Hybrid Mesons Research Articles

Exotic meson decays and polarization asymmetry in hadron environment with chiral imbalance

The possibility of the formation of a local parity breaking in a quark-hadron medium is described as a result of a violation of chiral symmetry, i.e, the difference between the average numbers of right and left -handing quarks in the fireball after HIC.The phenomenology of LPB in the fireball induces the introduction of a topological charge and, accordingly, a topological (chiral) chemical potential. Using the effective meson Lagrangian motivated by QCD in the chiral medium the properties of light scalar and pseudoscalar mesons are analyzed. It is establish that exotic decays of scalar mesons arise as a result of mixing of π and a0 vacuum states in the presence of chiral imbalance. The pion electromagnetic formfactor obtains a parity-odd supplement which generates a photon polarization asymmetry in pion polarizability. We consider that the above-mentioned properties of LPB can be revealed in experiments on LHC, RHIC, CBM FAIR and NICA accelerators.

Light-Meson Spectroscopy at GlueX

GlueX at Jefferson Lab aims to study the light meson spectrum with an emphasis on the search for light hybrid mesons. To this end, a linearly-polarized [Formula: see text]GeV photon beam impinges on a hydrogen target contained within a hermetic detector with near-complete neutral and charged particle coverage. In 2016, the experiment completed its commissioning and subsequently started to take data in its design configuration. With the size of the data set so far, GlueX already exceeds previous experiments for polarized photoproduction in this energy regime. A selection of early results will be presented, focusing on beam asymmetries for pseudo-scalar and vector mesons. The potential to make significant contributions to the field of light-meson spectroscopy is highlighted by the observation of several known meson resonances. Furthermore, the strategy to map the light meson spectrum with amplitude analysis tools will be outlined.

The Mass and Decay Properties of the 1−+ Light Hybrid Meson

We calculate the complete form of the dimension-8 condensate contributions in the two-point correlator of the (1−+,0++) light hybrid current considering the operator mixing under renormalization. We find the inclusion these higher power corrections as well as the update of 〈g3G3〉 increase the QCD sum rule mass prediction for the 1−+ light hybrid. The obtained conservative mass range 1.72–2.60 GeV does not favor the π1(1400) and the π1(1600) to be pure hybrid states and suggests the π1(2015) observed by E852 is more likely to have much of a hybrid constituent. We also study the b1π and ρπ decay patterns of the 1−+ light hybrid with light-cone QCD sum rules. We obtain a relatively large partial decay width of the b1π mode, which is consistent with the predictions from the flux tube models and lattice QCD. More interestingly, using the tensor interpolating current we find the partial decay width of the ρπ mode is very small due to the lack of the leading twist contribution in the light-cone expansion of the correlation function.

Ground State Mass Predictions of Heavy-Light Hybrids from QCD Sum-Rule Analysis (JP = {0±,1±})

We present QCD Laplace sum-rule predictions of ground state masses of heavy-light open-flavour hybrid mesons. Having computed leading-order diagonal correlation functions, including up to dimension six gluon condensate contributions, we extract hybrid mass predictions for all JP∈{0±,1±}, and explore possible mixing effects with conventional meson states. Similarities are found in the mass hierarchy in both charm and bottom systems with some exceptions that are discussed.

Spectroscopy of exotic hadrons formed from dynamical diquarks

The dynamical diquark picture asserts that exotic hadrons can be formed from widely separated colored diquark or triquark components. We use the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation to study the spectrum of states thus constructed, both in the basis of diquark spins and in the basis of heavy quark-antiquark spins. We develop a compact notation for naming these states, and use the results of lattice simulations for hybrid mesons to predict the lowest expected BO potentials for both tetraquarks and pentaquarks. We then compare to the set of exotic candidates with experimentally determined quantum numbers, and find that all of them can be accommodated. Once decay modes are also considered, one can develop selection rules of both exact ($J^{PC}$ conservation) and approximate (within the context of the BO approximation) types and test their effectiveness. We find that the most appealing way to satisfy both sets of selection rules requires including additional low-lying BO potentials, a hypothesis that can be checked on the lattice.

Multiquark States

Why do we see certain types of strongly interacting elementary particles and not others? This question was posed more than 50 years ago in the context of the quark model. M. Gell-Mann and G. Zweig proposed that the known mesons were [Formula: see text] and baryons qqq, with the quarks known at the time, u (up), d (down), and s (strange), having charges of 2/3, −1/3, and −1/3, respectively. Mesons and baryons would then have integral charges. Mesons such as [Formula: see text] and baryons such as [Formula: see text] would also have integral charges. Why weren't they seen? They have now been seen, but only with additional heavy quarks and under conditions that tell us a lot about the strong interactions and how they manifest themselves. This review describes recent progress in our understanding of such exotic mesons and baryons.

