Hybrid Photovoltaic System Research Articles

Design to include a wind turbine and socio-techno-economic analysis of an isolated airplane-type organic building based on a photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/battery

• 100% renewable energy for organic architectures. • Hybrid PV/WT/HKT system is an alternative in organic buildings. • Novelty buildings applying RE systems generate a social, economic and environmental benefit. • Plane-type building is studied in Cuenca-Ecuador. This study presents an analysis of an isolated hybrid photovoltaic, hydrokinetic and wind system that has storage. The energy generated in combination of resources according to the availability on the site allows the permanent supply of electricity to an airplane-type building, the same one that serves to house people who want to get out of the stressful urban life. It is an innovative and interesting study that is being launched in Ecuador and that has the certain possibility of assigning additional resources to be replicated in different parts of the region, in addition to serving as a reference for new research in different parts of the world. It is a fantastic study that, in addition to being 100% renewable, generates development in the localities. This permanent search for new opportunities is also achieved thanks to the greater availability of equipment on the market as a very safe and flexible option. Additionally, the technical-economic study of all the components is considered for an efficient use of resources, considering the different seasons of the year. The results show that the hybrid system provides sufficient and timely energy to the load.

Maximum Power Point Tracking of an Off-Grid Photovoltaic System Consisting of a Series Connected Supercapacitor with a Step-Down Converter

An off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system's PV array is connected with a charge controller as the first power conversion stage. The average efficiency of the power stage of charge controllers is around 90%. Supercapacitor (SC) battery hybrid PV system is a novel PV system that utilizes some of the wasted energy of a typical system and enhances the system's efficiency up to 98%. However, the feasibility of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for this system is yet to be validated. This paper presents a comparative study to adapt MPPT for the proposed system consisting of a series-connected SC bank with PV array and step-down DC-DC converter. The step-down converter is used as the impedance matching network. Different solar irradiance profiles were emulated to check the feasibility and efficiency of MPPT. Experimentally, it was shown that the typical MPPT could be adapted to the proposed PV system with very high MPPT efficiency.

Performance Evaluation of an Improved Unglazed Photovoltaic and Thermal Hybrid System

Abstract This paper proposes a novel unglazed photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system completely covered by photovoltaic (PV) cells, the system can significantly increase the power generation, and unglazed structure helps to improve the performance of the electricity. The variable flow experiment shows that the average value of the unglazed PV/T daily electrical and thermal efficiencies can reach 18.62% and 26.86%, respectively, and the corresponding exergy and energy saving efficiencies are 20.51% and 73.76%. Compared with PV module, the electrical efficiency of the PV/T module is increased by 11.54%. As for the large heat loss of unglazed PV/T, a series or parallel system composed of PV/T modules was built to improve heat collection capacity. The results show that the electrical and thermal energy of the series or parallel system increases significantly; temperature of water can be increased by 20 °C when the water volume is more than doubled. However, the electrical efficiency of the system is lower than that of the single PV/T, and the maximum value is 17.32%. Combined with economic analysis, the unglazed PV/T system with higher exergy efficiency and the cost is lower than that of glazed PV/T.

Artificial Deep Neural Network in Hybrid PV System for Controlling the Power Management

The analysis of different components of a grid-linked hybrid energy system (HES) comprising a photovoltaic (PV) system is presented in this work. Due to the increase of the population and industries, power consumption is increasing every day. Due to environmental issues, traditional power plants alone are insufficient to supply customer demand. In this case, the most important thing is to discover another approach to meet customer demands. Most wealthy countries are now concentrating their efforts on developing sustainable materials and investing considerable amounts of money in product development. Wind, solar, fuel cells, and hydro/water resources are among the most environmentally benign renewable sources. To control the variability of PV generation, this sort of application necessitates the usage of energy storage systems (ESSs). Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the most often used ESSs; however, they have a short lifespan due to the applied stress. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) started to evolve as a way to decrease the pressure on Li-ion batteries and increase their lifetime. This study represents a great power management technique for a PV system with Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor (SC) HESS based on an artificial neural network. The effectiveness of the suggested power management technique is demonstrated and validated using a conventional PV system. Computational models with short-term and long-term durations were used to illustrate their effectiveness. The findings reveal that Li-ion battery dynamical stress and peak value are reduced, resulting in longer battery life.

