Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Retracted: An Efficient and Reliable Routing Method for Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/8888904.].

Fuzzy Fruit Fly Optimized Node Quality-Based Clustering Algorithm for Network Load Balancing

Recently, the fundamental problem with Hybrid Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (H-MANETs) is to find a suitable and secure way of balancing the load through Internet gateways. Moreover, the selection of the gateway and overload of the network results in packet loss and Delay (DL). For optimal performance, it is important to load balance between different gateways. As a result, a stable load balancing procedure is implemented, which selects gateways based on Fuzzy Logic (FL) and increases the efficiency of the network. In this case, since gateways are selected based on the number of nodes, the Energy Consumption (EC) was high. This paper presents a novel Node Quality-based Clustering Algorithm (NQCA) based on Fuzzy-Genetic for Cluster Head and Gateway Selection (FGCHGS). This algorithm combines NQCA with the Improved Weighted Clustering Algorithm (IWCA). The NQCA algorithm divides the network into clusters based upon node priority, transmission range, and neighbour fidelity. In addition, the simulation results tend to evaluate the performance effectiveness of the FFFCHGS algorithm in terms of EC, packet loss rate (PLR), etc.

An Efficient and Reliable Routing Method for Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.

With the reliance of humans on mobile smart devices that have wireless communication, modules have significantly increased in recent years. Using these devices to communicate with the survivors during a disaster or its aftermath can significantly increase the chances of locating and saving them. Accordingly, a method is proposed in this study to extend the lifetime of the nodes in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) while maintaining communications with the nearest base station (BS). Such a methodology allows the rapid establishment of temporary communications with these survivors, as restoring the complex infrastructure is a time-consuming process. The proposed method achieves the longer lifetime of the network by balancing the load throughout the nodes and avoids exhausting those with limited remaining energy. The proposed method has shown significant improvement in the lifetime of the MANET while maintaining similar Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) and route generation time, compared to existing methods.

Integrating IP Mobility Management Protocols and MANET: A Survey

The Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices that forms a self-created, self-administered, and self-organized network. It is an infrastructureless network that does not require an existing infrastructure to operate. MANET suits scenarios where a temporary network is needed, such as emergency rescue, the military field, and disaster areas. MANET is an isolated network, and communication is restricted to the participating nodes’ transmission coverage. In order to increase its connectivity and its application scope, however, MANET requires integration with other networks, forming a hybrid MANET. The integration of MANET and IP networks raises many challenges and issues. Mobility management is one of the main challenges. Traditional mobility management protocols provide seamless mobility in a single hop infrastructure network. Consequently, mobile nodes can maintain their global connectivity without interrupting the ongoing sessions. Mobility management becomes more challenging in a network that relies on multi-hop communication, such as MANET. This paper presents a survey of the use of mobility management systems when integrating MANET with the internet, with the objective of serving as a handy reference in this field of research. It presents, analyzes, and discusses existing mobility management solutions for integrated MANET networks. It also investigates their shortcomings and provides a comparative study of the surveyed proposals.

Multipath Delay Analysis Using Queuing Theory for Gateway Selection in Hybrid MANET

Hybrid Mobile ad hoc network (H-MANET) is a network in which MANET is connected to the Internet using some special nodes called Internet Gateways (IGs). Previous work in this field considered the infinite buffer scenario and therefore buffer overflow would never occur. But in realistic MANET, the buffer size of each node is strictly bounded that incurs packet loss and intensifies delay. In this paper, a mathematical model has been proposed for modeling of multipath delay analysis for IG selection in H-MANET. The proposed work is used to estimate end to end delay of each individual path amongst Source Node (SN) and IGs. The M/M/m/R network model has been employed for modeling the network in which packets arrive in Poisson distribution in a bounded queue with finite buffer capacity. Burke theorem has been used to calculate queuing delay of each individual path as well as the complete path from the SN to an IG. Furthermore, best IG is selected for data transmission based on delay analysis of multiple paths. The Opnet modeler 18.0 has been used to perform the simulation work. The numerical results represent the effectiveness of proposed model.

A Bio-Inspired Gateway Selection Scheme for Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The gateway selection is an essential issue in hybrid mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Current independent and random selections without supporting routing negotiation protocol may cause links or gateways overloaded when they are selected by multiple nodes simultaneously. Therefore, the network performance may not be in a proper way. Furthermore, the ad hoc nature of MANETs makes the topology change dynamically, so that the gateway selection becomes even more difficult. This paper presents a mathematical model for gateway capability and a novel approach, called bio-inspired gateway selection, where the gateways are selected according to the network status and associated with a cooperative mechanism for optimization. The novelty includes the use of attractor selection model, the self-adaptability and the autonomy of the biological system. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by simulation with different scenarios and compared with the conventional approaches being currently used in hybrid MANETs. The illustrated numerical results present the performance of the proposed approach in terms of packet delivery ratio, average delivery latency, normalized routing overhead, and gateway load balance under different network conditions. Furthermore, the numerical results are also able to demonstrate the significant performance gain compared with the conventional gateway selection approaches.

