Hybrid Mesh Research Articles

An energy stable high-order cut cell discontinuous Galerkin method with state redistribution for wave propagation

Cut meshes are a type of mesh that is formed by allowing embedded boundaries to “cut” a simple underlying mesh resulting in a hybrid mesh of cut and standard elements. While cut meshes can allow complex boundaries to be represented well regardless of the mesh resolution, their arbitrarily shaped and sized cut elements can present issues such as the small cell problem, where small cut elements can result in a severely restricted CFL condition. State redistribution, a technique developed by Berger and Giuliani in [1], can be used to address the small cell problem. In this work, we pair state redistribution with a high-order discontinuous Galerkin scheme that is L2 energy stable under arbitrary quadrature. We prove that state redistribution can be added to a provably L2 energy stable discontinuous Galerkin method on a cut mesh without damaging the scheme's L2 stability. We numerically verify the high order accuracy and stability of our scheme on two-dimensional wave propagation problems.

HEMLAB Algorithm Applied to the High-Lift Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Standard Model

The high-lift Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) standard model (HL-JSM) has been numerically analyzed in order to further validate the HEMLAB code for realistic aircraft configurations. The numerical algorithm is based on highly efficient edge-based data structure for a vertex-based finite volume algorithm on hybrid meshes. The data pattern is arranged to meet the requirements of a vertex-based finite volume algorithm by considering data access patterns and cache efficiency. A fully implicit version of the numerical algorithm has also been implemented based on the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) library in order to improve the robustness of the algorithm. The resulting algebraic equations, including the one-equation Spalart–Allmaras, are solved in a monolithic manner using the restricted additive Schwarz preconditioner combined with the flexible generalized minimal residual method [FGMRES(m)] Krylov subspace algorithm. The numerical method is also combined with the metric-based anisotropic mesh refinement library Python Adaptive Mesh Geometry Suite–INRIA (pyAMG) from National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology in order to improve the numerical accuracy. The numerical algorithm is initially applied to the two-dimensional L1T2 (National High Lift Programme) high-lift system, and then the calculations around the HL-JSM are carried out at relatively high angles of attack. The numerical results with the anisotropic mesh refinement library pyAMG indicate significant improvements in numerical accuracy.

Hybrid intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair for incisional hernias: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Laparoscopic IPOM is technically challenging, especially regarding fascial closure. Hybrid repair has been proposed as a simpler approach. We aimed to compare hybrid and laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (IPOM) in patients undergoing ventral hernia repair (VHR). We performed a systematic review of Cochrane, Scopus, and MEDLINE databases to identify studies comparing hybrid versus laparoscopic IPOM VHR reporting the outcomes of recurrence, mortality, seroma, postoperative complications, reoperation, surgical site infection, and operative time. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio 4.1.2 using a random-effects model. We screened 2,896 articles and fully reviewed 22 of them. A total of five studies, encompassing 664 patients were included. Among them, 337 (50.8%) underwent laparoscopic IPOM. All patients had incisional hernias, with a mean diameter varying from 3 to 12.7cm, 60% were women, with a mean BMI varying from 29.5 to 38. The hybrid approach had a lower rate of seroma when compared to the laparoscopic (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.92; p = 0.038; I²=78%). We found no difference in recurrence, mortality, postoperative complications, reoperation, surgical site infection, and operative time between groups. Hybrid IPOM is a safe and effective method for incisional hernia repair. Moreover, it facilitates fascial defect closure and decreases postoperative seromas.

Vapor-liquid coplanar structure enables high thermal conductive and extremely ultrathin vapor chamber

Ultrathin vapor chambers have great potential in cooling compact and portable electronics due to their unique advantages including adjustable cooling surface and good temperature uniformity. However, minimizing the thickness of the vapor chambers while maintaining high thermal conductivity could be mutually exclusive. Here, we develop an ultrathin vapor chamber that enables thermal conductivity of more than 10000 W/mK at an overall thickness of only 0.27 mm. Our ultrathin vapor chamber employs the vapor-liquid coplanar arrangement structure that minimizes the vapor flow pressure drop, the superhydrophilic hybrid mesh wicks that strengthen the capillary performance, and superhydrophilic orthogonal microgrooves that absorb the condensed liquid film and smooth the vapor channels. The heat transfer capability and thermal resistance are theoretically modelled to better understand the heat transfer mechanism of the ultrathin vapor chamber. The proposed extremely thin vapor chamber shows good superiority and great impetus in the thermal management of practical compact applications. This extremely ultrathin vapor chamber and the experimental results may guide the new directions for minimized thermal control devices.

