Organic Inorganic Hybrid Coatings Research Articles

Protective PMMA-silica coatings for aluminum alloys: Nanostructural control of elevated thermal stability and anticorrosive performance

Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys are promising alternatives to the current methods based on chromate passivation. This study examined the role of the polymer/silica ratio in terms of the hybrid nanostructure formed and its effect on the thermal stability and anticorrosive performance of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-siloxane-silica hybrid coatings. The chemical and nanostructural properties of the hybrid coatings assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were correlated with the thermal stability evaluated by thermogravimetry (TGA) and corrosion protection evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in saline/acid solution (NaCl 3.5 % + HCl pH 3). TGA showed that the high thermal stability (up to 287 °C) of the hybrid formulations with lower silica fractions is related to the adequate size and spacing of the siloxane nodes in the embedding polymer matrix. Correlation of SAXS and EIS measurements allowed to identify the specific molar ratios and nanostructural configuration in which the polymer and siloxane-silica nodes ideally combine forming thin PMMA-silica coatings (2−5 μm) that present long-term stability (> 6 months) with a corrosion resistance of up to 25 GΩ cm2, being approximately 7 orders of magnitude higher than that of the uncoated Al2024-T3 substrate.

Titanium-containing organic–inorganic hybrid coatings for the corrosion protection of copper in sodium chloride medium

In the present work, two titanium precursors, titanium tetraisopropanolate (TTIP) and tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT), have been used to prepare titanium-based hybrid coatings by sol–gel method, with glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as the coupling reagent. The prepared hybrid coating materials are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The morphology of the coating has been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The corrosion protection of the hybrid coatings in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride medium are studied by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization method, and the results show that the hybrid coatings show corrosion protection of Cu substrates in aqueous 3.5% NaCl medium with a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 88.9% achieved.

Surface passivation of applying an organic-inorganic hybrid coatings toward significantly chemically stable iron powder

Flaky carbonyl iron (FCI) is widely used magnetic material. The preparation of the FCI particles with excellent chemical and magnetic stability has attracted attention. In this work, the strategy to construct organic-inorganic hybrid shells was proposed through the sol-gel method on the surface of FCI particles. Hybrid layer with about 22.6 nm thick was obtained by the co-condensation between the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES). The hybrid layer promotes the thermal stability of FCI. The corrosion of FCI was effectively suppressed in a 5% NaCl solution compared with uncoated and pure SiO2 coated group. The excellent corrosion resistance performance was partly ascribed to the reduced surface energy due to the presence of the perfluorooctyl chains. The maximum reduction in saturation magnetization (Ms) is only 7.58 % after coating with the hybrid layer. These results afford new insight into the manufacture carbonyl iron-based composites with better thermal stability, superior corrosion resistance, and acceptable magnetic stability.

Special Issue: “Advanced Hybrid Coatings and Thin Films for Surface Functionalization”

Many technologically advanced materials and components are characterized by surfaces with special coatings. The role of the coatings is not only the traditional one (protection and aesthetics), but, in addition, new advanced functions are required, such as special mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical functions. A wide range of coating technologies offer the possibility to produce advanced and selected surface properties, such as hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings, non-stick and easy-to-clean coatings, anti-freeze or anti-fogging coatings, scratch-resistant coatings, and anti-microbial coatings, etc. In particular, organic–inorganic hybrid coatings are very promising materials for new coatings functionalization and applications in many different industrial fields. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an update of the most advanced research in the design, synthesis, and development of hybrid coatings/thin films, and their applications for surface functionalization, showing the innovation trends and promoting further research in this area.

Organic-inorganic hybrid anticorrosion coatings with aniline substituted group

Sol-gel method is the most popular way for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid anticorrosion coatings. Such sol-gel coatings is environmental friendly and chemical stable, showing enhanced corrosion resistance for metal substrates. Here, a saline with aniline substituted group N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)aniline (TMPA) has been used together with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid coating (OIHC) materials by sol-gel approach. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements show that the hybrid coatings exhibit high corrosion resistance on aluminum substrates.