Hop-based Aggressive Caching Scheme for Hybrid Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

하이브리드 모바일 에드 혹 네트워크는 인터넷을 모바일 애드 혹 네트워크와 결합한 네트워크이다. 무선 전송 방식에서, 서로의 전송 범위 내에 위치하는 전송 된 콘텐트를 목적지 여부와는 무관하게 수신 할 수 있다. 캐싱 기술은 이러한 수신 된 콘텐트를 저장하고 차후 발생되는 요청에 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 전송 홉 수에 기반한 적극적 캐싱 기법을 제안한다. 제안 된 기법에서, 서비스 요청 및 제공은 AP를 루트 노드로 하는 트리 경로를 따라 이루어진다. 노드는 자신의 홉 수에 따라 수신 된 콘텐트를 캐시한다. 라우팅 프로세스가 완료되면, 노드는 추가적인 처리 과정 없이 전송 또는 인접 노드를 담당하는 경로 노드로 설정된다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안 된 캐싱 기법이 기존의 적극적 캐싱 기법에 비해 더 나은 성능을 달성 할 수 있음을 보여준다.

Modeling of an Efficient Integration of MANET and Internet Using Queuing Theory

Integrating mobile adhoc network (MANET) to the Internet is a burning issue due to its various advantages over standalone MANET. Such integration provides many usage scenarios for both fixed network and MANET together like conference meeting, wireless classroom and information processing on the move such as in trains and airport. Some of the nodes in MANET called Internet gateways (IGWs) act as an interface between MANET and fixed network such as Internet which offer the Internet connectivity to the mobile host. Such integrated network is called hybrid MANET. A mathematical model has been proposed in this paper to calculate end to end (ETE) delay and throughput between active source and each IGW node by splitting the traffic in multiple paths. The proposed model follows M/M/m queuing network and Burke theorem has been used to calculate ETE delay of multiple paths between active source (AS) and each IGW. Further, through analysis the best Internet gateway is selected based on minimum ETE delay between AS and each IGW for data delivery to the Internet. The proposed model is useful for analyzing and selecting IGW out of multiple IGWs in hybrid MANET. Simulation results show the validity of the proposed approach.

Markov chain-based evaluation of the certificate status validations in hybrid MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are vulnerable to various security attacks conducted by the malicious nodes and attackers. To defend against the attackers, their public key certificates should be revoked by certificate authority. Thus, each MANET node before conducting any secure communications, should check the status of communicating parties’ certificates. Inconsistency of the certificate status information is one of the critical problems which reduce the correctness and effectiveness of the whole certificate validation process. In this paper, we conduct a Markov-chain based analysis and evaluation of the OCSP-based certificate validations in the hybrid MANETs. In particular, we focus on the ADOPT and PS-ADOPT protocols and present four absorbing Markov-chain models, three for online states whose OCSP responder is available to the MANET and the other to support offline cases where MANET may be disconnected from the OCSP responder occasionally. Finally, the results of absorbing Markov models are verified by the extensive simulations of the ADOPT and PS-ADOPT protocols in the OMNeT++ simulator.

Gateway load balancing using multiple QoS parameters in a hybrid MANET

A Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configurable wireless network in which mobile nodes communicate with each other in a multihop fashion without any pre-installed infrastructure. A MANET can be considered to be a standalone network. To enhance the connectivity of a MANET it can be connected to the fixed network, thus forming a heterogeneous network. The integration of MANET and the Internet is called a hybrid MANET which is facilitated by special nodes called Internet gateway nodes. Load balancing among gateways is a challenging task when a MANET is connected to Internet. Gateway nodes with higher loads will lead to disconnected networks and depletes the node’s resources which include their batteries, memory and bandwidth quickly. Gateway selection based on the shortest path may increase traffic concentration on one particular gateway which leads to congestion and increases delay in the network. In this paper a QoS based load balancing mechanism has been proposed among multiple gateway nodes that provide communication between mobile nodes and fixed nodes in the Internet to select lightly loaded gateways so that more packets will be delivered to the fixed host in the Internet. The proposed QoS based scheme selects four QoS parameters that are (1) connecting degree, (2) interface queue length, (3) routing table entries and (4) hop count. A weight based method is used to select the gateway which combines all four QoS metrics. Simulation results demonstrate that when compared with individual parameter, the average ETE delay, queue size and traffic load of gateway generated by proposed algorithm is decreased by 17, 25 and 15 % respectively and when compared with existing schemes, the average ETE delay, queue size and traffic load of gateway is decreased by 25, 25 and 16 % respectively.