Stretched Meshing in a 2D Computational Domain with Elbow Edges for CFD Applications

Mesh generation is critical for obtaining accurate and detailed solutions to mesh-based numerical problems, particularly when capturing specific information within a designated area of the domain. While structured meshes offer consistency, their uniform resolution limits their ability to achieve this. Mesh stretching offers a solution by introducing non-uniform element sizes based on an analytical relationship while preserving the original mesh structure. The objective of this study is to create a hybrid mesh model that leverages the strengths of both structured and stretched meshes. A 2D rectangle with elbow edges serves as the domain. To address the requirements of CFD applications, the domain is refined by increasing element density near the boundaries and corners. Skewness, aspect ratio, and element quality are then assessed to determine the overall mesh quality. The results demonstrate that stretching the structured mesh produced a mesh with quality that meets CFD domain standards.

Fixed-matrix regenerators optimization with wire mesh screens using entropy generation minimization method

The thermodynamic efficiency of a wire mesh fixed matrix regenerative heat exchanger mainly depends on the regenerator’s heating performance and losses. This paper aims to increase the effectiveness and decrease the pressure loss of static regenerators with wire mesh screens as packing geometry. The entropy generated for several combinations of mesh screens is calculated by using the entropy generation minimization method (EGM), and this method helps in finding the right combination with the minimum entropy generation. The study aims to minimize entropy generation by dividing the conventional uniform mesh regenerator pack length into multiple zones by accommodating different combinations of wire mesh screens. For the sample flow condition, it is observed that 3.94 × 103 W/K entropy is generated by uniform mesh, and from 68 hybrid mesh combinations, 80–120–200 generated 2.11 × 103 W/K. By balancing pressure loss and thermal efficiency, the potential of EGM-based optimization is underscored during this study, which improves the regenerator’s performance.

Superhydrophobic Materials for Self-cleaning Applications: A Review

Abstract: Since the discovery of the “lotus effect,” the superhydrophobic structure of the research is more and more profound. When the droplets fall on the surface, it will not occur as a wetting phenomenon. Making full use of this feature will achieve the self-cleaning effect of the object surface. In the dust filtration problem, it is possible to spray superhydrophobic materials on the surface of the equipment using superhydrophobic self-cleaning characteristics to change the filtering method and to improve the self-cleaning efficiency. This paper describes the methods of preparing superhydrophobic materials, self-cleaning methods, and the application of superhydrophobic materials in the field of self-cleaning. Based on the summary of patents and papers, this paper focuses on the filtration and self-cleaning effect of superhydrophobic materials on dust particles in humid environments. With a simple structure, high filtration efficiency, and long service life, the super sparse/hydrophilic hybrid mesh can work continuously without manual operation. It can effectively filter dust particles and improve air quality in humid environments. Coal powder condensation experiments in this paper proved that the application of superhydrophobic materials in the field of self-cleaning yielded significant results. When superhydrophobic materials are sprayed on copper-based filters, the hydrophilic line mixes with the hydrophobic region, greatly improving the self-cleaning efficiency.

Analysis and Computation of a Weak Galerkin Scheme for Solving the 2D/3D Stationary Stokes Interface Problems with High-Order Elements

Abstract In this paper, we present a high-order weak Galerkin finite element method (WG-FEM) for solving the stationary Stokes interface problems with discontinuous velocity and pressure in ℝ d (d = 2, 3). This WG method is equipped with stable finite elements consisting of usual polynomials of degree k ≥ 1 for the velocity and polynomials of degree k – 1 for the pressure, both are discontinuous. Optimal convergence rates of order k + 1 for the velocity and order k for the pressure are established in L 2-norm on hybrid meshes. Numerical experiments verify the expected order of accuracy for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional examples. Moreover, numerically it is shown that the proposed WG algorithm is able to accommodate geometrically complicated and very irregular interfaces having sharp edges, cusps, and tips.