Effect of hexagonal boron nitride on the coefficient of frictions of organic-inorganic hybrid polymer thin films for metal surface coatings

Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings were developed via a sol-gel method using hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a ceramic filler material incorporated into a polymeric matrix. To investigate the effects of h-BN on the properties of polymer-based coatings, parameters such as hardness, coefficient of friction, and hydrophobicity were investigated. Colloidal silica (CS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), water, and acid catalyst containing coatings were prepared by varying the content of h-BN from 10% to 25%. All the coatings were prepared with the same experimental procedure and coated on 1050 aluminum alloy plates. The compensating contents of MTMS and colloidal silica with a fixed molar ratio of MTMS and CS were set to be 1:1.2, and a specific amount of the catalyst was utilized. Coatings were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The most promising physical properties were determined to be the pencil hardness of 8B, adhesion strength of 5B, coefficient of friction of 0.332 N, and water contact angle of 114.75°. Therefore, it can be concluded that the h-BN improves the physical properties of polymeric coatings. In addition, this study demonstrates the effect of h-BN on the adherence of polymer matrix-based hybrid coatings.

Corrosion-resistant organic-inorganic hybrid pretreatments obtained by UV-initiated process suitable for primer-less coating systems

A photo-initiated sol-gel process has been developed to deposit organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) thin films on metal substrates for corrosion protection. Wet films of non-aqueous compositions containing specially designed organo-silane precursors and photo-latent catalysts –photo-acid generator (PAG) or photo-base generators (PBG)-, were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation under ambient moisture environment leading to OIH films by sol-gel reactions. Synthesis and curing of organo-silanes were characterized using instrumental and gravimetrical techniques. Moreover, the corrosion resistance performance of OIH films based on two families of organo-silane precursors cured by PAG and PBG were compared with those obtained by the conventional aqueous sol-gel process. The effects of precursor and photocatalyst type, UV light intensity, cure conditions, and film thickness on anti-corrosion performance of OIH coatings were studied using various qualitative and quantitative techniques such as DC polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and accelerated salt spray test. Results revealed that selected OIH pretreated samples showed corrosion current density as low as 1.2 nA/cm2, which is superior compared to conventional hexavalent chromium-based Cr (VI) pretreatments. The study demonstrates the feasibility of this sustainable photo-initiated sol-gel process for many applications, such as primer-less coating systems.

Pyrolysis kinetics of ZrP-containing aliphatic waterborne polyurethane-based intumescent coating for flame-retarding plywood

The effect of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) on the fire resistance of aliphatic waterborne polyurethane (AWP)-based intumescent flame retardant coatings (IFRCs) has been preliminarily investigated by quantitative analysis including the cone calorimeter and pyrolysis kinetics of ZrP-containing AWP-based coating, respectively. It determines that an appropriate dosage (1 wt%) of ZrP in the AWP-based coating constitutes an improved fire resistance, evidenced by the fire growth index decreased from 0.49 to 0.32 kW m−2·s-1, and the risen fire performance index of 0.55 s m−2 kW-1 from 0.41 s m−2 kW-1. Because of the heat sink (Zr(HPO4)2⋅H2O→ZrP2O7) and catalytic charring of ZrP, the ZrP-containing AWP-based coating exhibits an enhanced flame resistance, evidenced by the formation of double-layer char residues. Furthermore, it clarifies that the 3D Jander model (n=2) mainly governs the whole pyrolysis process of the coating by modified Coats-Redfern integral method, the doped ZrP mainly makes the Eα of 310∼370 ℃ climb from 187.85 kJ mol-1 to 210.79 kJ mol-1, and the Eα during 95∼200 °C increases from 24.96 kJ mol-1 for S0 to 42.63 kJ mol-1. It provides a quantitative analysis of the flame-retarding mechanism of organic-inorganic hybrid coatings firstly.

Micro/Nanoscale Structured Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Hybrid-Coated Mesh for High-Efficiency Oil/Water Separation.