A heuristic data update mechanism in unstructured mobile P2P systems

With the advances in information and communication technology, the unstructured mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) system based on a hybrid mobile ad-hoc network (hybrid MANETs), where the membership between mobile nodes is more dynamic and the energy on each node is limited, becomes a trend. Since different mobile nodes may store copies of shared information, data synchronization on an MP2P system is crucial for providing the latest information. Nevertheless, the node mobility makes the communication links disconnected and the network topology changed frequently. The maintenance on data consistency in an MP2P system thus becomes challenging. In this paper, we propose a heuristic data update mechanism (HDUM) to effectively maintain the data consistency in an MP2P system with less overhead. In HDUM, each node derives safe-time values from the neighbors’ locations and speeds to determine an appropriate time to check and update data items between the neighboring nodes and itself. HDUM also considers the relative node ability, which is derived from nodes connectivity, access frequency of a data item, and the residual capacity of battery. Relative node ability indicates the ability of a node with respect to a data item. If the ability value of a node is not lower than a given threshold, this node can be notified to receive updated data items from its neighbors. To evaluate the proposed HDUM, extensive simulated experiments are performed. The experimental results show that HDUM can keep higher coverage of successfully synchronized nodes while significantly reducing a large amount of redundant messages.

Enhancing QoE for video streaming in MANETs via multi-constraint routing

In this paper, we propose a Multi-Constraint Quality-of-Experience (QoE) centric Routing (MCQR) technique for efficient real-time video streaming over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). The dynamic estimation of link quality metric during MCQR route discovery process is the key of enhancing QoE at end user. MCQR limits end-to-end delay and jitter of received data packets by selecting long lifetime routes with maximum permissible delay. This minimizes the distortion caused fluctuations in perceived video. To prove the effectiveness of MCQR for real-time video streaming, we have designed a hybrid MANET consisting of simulated nodes and physical machines. In our hybrid network, the source and destination nodes are video traffic generators and receivers running on physical devices. Emulation results are obtained using real-time video streaming over high fidelity virtual wireless network, and conforming that the MCQR protocol provides satisfactory QoE to end users as compared to existing similar techniques. The packet delivery ratio of MCQR is higher than 90 % and its mean opinion score is higher than three (i.e., satisfactory) even when mobility and shadowing effects are kept high in target network scenarios. These improvements are achieved along with still maintaining similar or better routing overhead and processing delays.

MIMC: Middleware for Identifying & Mitigating Congestion Level in Hybrid Mobile Adhoc Network

Adoption of middleware system to solve the congestion problem in mobile ad-hoc network is few to find in the existing system. Research gap is found as existing congestion control mechanism in MANET doesn’t use middleware design and existing middleware system were never investigated for its applicability in congestion control over the mobile ad-hoc network. Therefore, we introduce a novel middleware system called as MIMC or Middleware for Identifying and Mitigating Congestion in Hybrid Mobile Adhoc Network. MIMC is also equipped with novel traf-fic modeling using rule-based control matrix that not only pro-vides a better scenario of congestion but also assists in decision making for routing, which the existing techniques fails. This paper discusses the algorithms, result discussion on multiple scenarios to show MIMC perform better congestion control as compared to existing techniques.

Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc network: a survey based study

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. MANETs have become increasingly significant in recent years due to their potential applications. From a technological point of view, the realization of this vision still requires a large number of challenges to be solved related to devices, protocols, applications and services. The drawbacks of MANETs are the limited number of services and applications, limited wireless coverage, limited bandwidth and battery power, and dynamic network topology. The growth of the Internet services and applications and the trend in the fourth generation (4G) wireless networks to all-IP networks have led to an increasing demand for enabling MANET nodes to connect to the Internet and use its services and applications. These kinds of networks are named as hybrid MANETs which can be deployed quickly and easily. The main objective of this paper is to introduce an overview of the different challenges and solutions for MANET---Internet integration. It will also introduce a solid analysis of the most significant proposals by describing their functionality, characteristics, and drawbacks. Summary of features of existing hybrid integration approaches for integration is presented. This survey concludes with further points for investigation.

Routing Using Trust Based System with SHA-2 Authentication

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is an infrastructure independent network with every mobile node acting as the router in the network formation. These networks are most useful when the present infrastructure is destroyed or at remote locations which are deprived of these amenities. One of the biggest challenges of these networks is the security of the data being sent and that is the main objective of our work. In this paper, security of the routing information is of the maximum priority. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a hybrid MANET protocol is being implemented in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and a hashing algorithm, keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code – Secure Hashing Algorithm 256 (HMAC-SHA256) is implemented for the Authentication and Data Integrity of the information being sent. In addition to that a Trust-Based system is formulated for preventing the Denial-of-Services (DoS) Attacks. The first part of this paper introduces the HMAC-SHA256 for ensuring that the data packets are received by the destination only and in its original form but at the expense of the increased processing time at the source and the destination. The second part uses the Trust-Based system with those nodes that act maliciously being broadcasted in the network and isolated to render a higher throughput and packet delivery fraction but at the expense of the increased end to end delay.