Numerical study of heat transfer characteristics of phase change materials reinforced with porous media based on hybrid mesh

To address the drawbacks of inadequate energy density as well as utilization effectiveness in solar energy utilization, phase change energy storage offers a possible option. However, the low thermal conductivity of traditional phase change materials (PCMs) restricts the extent to which solar energy utilization can be enhanced. In this paper, the impact of the metal foam (MF) on the solid–liquid interface, the flow field, the enhancement heat transfer mechanism during the paraffin wax (PX) melting process and thermal storage characteristics was analyzed. Besides, a three-dimensional mathematical model of MF-PX using the hybrid mesh technique was established and software ANSYS-FLUENT was used for simulation. The results indicated that, the hybrid mesh exhibited a reduction of 52.75 % in mesh count compared to the unstructured mesh, resulting in 45 % reduction in computational time. Moreover, the hybrid mesh also showcased improved mesh quality that the unstructured mesh was mainly distributed in the range of 0.48–0.6, while within the range of 0.84–1.0 for the hybrid mesh. More important, the maximum relative error between experimental and simulation was 8.67 %, indicating that the model can make a reasonable prediction. With the proportions of MF increased from 0.11 % to 0.43 %, both the Rayleigh number (Ra) and its amplification decreased. At 800 s, the Ra decreased from 1.76E+07 to 1.20E+07, while the amplification of the Ra was reduced from 1.88E+07 to 1.30E+07. In addition, the natural convection proportions of CMF decreased from 96.31 % to 80.65 %. These observations indicated that natural convection was the primary heat transfer mechanism, and the conduction was enhanced by the increasing proportion of MF. Finally, in terms of heat storage characteristics, the heat storage capacity and heat storage rate of the composite PCM slightly decreased. The heat storage values decreased from 19.30 kJ to 18.66 kJ. Similarly, the heat storage rates decreased from 19.86 J/s to 18.81 J/s.

Design and manufacture of hybrid mesh for hernia treatment

The warp knitting method is typically used to create hernia mesh. It can add new qualities to the meshes due to the formation of micro/nanofibers, cell proliferation, biocompatibility, non-adhesion, and drug release properties. Within the purview of this work, warp-knitted mesh (polypropylene) with micro/nanofibers was created. On this constructed mesh structure, silk fibroin/polyurethane/levan/curcumin fibers were produced using the centrifugal jet spinning technique. When SEM images were examined, the average fiber diameter was 932 ± 407 nm, and the pore diameter was 20 µm. The nanofiber warp-knitted fabric was measured to have a bursting strength of 182.9 ± 11 kPa. It was determined that the abdominal wall’s predicted elasticity value of 15.65% horizontally was enough for both men and women. It was determined that the hybrid mesh structure performed better against E.coli bacteria and that the curcumin-infused mesh had an antibacterial effect. It was found that meshes might be employed as hybrid meshes for the treatment of hernias.

Maximizing mesh mileage: evaluating the long-term performance of a novel hybrid mesh for ventral hernia repair.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes of GORE Synecor™ in ventral hernia repair (VHR). This retrospective, single-center case review analyzed outcomes in patients who underwent VHR with Synecor from May 2016 to December 2022. Primary outcomes were hernia recurrence and mesh infection rates. Secondary outcomes were 30-day morbidity, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, re-operation, surgical-site infection (SSI) and occurrence (SSO) rates, and occurrences requiring intervention (SSOI). 278 patients were identified. Mean follow-up was 24.1 (0.2-87.1) months. Mean hernia defect size was 63.4 (± 77.2) cm2. Overall hernia recurrence and mesh infection rates were 5.0% and 1.4% respectively. No mesh infections required full explantation. We report the following overall rates: 13.3% 30-day morbidity, 4.7% 30-day readmission, 2.9% re-operation, 7.2% SSI, 6.1% SSO, and 2.9% SSOI. 30-day morbidity was significantly higher in non-clean (42.1% vs 11.2%, p < 0.01), onlay (OL) mesh (37.0% vs preperitoneal (PP) 16.4%, p = 0.05 vs retrorectus (RR) 15.0%, p < 0.05 vs intraperitoneal (IP) 5.2%, p < 0.001), and open cases (23.5% vs 3.1% laparoscopic vs 4.4% robotic, p < 0.01). SSI rates were significantly higher in non-clean (31.6% vs 5.4%, p < 0.001), OL mesh (29.6% vs RR 11.3%, p < 0.05 vs PP 5.5%, p < 0.01 vs IP 0.0%, p < 0.001), and open cases (15.2% vs 0% laparoscopic vs 0% robotic, p < 0.05). Long-term performance of a novel hybrid mesh in VHR demonstrates a low recurrence rate and favorable safety profile in various defect sizes and mesh placement locations.