A novel micro/nanoscale rough structured superhydrophilic hybrid-coated mesh that shows underwater superoleophobic behavior is fabricated by spray casting or dipping nanoparticle–polymer suspensions on stainless steel mesh substrates. Water droplets can spread over the mesh completely; meanwhile, oil droplets can roll off the mesh at low tilt angles without any penetration. Besides overcoming the oil-fouling problem of many superhydrophilic coatings, this superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh can be used to separate oil and water. The simple method used here to prepare the organic–inorganic hybrid coatings successfully produced controllable micro-nano binary roughness and also achieved a rough topography of micro-nano binary structure by controlling the content of inorganic particles. The mechanism of oil–water separation by the superhydrophilic and superoleophobic membrane is rationalized by considering capillary mechanics. Tetraethyl orathosilicate (TEOS) as a base was used to prepare the nano-SiO2 solution as a nano-dopant through a sol-gel process, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as the film binder and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent; the mixture was dip-coated on the surface of 300-mesh stainless steel mesh to form superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic film. Properties of nano-SiO2 represented by infrared spectroscopy and surface topography of the film observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the film surface had a coarse micro–nano binary structure; the effect of nano-SiO2 doping amount on the film’s surface topography and the effect of such surface topography on hydrophilicity of the film were studied; contact angle of water on such surface was tested as 0° by the surface contact angle tester and spread quickly; the underwater contact angle to oil was 158°, showing superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties. The effect of the dosing amount of cross-linking agent to the waterproof swelling property and the permeate flux of the film were studied; the oil–water separation effect of the film to oil–water suspension and oil–water emulsion was studied too, and in both cases the separation efficiency reached 99%, which finally reduced the oil content to be lower than 50 mg/L. The effect of filtration times to permeate flux was studied, and it was found that the more hydrophilic the film was, the stronger the stain resistance would be, and the permeate flux would gradually decrease along with the increase of filtration times.

Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings containing phosphorus precursors prepared by sol–gel on Ti6Al4V alloy: Electrochemical and in-vitro biocompatibility evaluation

The durability and long-term success of metallic implants are enhanced through the molecular scale design of biocompatible and corrosion resistant surface coatings. To pursue this hypothesis, we have developed a new class of organic-inorganic (O-I) hybrid nanocomposite coatings based on tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) as organofunctional alkoxysilanes precursors and dimethyltrimethylsilylphosphite (DMTMSP) as a phosphorus precursor. Addition of DMTMSP to TMOS-MAPTMS hybrids increased the extent of intermolecular condensation and cross-linking observed. Both normal human osteoblast in-vitro biocompatibility and corrosion resistance were enhanced in coatings containing DMTMSP. Though increasing phosphorous content correlated with biocompatibility, a compromise in the amount of phosphorus incorporated would be required if corrosion resistance was the most desirable parameter for optimization, at least for single coat systems. Evaluation of the electrochemical behaviour and the in-vitro biocompatibility show that films prepared using these materials by dip coating onto Ti6Al4V alloys offer a promising alternative to simpler coatings and wholly metallic prostheses.

Designing a non-hazardous nano-carrier based on graphene oxide@Polyaniline-Praseodymium (III) for fabrication of the Active/Passive anti-corrosion coating

In this work, graphene oxide (GO) based nano-platforms were applied as a non-hazardous solid container with high encapsulating capacity and controllable release activity of eco-friendly inhibitor. For the first time, the adsorption and release properties of the praseodymium cations (Pr3+) on GO nanosheets functionalized with polyaniline (PANI) were investigated. The Pr3+ cations adsorption/desorption capacity of GOPANI nano-sheets was assessed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. The obtained results proved that the container modified with Pr3+ cations at pH of 7, 600 ppm of adsorpt, and 1 mg/cc of adsorbent dosage provided the highest capacity of inhibitors adsorption/release rates. The adsorption capacity of the GO-PANIs reached more than 500 mg/g. Also, the modified carrier desorbed about 70 % of loaded Pr3+ cations in the corrosion simulated condition. The self-healing anti-corrosion ability of the constructed containers in an organic-inorganic hybrid coating (OIHC) was shown by electrochemical analyses results. The resistance of coating with the loaded carriers has increased about 1 order of magnitude in comparison with the neat silane. Moreover, the scratched coatings containing the inhibitor loaded GO-PANIs showed extraordinary total resistance of about 25 Kohm. cm2.

Hydroxyapatite and β-TCP modified PMMA-TiO2 and PMMA-ZrO2 coatings for bioactive corrosion protection of Ti6Al4V implants.

Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings deposited on different types of metallic alloys have shown outstanding anticorrosive performance. The incorporation of osteoconductive additives such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) into organic-inorganic hybrid coatings is promising to improve the osseointegration and corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V alloys, which are the most widely used metallic orthopedic and dental implant materials today. Therefore, this study evaluated the capability of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-TiO2 and PMMA-ZrO2 hybrid coatings modified with HA and β-TCP to act as bioactive and corrosion protection coatings for Ti6Al4V alloys. In terms of cell growth and mineralization, osteoblast viability, Ca+2 deposition and alkaline phosphatase assays revealed a significant improvement for the HA and β-TCP modified coatings, compared to the bare alloy. This can be explained by an increase in nanoscale roughness and associated higher surface free energy, which lead to enhanced protein adsorption to promote osteoblast attachment and functions on the coatings. The effect of HA and β-TCP additives on the anticorrosive efficiency was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The coatings presented a low-frequency impedance modulus of up to 430GΩcm2, 5 decades higher than the bare Ti6Al4V alloy. These findings provide clear evidence of the beneficial role of HA and β-TCP modified hybrid coatings, improving both the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy.