Analysis of soft wall AdS/QCD potentials to obtain the melting temperature of scalar hadrons

We consider an analysis of potentials related to Schr\"odinger-type equations for scalar fields in a 5D AdS black hole background with dilaton in order to get melting temperatures for different hadrons in a thermal bath. The approach does not consider calculations of spectral functions and it is easy to get results for hadrons with an arbitrary number of constituents. We present results for scalar mesons, glueballs, hybrid mesons and tetraquarks, and we show that mesons are more resistant to being melted in a thermal bath than other scalar hadrons, and in general the melting temperature increases when hadrons contain heavy quarks.

Charm-beauty meson bound states from B(B*)D(D*) and B(B*)D¯(D¯*) interaction

We evaluate the s-wave interaction of pseudoscalar and vector mesons with both charm and beauty to investigate the possible existence of molecular $BD$, $B^*D$, $BD^*$, $B^*D^*$, $B\bar D$, $B^*\bar D$, $B\bar D^*$ or $B^* \bar D^*$ meson states. The scattering amplitude is obtained implementing unitarity starting from a tree level potential accounting for the dominant vector meson exchange. The diagrams are evaluated using suitable extensions to the heavy flavor sector of the hidden gauge symmetry Lagrangians involving vector and pseudoscalar mesons{, respecting heavy quark spin symmetry}. We obtain bound states at energies above 7 GeV for $BD$ ($J^P=0^+$), $B^*D$ ($1^+$), $BD^*$ ($1^+$) and $B^*D^*$ ($0^+$, $1^+$, $2^+$), all in isospin 0. For $B\bar D$ ($0^+$), $B^*\bar D$ ($1^+$), $B\bar D^*$ ($1^+$) and $B^*\bar D^*$ ($0^+$, $1^+$, $2^+$) we also find similar bound states in $I=0$, but much less bound, which would correspond to exotic meson states with $\bar b$ and $\bar c$ quarks, and for the $I=1$ we find a repulsive interaction. We also evaluate the scattering lengths in all cases, which can be tested in current investigations of lattice QCD.

The GlueX Experiment: First Results

GlueX is a nuclear physics experiment located at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility designed to study and understand the nature of confinement in QCD by mapping the spectrum of exotic mesons. The experiment will be able to probe new areas by using photoproduction, i.e. the scattering on nucleon of $$\sim $$ 9 GeV linearly polarized photons derived from the recently upgraded CEBAF with a 12 GeV electron beam. Spring 2016 has been characterized by a continued detector commissioning and initial running at the full design energy. The current status of the GlueX detector performance and data collection will be discussed, with a brief overview of first physics results, future run plans, and long term upgrades.

Higher hybrid bottomonia in an extended potential model

Using our extension of the quark potential model to hybrid mesons that fits well with the available lattice results, we now calculate the masses, radii, wave functions at the origin, leptonic and two-photon decay widths, and $E1$ and $M1$ radiative transitions for a significant number of bottomonium mesons. These mesons include both conventional and hybrid ones with radial and angular excitations. Our numerical solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation are related to QCD through the Born-Oppenheimer approach. Relativistic corrections in masses and decay widths are also calculated by applying the leading-order perturbation theory. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data and the theoretical results by other groups. We also identify the states of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(10860)$, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(11020)$, and ${Y}_{b}(10890)$ mesons by comparing their experimental masses and decay widths to our results.

Chiral corrections to the 1−+ exotic meson mass**Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11222547, 11175073, 11575008) and 973 Program. XL is also supported by the National Youth Top-Level Talent Support Program (“Thousand Talents Scheme”).

We first construct the effective chiral Lagrangians for the 1−+ exotic mesons. With the infrared regularization scheme, we derive the one-loop infrared singular chiral corrections to the π1(1600) mass explicitly. We investigate the variation of the different chiral corrections with the pion mass under two schemes. Hopefully, the explicit non-analytical chiral structures will be helpful for the chiral extrapolation of lattice data from the dynamical lattice QCD simulation of either the exotic light hybrid meson or the tetraquark state.

Heavy Hybrids: decay to and mixing with Heavy Quarkonium

We report on a recent QCD based research on hybrid mesons containing $c\bar c$ or $b\bar b$ quarks. We present results for the spectrum, the decay widths to heavy quarkonium, and the role of mixing with the latter. We point out that mixing with heavy quarkonium provides a potentially large source of spin symmetry breaking. We identify candidates to hybrid mesons among the so called XYZ states in the charmonium and bottomonium spectrum.

Pion-eta scalar-isovector 3-coupled channel amplitude fitted to branching ratios and threshold plus subthreshold parameters

The low energy (below 2 GeV) πη channel interaction amplitude becomes an object of interest mainly because of the search for exotic mesons in just beginning to collect data detector GlueX in JLab. Finding and interpretation of expected weak signals from these states require a comparison with a very accurate amplitude containing standard ( qq ) states i.e. a 0 (980) and a 0 (1450). The main problem in the determination of such amplitude is a total absence of data about the phases and inelasticities in the elastic and inelastic region. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the next two coupled higher channels - KK and πη ′. Presented here amplitude is based on separable potential model (working very well for the scalar-isoscalar ππ interactions) with only 9 free parameters. To determine such 3-coupled channel amplitude, the following information has been taken into account: experimental branching ratios and positions of both a 0 resonances, theoretical couplings, scattering length from ChPT and value of squared radius of the πη form factor. Phase shifts, inelasticities and cross sections in all single and crossed channels are presented.