Finite element simulations of Herschel–Bulkley visco-plastic materials over a cylinder: Drag and lift correlation analysis

This study employs a two-dimensional and incompressible flow of Herschel–Bulkley visco-plastic materials in order to investigate the hydrodynamic forces that are acting on a barrier that is located close to the inlet of a channel. As the benchmark configuration, the flow domain that has been selected is a channel that still contains the impediment. The two important parameters of the Herschel–Bulkley Model (HBM) are the yield stress [Formula: see text] and power law index n. Obtaining special situations within the HBM, such as Newtonian, power-law, and Bingham fluids, can be accomplished by assigning certain values to these parameters at the appropriate times. Utilizing a numerical strategy grounded in the Finite Element Method (FEM), we tackle the nonlinearity of the governing equations as well as the viscosity models. As a result of this nonlinearity, FEM becomes an essential tool. The generation of a refined hybrid mesh is done in order to guarantee accuracy in the computations. The stable finite element pair ([Formula: see text]) has been selected for discretization purposes. The discretized nonlinear system is linearized with Newton’s method and subsequently, a direct linear solver PARDISO has been employed in the inner iterations. The pressure, velocity, and viscosity profiles are plotted for various values of n and Bingham number (Bn). In addition, the velocity behavior is observed along the y-direction in a channel through line graphs. Code validation is done as a special case [Formula: see text] and a good agreement is found with the results available in the literature. Finally, a correlation analysis has been performed for the drag coefficient [Formula: see text] and lift coefficient [Formula: see text].

Aircraft Simulations Using the New CFD Software from ONERA, DLR, and Airbus

This paper presents a thorough comparison between RANS simulations performed with the computational fluid dynamics by ONERA, DLR, and Airbus (CODA) new-generation flow solver and reference legacy codes TAU (DLR) and elsA (ONERA) for high-speed cruising NASA Common Research Model (CRM) configurations that were considered in the context of the 5th, 6th, and 7th Drag Prediction Workshops. The solver’s accuracy is assessed with several meshing strategies, including block-structured, hybrid-structured/unstructured, and fully unstructured tetrahedral meshes. This solver features both a cell-centered finite-volume (FV) scheme suited to arbitrary meshes as well as a modern high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme. We show that for all cases considered, the FV component recovers an equivalent accuracy compared to elsA (cell-centered FV) on block-structured meshes and TAU (node-centered FV) on hybrid and unstructured meshes. The high-order DG scheme (third-order accurate) is found to significantly enhance the drag prediction on coarse meshes compared to legacy FV methods, both for structured and unstructured meshes.

Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation neural networking (LMB-NN) analysis of hydrodynamic forces in fluid flow over multiple cylinders

The mathematical formulation of the flowing liquid stream around and through confined multiply connected domains brings a complex differential system. Due to this, one cannot provide a complete description of flow field properties. The current pagination provides a numerical remedy by the use of artificial intelligence in this direction. To be more precise, fluid is considered in the rectangular channel. The circular, square, and triangular-shaped cylinders are positioned as an obstacle to the continuous fluid. The channel’s left wall is viewed as an inlet and two different velocity profiles are introduced at an inlet that are constant and parabolic profile. To discretize the computational domain, hybrid meshing is used. The variance in basic variables, namely, the velocity of the liquid and the distribution of the liquid pressure, is recorded via graphs. The nine different meshed grades are tested for the drag and lift coefficients around the right-angle triangle, square, and circular barrier. The neural networking model is constructed by using 99 datasets of sample values for drag coefficient when characteristic length, the density of fluid, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, and mean flow velocity are taken as inputs. The training of the neural network takes up 69 slots (about 70%), while the testing and validation of the neural network each take up 15 slots (15%). The Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm is used for training. We have observed that for the parabolic profile, the drag coefficient is higher in intensity for each obstacle compared to the constant profile, while the lift coefficient shows opposite patterns.