Trust Based Algorithm for Candidate Node Selection in Hybrid MANET-DTN

The hybrid MANET - DTN is a mobile network that enables transport of the data between groups of the disconnected mobile nodes. The network provides benefits of the Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) and Delay Tolerant Network (DTN). The main problem of the MANET occurs if the communication path is broken or disconnected for some short time period. On the other side, DTN allows sending data in the disconnected environment with respect to higher tolerance to delay. Hybrid MANET - DTN provides optimal solution for emergency situation in order to transport information. Moreover, the security is the critical factor because the data are transported by mobile devices. In this paper, we investigate the issue of secure candidate node selection for transportation of the data in a disconnected environment for hybrid MANET- DTN. To achieve the secure selection of the reliable mobile nodes, the trust algorithm is introduced. The algorithm enables select reliable nodes based on collecting routing information. This algorithm is implemented to the simulator OPNET modeler.

Multi-Paths Multicast Overlay Tree in Hybrid Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (HYMANET)

Mobile ad-hoc network(MANET) is a self-organized network over infraless structured radio links. And hybrid mobile ad-hoc network(HYMANET) is a network which is combined with infra(AP) and MANET. In these networks, one of the most critical problems is the deficient network resource for receiving multimedia streams. The other problem is that overlay connection tree shuts down frequently following mobile node(MN)s’ movement. For solving these problems, this paper generates multi-paths overlay multicast connection tree using multiple parent-child relationships according to the number of hops towards AP(access point) in hybrid ad-hoc network. The proposed method can be used as service for live-video such as news, sports broadcasting image and movies in HYMANET. And this paper can minimize redundant multimedia streams that could appear when supporting multimedia service using multicast.

Effect of Traffic Load on The Performance of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid MANET Protocols

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices (called nodes) that communicate with each other without the use of infrastructure such as access points or base stations. These networks are self-configuring, capable of self-directed operations and are easily deployable. Nodes cooperate to provide connectivity and operate without centralized administration. Nodes in the network are able to communicate together via a routing protocol which finds the best route to the destination. In MANETs how a route is established between a source and its destination through the network is of importance and of greater importance is how various user traffic data are routed to their various destinations. The performance evaluation of various routing protocols for MANETs have been presented in various research work however, no research work has examined the performance of proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols vis--vis Optimized Link State routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and GRP protocols under heavy network traffic load. In this paper, a comparison of the performances of proactive (OLSR), Reactive (DSR) and Hybrid (GRP) routing protocols are made under intense network traffic load.

Network traffic based assessment of reactive, proactive and hybrid MANET protocols

MANETS are the networks that do not need backbone infrastructure support and are easy to deploy. They are Useful in the conditions when infrastructure is absent, destroyed or impractical. It is a dense collection of different nodes such as laptops, handheld computers, PDA and portable computers and mobile devices. Since many of these small computers operate for hours with battery power, users are free to move without being constrained by wires. To sustain such type of circumstances MANET has been designed. MANET has several characteristics such as, dynamic topologies, bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links, energy constrained operation and limited physical security. The paper reveals the performance comparison of proactive, reactive and hybrid protocols. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a network provisionally without any support of central management. Moreover, Every node in MANET moves randomly making the multi-hop network topology to change arbitrarily at capricious times.(1). The most popular routing protocols (2) in MANET are AODV (reactive), AODV (reactive), DSDV (proactive)and ZRP (hybrid). Reactive protocols find the routes when they are needed. Proactive protocols are table driven protocols and find routes before they need it. And finally hybrid routing protocols offer an proficient framework that can concurrently draw on the strengths of proactive and reactive routing protocols.(3).In this paper, we concentrate on three MANET routing protocols, AODV, DSDV and ZRP. We consider four parameters to appraise the performance of these routing protocols: number of packets sent, number of packets received, number of packets dropped and throughput. (3).

Multi-criteria Gateway Selection and Multipath Routing Protocol for Hybrid MANETs

mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the mobility of the ad hoc nodes can cause route failures and necessitates the new route discovery. Also the mobility can result in delay and overhead. In this paper, we propose a multi-criteria gateway selection and multipath routing protocol for hybrid MANET that considers mobility metric as one of the criterion for the selecting the gateway. For gateway selection, a combined weight value is determined based on the metrics mobility, inter and intra MANET traffic load and residual energy using simple additive weighing (SAW) technique. Among the selected path from the multiple paths, the gateway with maximum weight is selected. If such a gateway does not exist, alternate path is selected from the multi path set. By simulation results, we show that our proposed protocol is more efficient technique for gateway selection.