Stabilizing the Li Metal Interface: Molecular Layer Deposition for Advanced Next-Generation Energy Storage Systems

The Li metal anode is sought-after for its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g-1) and low electrochemical potential (-3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode). Nevertheless, the intrinsic instability of the Li metal towards both solid and liquid electrolytes leads to unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and dendritic lithium, causing safety concerns and rapid performance degradation [1]. Among the potential techniques used to protect the Li metal surface and inhibit dendrite growth, molecular layer deposition (MLD) has proven to be an invaluable tool for the development of nanoscale interfacial coatings with unique properties [2]. The layer-by-layer assembly of molecular fragments and conformal coating abilities of MLD yield the ability to tune the chemical and mechanical properties of the Li metal interface. It is believed that the exploration and adoption of new MLD films will open up new avenues for stabilizing the Li metal anode. Herein, we show several examples of high-performance Li metal anodes in liquid and solid-state systems achieved by polymeric coatings synthesized through MLD techniques [3-8]. New hybrid organic-inorganic coatings belonging to the metalcone family are shown to dramatically enhance the Coulombic efficiency and rate capability of Li metal anodes. Furthermore, the rational design and ordering of these coatings coupled with inorganic atomic layer deposition coatings reveal the importance of bilayer type structures in promoting enhanced mechanical properties for suppressing dendrite growth. The stabilizing properties of these advanced thin films are further extended to several next-generation battery systems including Li-S and Li-O2, proving effective when coupled with high energy density cathode materials. Moreover, advanced characterization techniques such as in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, nanoindentation measurements, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to reveal the mechanisms behind the electrochemical lithiation processes as well as cycling stability.

The Role of POSS Functionality on Induced Deviation of Nano and Micromechanical Properties of UV Curable Urethane Acrylate Nanocomposite Coatings

The inorganic-organic hybrid coatings based on UV curable urethane acrylate contained two types of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared. The hydroxyl functionalized POSS nanoparticles, pristine POSS, and the one modified by acrylic acid utilized to study the effect of nanoparticle content and its functionality on ultimate mechanical properties of the hybrid coatings. The nanomechanical properties and scratch resistance of nanocomposite coatings were evaluated with nanoindentation and nanoscratch techniques, respectively. Consequently, the results compared with previously obtained DMTA data. The results revealed that by embedding acrylic acid modified POSS, the surface hardness and elastic modulus improved. Further increasing acrylic acid modified POSS content to 5%, the surface elastic modulus and hardness improved to 37% and 35%, respectively, relative to neat coating and also the enhanced scratch resistance was observed. Furthermore, the discrepancy between the surface elastic modulus and bulk elastic modulus was rationalized and the contributed parameters that led to this deviation such as pile-up area, holding time and hydrostatic stress was investigated. The results showed that apart from the inefficiency of Oliver and Pharr method to precisely evaluate the nanomechanical properties of hybrid coatings, the targeted placement of POSS nanoparticle is responsible for this disparity between surface mechanical properties and its bulk values.

Synthesis and properties of hybrid materials obtained via additive cross-linking of liquid polybutadiene rubber with H-Si containing reagents

Herein, we present the results describing the synthesis and thermal, mechanical and surface properties of liquid polybutadiene rubber cross-linked with organosilicon reactants. The differences in the structure of cross-linking agents, as well as a number of reactive H-Si species, have a significant impact on the above-mentioned properties of synthesized via Rh(I) catalyzed additive cross-linking of hybrid organic-inorganic coatings.