Convective flow generated in viscous liquid by isothermal and isoconcentration distribution in crown enclosure with novel aspects of inclined magnetic field

ABSTRACT Combined buoyancy shifts from temperature and concentricity gradients create double-diffusive convection. Complex Crown form enclosure with heat and mass source brings originality and practicality by enhancing use in a broad variety of technical, industrial, and geophysical operations. Current artifact is to explore thermosolutal diffusion in buoyantly driven flowing of viscid liquid contained in a crown enclosure with the installation of a uniformly heated and soluted circular cylinder. Novel physical characteristics of inclining magnetic field are introduced, and distributions affected by cylinder radius change are compared. Dimensionless PDEs are solved numerically using finite elements. Grid independence test ensures simulation mesh level. Hybrid meshing with triangular and rectangular components discretizes domain. Linear interpolating polynomials approximate pressure, whereas quadratic polynomials approach velocity, temperature, and concentricity. PARDISO solves a non-linear system of equations efficiently. Average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are estimated by comparing relevant parameters to cylinder radius change. Heat transference rate rises to 40% and mass transport upsurges to 60% when radius of cylinder is increased from 0.1 to 0.2. Hartmann number tends to affect a decline in Nusselt and Sherwood quantities. Reduction in thermal and solutal boundary layers near surface of the cylinder is observed against the improve in radius of cylinder.

A Comparison of Ovine-Reinforced Hybrid Mesh (OviTex PRS) With Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix (STRATTICE) in the Treatment of Advanced Breast Implant Capsular Contracture.

Tissue reinforcement techniques with porcine acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have been widely adopted as standard care in treating capsular contracture. However, the application of alternative xenograft or mesh materials has not been widely studied. To examine the efficacy of OviTex PRS Reinforced Tissue Matrix (Resorbable) (TELA Bio, Malvern, PA), a hybrid ovine-reinforced mesh, in comparison with STRATTICE Reconstructive Tissue Matrix (Allergan, Irvine, CA), in patients with advanced capsular contracture. A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent breast revision surgery for Baker Grade III or IV capsular contracture. Patient data were reviewed for outcomes, complications, cost, and postoperative incidence of recurrent capsular contracture after treatment with each specific mesh. Fifty-nine of 89 breasts (66.3%) were treated with OviTex and 30 (33.7%) were treated with STRATTICE. All patients experienced a reduction in Baker grades. In patients treated with OviTex, 96.6% (n = 57) of breasts had a postoperative Baker Grade I with the remaining 3.4% (n = 2) breasts presenting with a Baker Grade II. In comparison, 73.3% (n = 22), 23.3% (n = 7), and 3.3% (n = 1) of the STRATTICE cohort presented with Baker Grades I, II, and III, respectively. This demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in Baker grade capsular contracture in the OviTex cohort (P < .05) compared with STRATTICE. Average cost was $27.37/cm2 for STRATTICE compared with $22.28/cm2 for OviTex PRS. OviTex may be successfully utilized to treat capsular contracture. Patient outcomes may be superior to STRATTICE in recurrent capsular contracture, particularly when a previous ADM had been utilized. Cost data show improved savings with the use of OviTex compared with STRATTICE.