Realization of the optimal sizing of local hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy systems with load scheduling capacity

Realization of the optimal sizing of local hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy systems with load scheduling capacity

Prospects and economic feasibility analysis of wind and solar photovoltaic hybrid systems for hydrogen production and storage: A case study of the Brazilian electric power sector

The work aims to verify the economic feasibility of renewable hybrid systems for hydrogen production and storage in the Brazilian electric power sector. The methodology applied is based on economic cost analyses of the two largest wind and solar photovoltaic plants in the country. As a result, the number of hours of electricity available for hydrogen production directly influences its cost. However, fully dedicated plants to produce green hydrogen have shown economically feasible to the exporter or other sectors, being trading hydrogen is more profitable than transforming it back into power. The model also concludes that wind and solar hybrid systems for hydrogen production and storage are still not economically viable in Brazil. The CAPEX of electrolysers and their operating losses are still very significant. Finally, hydrogen production and storage become economically feasible only from plants operating above 3000 h and for electrolysers with a CAPEX of USD 650/kWe. • Renewable hybrid systems with hydrogen are current economic unviable in Brazil. • Green hydrogen produced from curtailment events are current economic not feasible. • To produce hydrogen economically viable, the plants should operate above 3000 h. • The CAPEX should cost less than USD 650/kWe to store hydrogen economically viable. • It is more profitable trading hydrogen than transforming it back into power.

A New Battery Selection System and Charging Control of a Movable Solar-Powered Charging Station for Endless Flying Killing Drones

This paper provides a design, a charging control, and energy management of a movable Photo Voltaic (PV) charging station with an Automatic Battery Replacement (ABR) system to enable drones for ongoing missions. The paper represents the first stage of a three-staged project titled Fall Armyworm (FAW) insect killer. The other two stages involve the flight control of drones and detecting and killing FAW insects. Without chemical methods, the project aims to eliminate harmful FAW insects that are rapidly spreading in Africa and Asia. The power source is a hybrid PV system with energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors). The maximum power from PV panels is tracked using three different online methods (PSO, IC, and P&O), and the best method with the highest accuracy is selected. The experimental and simulation results approved that PSO is the recommended method used in this project among the studied methods because of its high target reach (about 97%) and low steady-state oscillation (maximum 2.15%). An intelligent energy management system is investigated and designed to efficiently utilize solar power with a constant-current constant-voltage charger for LiPo batteries. A new Battery Selection System (BSS) is designed and verified to efficiently utilize the harvested energy and increase the mission time. The BSS targets to manage the selection of the appropriate battery to charge and control its charging rate. The system performance is tested using MATLAB software. Then, an experimental setup for the system is built to validate simulation results. The results of simulations and experiments proved the reliability of BSS in different operating cases with an efficiency higher than 97%.

Hybrid PV Systems and Colocalization of Charging and Filling Stations for Electrification of Road Transport Sector

Electrification of the road transport sector likely includes both battery electric (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Integration of energy carriers is described as a route forward for efficient integration of renewable energy. The objective of this work is to determine cost‐efficiency improvements with co‐localization of BEV and FCEV stations, and how this impacts optimal sizing of the photovoltaic (PV) production and battery storage. Grid‐connected co‐localized charging/filling stations, situated north of Oslo, Norway, are modeled in HOMER Pro and HOMER Grid. PV production is modeled using PVsyst and a snow loss model to analyze the effect of snow shading on PV production. Demand data for BEV and FCEV are synthesized based on historical traffic data (year 2015–2019) to represent three different cases of BEV/FCEV distribution. Results indicate that co‐localization, i.e., the integration of energy carriers for BEV and FCEV, leads to a marginal cost‐efficiency improvement of 0.1–1.4%, depending on BEV/FCEV distribution and cost assumptions. Co‐localization shows greater benefits for the integration of locally produced renewable power. Due to co‐localization, the cost‐optimal PV capacity is either increased or PV power export is reduced. Stationary batteries are also observed to cost‐efficiently perform peak shaving in a future scenario.