Investigating the Structure of X(4140) in QCD

In this work, the masses of the ground states coupling to molecular or tetraquark currents with JPC = 0++, 1++, 2++ are studied to investigate the structure of X(4140) exotic meson observed at J/ψϕ invariant mass spectrum. We found that all currents predict ground states with masses of the same magnitude, which might be inter-pereted as the existance of at least three exotic structures with degenerate mass.

Exotic meson decays in the environment with chiral imbalance

An emergence of Local Parity Breaking (LPB) in central heavy-ion collisions (HIC) at high energies is discussed. LPB in the fireball can be produced by a difference between the number densities of right- and left-handed chiral fermions (Chiral Imbalance) which is implemented by a chiral (axial) chemical potential. The effective meson lagrangian induced by QCD is extended to the medium with Chiral Imbalance and the properties of light scalar and pseudoscalar mesons ($\pi, a_0$) are analyzed. It is shown that exotic decays of scalar mesons arise as a result of mixing of $ \pi $ and $ a_0 $ vacuum states in the presence of chiral imbalance. The pion electromagnetic formfactor obtains an unusual parity-odd supplement which generates a photon polarization asymmetry in pion polarizability. We hope that the above pointed indications of LPB can be identified in experiments on LHC, RHIC, CBM FAIR and NICA accelerators.

D̄0D0* (D0D̄0*) system in QCD-improved many body potential**BM and FA acknowledge the support of PU research (D/605/Est.I Sr. 20 Project 2014-15, D/34/Est.1 Sr. 109 Project 2013-14), SG is thankful to the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for its financial support through (17-5-4(Ps3-128) HEC/Sch/2006)

For a system of current interest (composed of charm, anticharm and a pair of light quarks), we show trends in phenomenological implications of QCD-based improvements to a simple quark model treatment. We employ a resonating group method to render this difficult four-body problem manageable. We use a quadratic confinement so as to be able to improve beyond the Born approximation. We report the position of the pole corresponding to the D̄0D0* molecule for the best fit of a model parameter to the relevant QCD simulations. We point out the interesting possibility that the pole can be shifted to 3872 MeV by introducing another parameter I0 that changes the strength of the interaction in this one component of X(3872). The revised value of this second parameter can guide future trends in modeling of the full exotic meson X(3872). We also report the changes with I0 in the S-wave spin averaged cross sections for D̄0D0* ⟶ ωJ/ψ and D̄0D0* ⟶ ρJ/ψ. These cross sections are important regarding the study of QGP (quark gluon plasma).

Nuclear effects on tetraquark production by double parton scattering

In this work we study the nuclear effects in exotic meson production. We estimate the total cross section as a function of the energy for pPb scattering using a version of the color evaporation model (CEM) adapted to Double Parton Scattering (DPS). We fond that the cross section grows significantly with the atomic number, indicating that the hypothesis of tetraquark states can be tested in pA collisions at LHC.

Fate of the Tetraquark Candidate Z_{c}(3900) from Lattice QCD.

The possible exotic meson Z_{c}(3900), found in e^{+}e^{-} reactions, is studied by the method of coupled-channel scattering in lattice QCD. The interactions among πJ/ψ, ρη_{c}, and D[over ¯]D^{*} channels are derived from (2+1)-flavor QCD simulations at m_{π}=410-700 MeV. The interactions are dominated by the off-diagonal πJ/ψ-D[over ¯]D^{*} and ρη_{c}-D[over ¯]D^{*} couplings, which indicates that the Z_{c}(3900) is not a usual resonance but a threshold cusp. Semiphenomenological analyses with the coupled-channel interaction are also presented to confirm this conclusion.

Excited and exotic charmonium, D s and D meson spectra for two light quark masses from lattice QCD

We present highly-excited charmonium, $D_s$ and $D$ meson spectra from dynamical lattice QCD calculations with light quarks corresponding to $M_{\pi} \sim 240$ MeV and compare these to previous results with $M_{\pi} \sim 400$ MeV. Utilising the distillation framework, large bases of carefully constructed interpolating operators and a variational procedure, we extract and reliably identify the continuum spin of an extensive set of excited mesons. These include states with exotic quantum numbers which, along with a number with non-exotic quantum numbers, we identify as having excited gluonic degrees of freedom and interpret as hybrid mesons. Comparing the spectra at the two different $M_\pi$, we find only a mild light-quark mass dependence and no change in the overall pattern of states.

Counting similarities between tetraquark and mesonic/gluonic operators

After the study of the preclusion of exotic meson states in large- $N_{c}$ limit QCD, combining Weinberg’s opposite proposal, we get different counting orders for a tetraquark operator to create or destroy a one-tetraquark state. Meanwhile, by comparing the tetraquark operator with the mesonic and gluonic operators, we find that tetraquark operators are similar to mesonic and gluonic operators in the counting. Furthermore, we find a mixing of different kinds of operators.