Relation between the corrosion resistance and the chemical structure of hybrid sol-gel coatings with interlinked inorganic-organic network

Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings have been prepared by a sol-gel route from 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with triethylenetetramine (TETA) added in the sol formulation. The main goal of this research was to evaluate how the chemical structure of the GPTMS/TEOS/TETA hybrid coatings influences the corrosion of mild steel. The presence of TETA as an epoxy opening agent offers the possibility to form interconnected epoxy-amine and silica networks. It was found by means of 29Si HRMAS NMR spectroscopy that TETA acted as an efficient basic catalyst for the condensation of GPTMS and TEOS. This accelerates the gelation and gives limited shelf life to GPTMS/TEOS/TETA sols. Structural characterization of the cured hybrid coatings was performed using 13C and 29Si Solid State NMR spectroscopies. The results show that the epoxy amine reaction is the principal epoxide ring opening reaction. The slow formation of diol units with sols prepared with an excess of epoxy groups has also been observed. It was found that the polymerization of the organic network hindered the polymerization of the siloxane network. As a result, the film based on an epoxy rich off-stoichiometric formulation had a higher Persoz hardness value compared to the stoichiometric film.The corrosion behavior of the coatings in neutral chloride solution was studied through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that barrier properties have been improved by the addition of TETA to sol-gel films. The films based on epoxy rich off-stoichiometric formulation and those base on stoichiometric formulation resulted in similar barrier properties but a higher resistance to interfacial delamination was observed for the epoxy rich off-stoichiometric films. The relationship between the film structure and its corrosion behavior was discussed.

PMMA-SiO2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating Application to Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared through the Sol-Gel Method

Siloxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hybrid was synthesized based on the sol-gel method and applied to Ti-6Al-4V through dip-coating. The structural feature of the hybrid was subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG); its morphological properties were analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle. The electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of both the hybrid coating and the uncoated substrate were investigated based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). Results showed homogeneous coating formation due to the rigid hybrid network formed during polymerization, hydrolysis and condensation reactions. This outcome suggested interaction between the organic (methyl methacrylate (MMA)) and inorganic (tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)) phases, which was favored by the coupling agent (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSM)). The S0M (PMMA-SiO2 hybrid Ti-6Al-4V coated alloy) film presented regular topography and adherence to the substrate. Electrochemical simulated body fluid (SBF) tests showed that the hybrid coating presented better barrier properties (168 h of the immersion time) than the uncoated substrate, fact that makes it an interesting material for anti-corrosive applications in biomaterials.

A comparative study on PMMA-TiO2 and PMMA-ZrO2 protective coatings

The covalent conjugation between the phases of organic-inorganic nanocomposites and the careful tuning of the proportion of the colloidal precursors are essential to yield homogeneous, cross-linked and dense coatings that are able to protect metallic alloys against corrosion. In this work, the sol-gel route was used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid coatings based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) covalently bonded to TiO2 or ZrO2 nanoparticles through the coupling agent 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), applied for the first time as anticorrosive coatings for metallic alloy. Different formulations of the hybrids were prepared by varying the proportion of titanium isopropoxide or zirconium propoxide, methyl methacrylate and benzoyl peroxide, and applied on carbon steel by dip-coating. The optimized parameters yielded for the two hybrids transparent and homogeneous coatings, with a thickness less than 3 μm, low surface roughness (<1.8 nm) and elevated thermal stability (>200 °C). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy assays showed that PMMA-ZrO2 and PMMA-TiO2 coatings exhibit corrosion resistance up to 10 GΩ cm2, 7 orders of magnitude higher than the bare carbon steel, remaining essentially unchanged for PMMA-TiO2 during 14 days exposure to 3.5 % saline solution. The results suggest that PMMA-ZrO2 and PMMA-TiO2 nanocomposites are suitable for application as environmentally compliant highly efficient anticorrosive coatings.

High solids organic-inorganic hybrid coatings based on silicone-epoxy-silica coating with improved anticorrosion performance for AA2024 protection

A hybrid organic-inorganic coating was prepared with silicone-epoxy coating and prehydrolyzed TEOS (HTEOS) through the sol-gel process. This study aimed to study the effect of HTEOS on the corrosion protection performance of hybrid coatings on AA2024 alloy. The obtained hybrid coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and water contact angle tests. The impact resistance of the coatings was estimated by the cupping test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning vibration electrochemical technology (SVET) tests were used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the hybrid coating. With the presence of 4 wt% HTEOS, the hybrid coating showed better corrosion resistance and impact resistance. The superior protection of the hybrid coating with 4 wt% HTEOS could be attributed to the enhanced SiOSi network and higher proportion of the inorganic phase.

Preparation of Polysilsesquioxanes via Hydrolysis-Condensation Using Formic Acid and their Application to Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating Films

Preparation of Polysilsesquioxanes via Hydrolysis-Condensation Using Formic Acid and their Application to Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating Films