Fuzzy-Logic-Based Comparative Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Controllers for Hybrid Renewal Energy Systems

There is an increasing demand for power production day by day all over the globe; thus, hybrid frameworks have an essential role in producing sufficient power for the desirable load due to increasing power demand. The proposed hybrid renewable energy (HRE) systems are used to provide power in different areas to conquer the intermittence of wind and solar resources. The HRE system incorporates more than one renewable energy (RE) system. In this research article, the optimum power generation of different combinations of RE using different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control methods is presented. The Fuel Cell (FC), FC–Photovoltaic (PV), FC–Wind (W), and FC–PV–W systems are developed to examine different MPPT controllers. The results show that the FC–PV–W HRE system produces the maximum power as compared to the FC, FC–PV, and FC–W systems. The FC–PV–W HRE system produces increased power compared to 94.24% from the FC system, 37.17% from the FC–PV hybrid system, and 15.8% from the FC–W hybrid framework with a Perturb and Observe (P&O) controller and, similarly, 74.57% from the FC system, 10.3% from the FC-PV hybrid system, and 31.64% from the FC-W hybrid system using a fuzzy logic (FL) controller, indicating that the best combination is the FC-PV-W hybrid system using an FL controller, which is useful for maximum power generation with reduced oscillations.

The technical-economic and environmental study of a hybrid photovoltaic liquid petroleum gas energy system for an isolated community in Algeria

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

Designing and Execution of 3-Level Stabilizing unit in Hybrid Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems

The fundamental concept of control for a three-legged IGBT-based voltage source regulator-based stabiliser was thoroughly discussed in this paper. The proposed technique's effectiveness and efficiency in a two-machine based model is demonstrated by a comparative analysis in a grid integrated hybrid system. The hybrid solar wind system produces 400 volts of voltage. A comparative analysis of the various stabilisation control algorithms is currently underway. Three algorithms have been used to implement the system. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) control, hysteresis control, and neural network modified PSO control are all possible with PI..

An improved particle swarm optimization for optimal configuration of standalone photovoltaic scheme components

AbstractThe hybrid energy system design problem needs efficacy tools to reach optimal results in remote areas. The metaheuristic optimization methods are the best choice to address complex problems. This article presents an improved approach based on an energy management strategy for optimal sizing and configuration of standalone photovoltaic scheme components. Improved particle swarm optimization for optimization and configuration of photovoltaic panel and battery system is applied using MATLAB and hourly solar radiation, ambient temperature data, and load demand. The objective of the optimization problem is to define the optimal sizing of the system components to meet the load demand to compose a cost‐effective and reliable scheme. The optimized system results from the improved approach are compared by original particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing algorithms. So, the optimum design of the hybrid scheme is analyzed and compared based on different reliability values. The results show that the improved approach finds the optimal results easily with lower cost, faster convergence, and better reliability indexes in different reliability indexes in comparison with the other approaches. In this regard, for different reliability values (1%, 3%, and 5%), the improved particle swarm optimization shows approximately 22.9% cost saving in comparison with the simulated annealing, and improved particle swarm optimization shows approximately 0.35% cost saving in comparison with the particle swarm optimization. Also, show the reliability of the standalone hybrid photovoltaic system.

A multi-objective assessment for the water-energy-food nexus for rural distributed energy systems

This paper presents a metric based on utopia-tracking approach for measuring the behavior of the food-energy-water nexus. The multi-objective approach considers, for the assessment of the nexus, the food production, energy efficiency and water consumption of the system. The evaluated technological structured consists in a hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy system coupled with the services of fresh and hot water for a rural community. Water utilities meet the housing and agricultural demands. Besides, power generation meets the consumption of hot water and electricity from the residential users. Food production is addressed considering the technological change from agriculture to fish farming. A multi-objective multi-period non-linear programming modeling for the optimal design and operation of a water-energy system is presented. Results show the inner conflicts and synergies among nexus objective functions. In addition, the conflict between the nexus and economic performance of the system is addressed. As a case study, an off-grid rural community in Pacific Coast from Mexico is presented.