Integration of Metal Meshes as Transparent Conducting Electrodes into Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractAs the demand for photovoltaic technologies continues to grow, the quest for efficient and sustainable transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) rapidly rises. Traditional solutions, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), face challenges related to indium scarcity and environmental impact. To tackle these issues, a novel metal mesh rear TCE consisting of gold micro‐meshes is developed as ITO replacement in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study reveals that optimized Au meshes can guarantee 75% of the extracted photocurrent compared to reference devices with ITO and a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.65%. By utilizing hybrid mesh structures with a 10‐nm ITO layer, the PCE further improves to 12.1%, with the extracted current exceeding 80% of the reference. Metal meshes can even serve to replace the opaque metal contact of PSCs, amplifying their functionality and efficiency through bifacial and multi‐junction applications. Here, aerosol jet‐printed silver meshes serve as front electrodes, combined with either 5–10 nm of Au, achieving efficient semi‐transparent devices (PCE 16.8%), or with 5–10 nm of ITO, providing enhanced bifacial properties while maintaining competitive efficiency. Overall, this work highlights remarkable features of metal meshes, making them promising alternatives to commonly used TCEs in optoelectronic applications.

Hierarchical Divergence-Conforming Vector Bases for Pyramid Cells

Divergence-conforming hierarchical vector bases for the pyramid consist of face- and volume-based functions obtained by a simple procedure that uses a new paradigm recently introduced by this author to produce pyramid bases. In order to define the bases’ order, the procedure starts by mapping the pyramids into a cube of a new Cartesian space, which we call the grandparent space, where the basis functions and their divergences take on polynomial form. Then we get the face-based functions of zero polynomial order and the volume-based functions of the first order. Functions of arbitrarily high order are obtained by multiplying the vector functions of the lowest order by independent scalar polynomials of higher order. Our face-based functions conform to those of other differently shaped elements to allow the use of hybrid meshes, while the multiplicative construction technique generates right away the volume-based basis functions. The completeness of the bases is demonstrated and all the basis functions we obtain are suitably normalized; their expression involves orthogonal polynomials which are easy to implement and alleviate the loss of linear independence.

Vertex-Centered Mixed Finite Element–Finite Volume scheme for 2D anisotropic hybrid mesh adaptation

The scope of this paper is to propose an appropriate numerical strategy to extend the Mixed Finite Element–Finite Volume (MEV) scheme to adapted meshes composed of both triangular and quadrangular elements, called hybrid meshes (Kallinderis and Kavouklis, 2005; Ito et al., 2013) (also named mixed-element meshes (Marcum and Gaither, 1999; Mavriplis, 2000)). Convective, diffusive and source terms require specific gradient discretization to maintain a global second-order accuracy. The major contributions of this paper concern the specification of these gradients, the convective fluxes’ discretization and an innovative framework for anisotropic metric-based adaptation on hybrid meshes. Particularly, the V4 scheme, traditionally developed for triangular elements, is extended to quadrilateral elements. This method maintains the same order of accuracy as the baseline version when upwind/downwind quadrilateral elements are aligned with the attached edge. Viscous fluxes are discretized using the APproximated Finite Element (APFE) method (Puigt et al., 2010), which is second-order accurate on regular quadrilaterals. Nodal gradients, which are considered at boundaries and for source terms, are discretized with a generalization of Clement’s L2-operator on hybrid meshes. The mesh adaptation relies on a specific metric gradation process to favor the clustering of structured elements at wall boundaries. The proposed scheme is validated on a set of CFD simulations.

Aerothermal optimization of turbine cascade squealer tip with non-uniform squealer height

The squealer tip has significant influence on both the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the high-pressure turbine blade. However, due to the complexity of parameterization and meshing of the squealer and the complicated flow structure within the over-tip region, the existing squealer designs in the open literature have constant squealer heights. In this paper, the design space to the squealer height with non-uniform squealer height is extended and the new flow features it may bring are investigated. A parameterization system specifically designed for the non-uniform squealer height using five control parameters is implemented to automatically generate the geometry and hybrid meshes. Combining it with the multi-objective optimization system using genetic algorithms, a transonic turbine cascade squealer tip is optimized employing Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes k–ω shear stress transport model. The main objective of this study is to obtain a squealer configuration with the lowest total pressure loss coefficient and heat transfer coefficient. The optimum configuration with non-uniform squealer height achieves improvements in both the aerodynamic efficiency and the heat transfer performance, relative to the baseline conventional squealer tip geometry with the constant squealer height. Additionally, this work demonstrates that a flow structure in which the main flow forms a “blanket” below the leakage flow in the squealer is beneficial for aerothermal performance, especially reducing heat transfer losses, which provides valuable insight into the squealer tip design of advanced high-pressure turbines.