, 75 IQR = 38%, 100%; P ≥ 0.37), as well as for female vs male patients (median = 7.0 sessions for both sexes; P = 0.66), and for surgical vs nonsurgical patients (median = 7.0 sessions; P = 0.48). Female patients in the bridging program attended significantly more exercise sessions in the community, compared with male patients in the bridging program (P = 0.02). ConclusionsBridging participants attended the most exercise sessions overall and demonstrated a higher percentage attendance than hospital-based participants. These results suggest that a hybrid program consisting of hospital and community-based exercise was favourable for exercise-session attendance. Given modern approaches to de-medicalize cardiac rehabilitation, our findings further support the provision of community program offerings, without detriment to patient session attendance.

Morpho-phenological Variability of Flowers Traits and Hybridization of Five Inbred Lines of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in Côte d'Ivoire

Knowledge of the morphology and floral phenology and the mastery of a manual pollination technique in a plant species are essential for its genetic improvement.
 The objective of this work will be to determine the morpho-phenological characteristics of the flowers of five self-fertilization lines of cowpea and to identify an indicated manual pollination technique.
 The study was carried out in the Botanical Garden of University Peleforo GON COULIBALY, Côte d’Ivoire where 10 morpho-phenological characters of the flower were evaluated on five lines of cowpea self-fertilization. Thus, three manual pollination techniques (A, B and C) were tested by evaluating traits such as knotting rates, filling rates and maternal and paternal effects on fruit yields.
 The results revealed four stages of flower development in cowpea. These are successively stage of “floral button initiation”, “dark green floral button”, “pale green or pale-yellow floral button” and “blooming flower”. Of the three manual pollination techniques tested, technique C resulted in higher rates of knotting (45.38%) and pod filling (58.03%). Results also showed significant maternal and xenia effects on fruit yields in the cowpea.
 On the basis of the results generated on the floral biology of the cowpea, it appears that a hybridization program can now be conducted at the UPGC Botanical Garden for the creation of high-performance varieties adapted to climate change for the benefit of producers in Côte d’Ivoire.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Yield and its Attributing Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes for Protected Conditions

Background: Tomato plant has high yield potential, although the yield is very low because of non-availability of superior cultivars for protected cultivation. Presence of diversity is an important for variety development. Hybridization among divergent parents is probably produce ample variability and helps to isolate superior recombinants. So, the study was carried out to assess of genetic diversity in tomato for choosing promising and genetically diverse parents for improvement in yield for protected cultivation. Methods: Fourteen genotypes of tomato were planted inside naturally ventilated polyhouse during September 2018 to May 2019. The data were recorded for twenty-one characters from randomly five tagged plants from each genotype and genetic diversity was computed by utilizing Mahalanobis D2 analysis. Result: All genotypes were arranged into five highly divergent clusters in which cluster I contain maximum genotypes followed by cluster II. The intra cluster distance was highest in cluster I and inter-cluster distance was highest among cluster-II and V. Cluster means indicated that cluster II had high mean values for maximum traits. The highest contribution towards genetic diversity was shown by fruit yield/plant followed by number of fruits per plant. Based on breeding objectives, potential lines are selected as parents for utilization in hybridization programme.

Assessment of genetic diversity through D2 analysis in underutilized indigenous potential grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) genotypes of India

Genetic diversity analysis was coordinated at Center for Crop Improvement (24°19ˈ N latitude; 27°19ˈ E longitude and at altitude of 154.52 meters above the sea level) Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, District: Banaskantha (Gujarat). In this study, 46 genotypes of amaranth were evaluated for eleven yields and yield accredited traits and grouped into twelve clusters through Mahalanobis D2 analysis. Cluster II contained maximum number of genotype (10), Cluster I (9), Cluster III (8), Cluster IV (6) and Cluster V has 3 genotypes. Clusters VII, VIII and X have (2 in each) and Clusters VI, IX, XI and XII (1in each case). Among them, clusters VI, IX, XI and XII were monogenotypic, rest cluster I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII and X were polygenotypic based on genetic divergence. Intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster VII (63.27) followed by cluster V (58.82) and cluster II (56.20), suggesting there is a lot of extent for swapping of genes among genotypes within these clusters. The inter cluster values ranged from 71.00 to 874.76. Concerning to inter cluster distance the cluster X and cluster I were most diverse with each other as distance between them was 874.76. It is advantageous for genotypes from clusters viewing high inter-cluster distance (cluster X and XI) for advance crop hybridization programme to generate wide range of transgressive segregants in population to develop high yielding grain amaranth varieties. Contribution to total divergence was higher from Leaf area per plant (cm2), seed yield per plant (g), Days to maturity.