Design of photovoltaic system for public school building

The increase in energy needs to support sustainable development will trigger a large additional power supply. Unfortunately, a current energy source is mostly produced by fossil fuels. This condition can affect the increase of global warming and climate change. Nowadays, many countries including Indonesia are aware of the effect of the use of fossil fuels on environmental devastation. Therefore, the use of clean energy gets more attention from many countries since its energy source is unlimited and harvested from nature. One of the clean energy sources that are widely utilized over the world is photovoltaic (PV). PV is an appropriate clean energy technology to be utilized in Indonesia since this country lies on the equator line and gets solar irradiance over the year. This paper proposed the design of PV systems for a public-school building. These PV schemes proposed in this study are classified into off-grid, on-grid, and hybrid PV systems. From the simulation results, it is shown that the hybrid PV system with energy supplied by PT. PLN (State Electricity Company) results in the highest saving annual cost and provides an environmentally friendly energy source for public-school buildings.

Soft switched DC-DC converter for hybrid power generation photo voltaic panels using fuzzy logic controller

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with a Z source cascaded inverter based on Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) is proposed in this research for a hybrid photo-voltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) system. In the absence of PV or WT power generation, the suggested system offers an uninterrupted power supply to the grid. PV functions as a current source and creates maximum power at maximum power point (MPP), supplying just the deficiency power. This FLC-integrated technique minimises the complexity of typical PID controllers while also improving overall performance. To reduce switching losses, current, and voltage switching stress, a traditional dc/dc boost converter with soft switching has been introduced. To reduce switching stress, a boost converter with zero voltage switching is used. This research focuses on a Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) technique that uses fuzzy logic control to meet the PV system's MPPT and output voltage regulation requirements. All these PV and wind hybrid systems, a Z-Source network, and a five-level cascaded inverter are part of the proposed topology. The advantages of a Z-source inverter outweigh the disadvantages of a traditional voltage-source inverter. The required stepped output voltage is achieved by boosting the DC link voltage from the PV system using a shoot through state. The suggested system has been simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the closed loop control technique has been investigated and verified.

Photovoltaic Module Electrical Efficiency Enhancement Using Nano Fluids and Nano-Paraffin

Today, photovoltaic modules have become accepted by the public and scientists in the production of clean electricity and as a possible alternative to electricity produced from fossil fuels. These modules suffer from a deterioration in their electrical efficiency as a result of their high temperature. Several researchers have proposed the use of high-efficiency hybrid photovoltaic (PV/T) systems that can cool PV modules and also produce hot water. Improving the PV modules’ electrical efficiency increases the investment attraction and commercialization of this technology. The possibility of restoring the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic panel that was lost due to its high temperature was investigated in this study. A PV/T system designed to operate with a paraffin-filled thermal tank attached to the PV module was used. Inside the paraffin is a heat exchanger that circulates inside a nanofluid. This design is adopted to cool down the PV module temperature. The study was carried out in the climatic conditions of the month of May in the city of Baghdad - Iraq. The proposed PV/T system’s electrical efficiency was compared with similar systems from the literature. The proposed system has achieved an obvious enhancement as its electrical efficiency was 13.7%.

Measurements and analysis of a solar-assisted city bus with a diesel engine

The volatility nature of world fossil fuel economy and stringent emission regulations around the globe have routed to search for sustainable renewable energy resources for automotive applications. Photovoltaic is one of the finest sustainable energy resources which can make significant contributions in power generation applications and act as decarbonization method for greenhouse gas reductions. This research work is a novel attempt to develop hybrid photovoltaic solar electric system for electricity production in a heavy-duty diesel engine driven city bus. A dedicated solar PV system of 2.88 kWp rated power has been installed in a city bus roof for electricity generation and its solar radiation rate has been analysed in one year duration on monthly basis under all ambient conditions in the Lublin city of Poland. A well-equipped data acquisition system is used to collect all the data for estimating the energy savings and carbon dioxide reduction. The real investigation of solar assisted city bus has shown remarkable enhancement of electricity generation of 900 W in summer season at mid-day. Interestingly, the hybrid solar PV system provided 89% of total electricity demand of city bus during clear weather conditions and substantial contributions are obtained even during winter season as well. Out of total electricity demand of 6327.9 kWh of city bus, the solar hybrid PV systems shared nearly 1257.4 kWh of electricity for 64,000 km distance coverage in one complete year. It has also been observed that nearly 21% of total electricity demand of city bus is supplied by solar hybrid PV systems which can save the annual diesel consumption of 630 L and also reduce 1.6 tonnes of green house gas emissions. Finally, it is concluded that suitable photovoltaic technology for automotive applications would improve the world fuel economy and can also produce the clean environment in near future.

Development and performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system

Increase in the surface temperature of Photovoltaic (PV) module affects its efficiency and life adversely. This relationship between efficiency and surface temperature of a PV module is defined as the temperature coefficient. Since solar parks are long-life projects, a small drop in efficiency of modules might result in a significant reduction in overall power output for large projects making this option unfeasible, for both economical and energy yield perspectives. This loss in power can be reduced by cooling of PV modules. A hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermal system (PV/T) was developed in this study to investigate the impact of this system on overall efficiency. In addition to producing electrical energy, the heat gained by the circulating fluid was utilized for domestic usage. A critical temperature of the PV module was identified in this study beyond which the drop in efficiency was higher than the temperature coefficient. This critical temperature was noted to be a function of radiation intensity and decreased with decreasing intensity. Incorporation of the cooling system resulted in a decrease in surface temperature of the module by 20% with an increase in electrical efficiency of up to 2.3%. The overall efficiency of the PV/T system of at least 70%, with a maximum overall efficiency of 85% was observed at different radiation intensities, making this system a viable alternative to the conventional PV or thermal systems being used currently.

The Most Economical Design of Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel Generator Energy System Considering Various Number of Design Parameters Based on Genetic Algorithm

The optimal sizing of a hybrid energy system may be a difficult undertaking problem, because of the huge number of structure settings and the irregular nature of solar radiation and wind power sources. This issue has a place with the classification of combinatorial enhancement, and its solution dependent on the classical technique may be a waste of time. This paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm (GA) methodology to find the optimal sizing of a hybrid Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, Battery Storage, and Diesel Generators (PV/WT/BA/DG) energy system based on the number of PV modules, the number of wind turbines, the number of batteries, the number of diesel generators, the slope angle of PV panel and a hub height of wind turbine as the design parameters and study its effect on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The proposed method aims to minimize the LCOE with high reliability of load supplying by increasing the design variables gradually. The proposed method will be tested at different sites with various metrological data to ensure its robustness. The results show that the LCOE decreases as the design parameters increase, also that the average wind-speed is inversely proportional to the LCOE of the site under study.

Supercapacitor Assisted Hybrid PV System for Efficient Solar Energy Harnessing

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point (MPP) is tracked by matching the load impedance to the internal impedance of the PV array by adjusting the duty cycle of the associated DC-DC converter. Scientists are trying to improve the efficiency of these converters by improving the performance of the power stage, while limited attention is given to finding alternative methods. This article describes a novel supercapacitor (SC) assisted technique to enhance the efficiency of a PV system without modifying the power stage of the charge controller. The proposed system is an SC—battery hybrid PV system where an SC bank is coupled in series with a PV array to enhance the overall system efficiency. Developed prototype of the proposed system with SC assisted loss circumvention embedded with a DC microgrid application detailed in the article showed that the average efficiency of the PV system is increased by 8%. This article further describes the theoretical and experimental investigation of the impedance matching technique for the proposed PV system, explaining how to adapt typical impedance matching for maximum power transfer.