Multichannel Detection of Acoustic Emissions and Localization of the Source with External and Internal Sensors for Partial Discharge Monitoring of Power Transformers

The detection of acoustic emissions with multiple channels and different kinds of sensors (external ultrasound electronic sensors and internal optical fiber sensors) for monitoring power transformers is presented. The source localization based on the times of arrival was previously studied, comparing different strategies for solving the location equations and the most efficient strategy in terms of computational and complexity costs versus performance was selected for analyzing the error propagation. The errors of the acoustic emission source location (localization process) are evaluated from the errors of the times of arrival (detection process). A hybrid programming architecture is proposed to optimize both stages of detection and location. It is formed by a virtual instrumentation system for the acquisition, detection and noise reduction of multiple acoustic channels and an algorithms-oriented programming system for the implementation of the localization techniques (back-propagation and multiple-source separation algorithms could also be implemented in this system). The communication between both systems is performed by a packet transfer protocol that allows continuous operation (e.g., on-line monitoring) and remote operation (e.g., a local monitoring and a remote analysis and diagnosis). For the first time, delay errors are modeled and error propagation is applied with this error source and localization algorithms. The 1% mean delay error propagation gives an accuracy of 9.5 mm (dispersion) and a maximum offset of 4 mm (<1% in both cases) in the AE source localization process. This increases proportionally for more severe errors (up to 5% reported). In the case of a multi-channel internal fiber-optic detection system, the resulting location error with a delay error of 2% is negligible when selecting the most repeated calculated position. These aim at determining the PD area of activity with a precision of better than 1% (<10 mm in 110 cm).

Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring dan Evaluasi Perkuliahan Berbasis Hybrid Programming UNIBI

To support Teaching and Learning Activities (KBM), for a university to have innovations that can fulfill information services that must be delivered to students, lecturers and other units who interest in viewing, monitoring, and evaluating of lecturing activities, that matter accordance with the UNIBI mission to providing the best service for the academic community. To achieve this goal, the innovation is to improve the Academic Information System application (eureka.unibi.ac.id) in providing services that can be accessed by various platforms. By the design of a hybrid programming-based for system monitoring and evaluation lecturing, accordingly the SIAKAD application (eureka.unibi.ac.id) can be implemented into an application that can be accessed by various platforms such as smartphones with Android, iOS or Windows mobile operating systems. By a hybrid-based design, communication between units can occur quickly, and information from the results of monitoring and evaluation of lecturing activities can be directly disseminated and accessed by many division. Tools that use to development process model used is the Rational Unified Process (RUP). The RUP provides a well defined structure for the software life cycle. RUP has four phases that can be carried out iteratively which are implemented using the Ionic framework. The result of this research is a guide for developing web-based applications (eureka.unibi.ac.id) to be hybrid-based, where this hybrid-based design is the basis for implementation as an improvement in academic services. Keywords: Siakad, Monitoring, Evaluating, RUP, Lecturing activities, Framework ionic, Hybrid programming

Business School Student Satisfaction with Emergency Remote Teaching

This study analyzes Peruvian Business School students’ experiences with emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the critical incident technique (CIT) to explore the salient factors on which students based their satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their online education. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 27 MBA students. The results comprised 56 incidents – 25 satisfactory and 31 unsatisfactory – in the two major categories of Virtuality and the Teaching-Learning Process. This study contributes a new perspective on online education through the analysis, conducted through CIT, of the Peruvian Business School students’ experiences with online education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the most relevant positive incidents included the recording of classes to review them later; the existence of Learning Management Systems to support the development of online materials; the possibility of entering online classes instead of in-person classes, as well as the flexibility with regard to location. The study allows us to determine several critical aspects in the two identified categories that should be considered when improving future online or hybrid programs.

Why Hybrid Programs Are the Future of Physician Assistant Education.

Daniel L. Anderson, MPAS, PA-C, is a Doctor of Medical Science student at A.T. Still University, Arizona School of Health Sciences in Mesa, Arizona, and the director of didactic education at the Franklin Pierce University Hybrid PA Program in Goodyear, Arizona. Correspondence should be addressed to: Daniel L. Anderson, MPAS, PA-C; Email: [email protected] Daniel L. Anderson is currently employed by a hybrid PA educational program.

Predicate Transformer Semantics for Hybrid Systems

We present a semantic framework for the deductive verification of hybrid systems with Isabelle/HOL. It supports reasoning about the temporal evolutions of hybrid programs in the style of differential dynamic logic modelled by flows or invariant sets for vector fields. We introduce the semantic foundations of this framework and summarise their Isabelle formalisation as well as the resulting verification components. A series of simple examples shows our approach at work.