Hybrid Engine Research Articles

User-defined vehicle types in TNM 2.5 for modern vehicles

Electric vehicles are currently estimated to account for approximately 1.5% of 250 million vehicles on US roadways. While a small number now, the market share for electric vehicles in the US is approximately 5% and steadily growing, with some estimates suggesting up to 20% of all cars on the road by 2025 and 40% by 2030. Unfortunately, TNM REMELs do not account for electric vehicles or other modern advances in combustion and hybrid engines. Updates to TNM are a fairly lengthy process, often requiring several years before the next iteration is tested and approved. Therefore, the validation process will become increasingly difficult as adoption of modern vehicle types increases. Utilizing the user-defined vehicle option within TNM 2.5, modern vehicle types will be presented as a possible alternative when validating TNM models, with the expectation that the measurement/model offset would be improved by accounting for technological advances since the development and release of the software.

Performance comparison between traditional engines and various alternative engines

The automobile engine is a device that converts the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy. In all parts of the car, the engine, as an important component, has an important impact on the working performance and life of the car. In recent years, it has caused many scholars to research the automobile engine. Since James Watt first modified the steam engine, the development of the engine has involved major issues. It is of great significance and value to carry out the research and analysis of automobile engines. This paper will introduce three different engines, namely internal combustion engine, hybrid engine and hydrogen fuel cell. It will compare the performance, service life, working principle and their advantages and disadvantages respectively, and give a detailed overview of the current development status of automotive engines at home and abroad and predict their future development trend. It is worth noting that electricity plays an increasingly important role in modern engines. As a clean energy, the introduction of electricity can not only reduce the emission of harmful gases, but also improve the performance of the engine. Therefore, the electrification of automobile engine will be an inevitable trend. The research in this paper will provide reference for the development of automotive engines.

Black Box Testing of the "Hybrid Engine" Application Using Boundary Value Analysis Technique

The "Hybrid Engine" application is an introduction to a hybrid engine that is packaged attractively and can be accessed online, this application is very important for conveying information about hybrid engines, if an error occurs in the functional application there can be misunderstandings about the information conveyed. Therefore it is necessary to test to ensure the quality of the application that has been produced. Testing is an evaluation process of assessing the functional quality of software to check whether the software meets the expected process or not. Functional processes that have not been maximized can cause inequalities in the data information to be displayed. Applications that have been designed must go through the testing stages to ensure the level of functional quality. Of the several types of black box testing methods, one of them is Boundary Value Analysis. The method tests the maximum and minimum number of digits to produce a valid value and is easy enough to test "hybrid engine" applications. The first stage carried out in this research is to identify the functionality to be processed and ensure that the maximum and minimum number of digits matches the predetermined system arrangement. The result of applying the method used is that the quality of the application is under its function, and can be utilized properly by the user. The results of the Boundary Value Analysis test show that the application is following the expected system and instructions with a success percentage of 78.245615%.

Statistics-Guided Accelerated Swarm Feature Selection in Data-Driven Soft Sensors for Hybrid Engine Performance Prediction

The accurate prediction of soft sensors is essential for the development of modern combustion engines to achieve better performance, lower emissions, and reduced fuel consumption. To precisely predict engine performance, i.e., indicated thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and fuel consumption rate of a hybrid engine, in this article, we propose a novel data-driven approach of statistics-guided accelerated swarm feature selection to find the most effective features for engine soft sensors. Differing from the existing filter or wrapper feature selection approaches, this approach uses external measure information to direct velocity updates in the accelerated swarm feature selection. Several filter and wrapper methods are developed and comprehensively compared. The experimental dataset is collected from a BYD 1.5 L gasoline engine. Validated by bench test, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach finds the most effective features and optimal network structure for data-driven performance prediction of the hybrid engine that was studied.

Influences of steps in hybrid rocket engines:Simulation and validation on simplified geometries

In this study, we investigate the effect of single steps inside the fuel grains of typical hybrid rocket motors numerically. Steps can be a promising candidate to increase the regression rate of hybrid engines. We show that simulations on simplified geometries yield surprisingly close numerical regression rate profiles when compared to experimental data. Moreover, there is no necessity to calculate the progression of the fuel port at different time steps, as a single simulation on the average diameter can match the experiments sufficiently well. This observation allows for larger parametric studies on optimal positioning of the steps while limiting computational resources. The potential to increase the average regression rate through steps can be predicted numerically, and the simulations are following the same trend as the experiments. The augmented mixing and heat transfer inside the turbulent boundary layer can be predicted. It is concluded that backward facing steps increase the regression rate proportional to the step height up to 10 mm, and are preferably utilized upstream. For forward facing steps, the regression rate augmentation is saturated starting with 5 mm step height, and the position should be further downstream.

Controllable growth of drug-encapsulated metal-organic framework (MOF) on porphyrinic MOF for PDT/chemo-combined therapy

To improve the therapeutic effect of tumors, developing well-defined hybrid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) through MOF-on-MOF growth has attracted much attention. In this work, an in situ growth strategy was reported to assemble doxorubicin (DOX)-encapsulated zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) on the surface of Zr(IV)-based porphyrinic MOFs. Such an approach offers a high controllability in the thickness of the ZIF-8 layer without any requirement of surface modifications on porphyrinic MOFs. Impressively, the acidic pH-response degradation of ZIF-8 promoted the release of DOX in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Upon light irradiation, porphyrinic MOFs can harvest photons to produce plentiful singlet oxygen, thus leading to amplified chemo/PDT therapeutic efficacy. This work paves the way to utilize the hybrid engineering of MOFs for synergistic cancer therapy.

Simple‐mix: Thermodynamics modeling in a Gama‐type Stirling engine with a working fluid mixture

AbstractThe Stirling engine is an external combustion engine that can be utilized in electricity generation. Existing literature indicates that air is less expensive than helium as the working fluid but has the low power and efficiency. Hence, the present updated MATLAB code attempts to use a mixture of air and helium as working fluids or other mixtures of other gases. To this end, this software proposes an experimentally validated nonideal thermodynamic model for a Gama‐type Stirling engine. After validation, a mixing gas of air and helium was used instead of an operating fluid in the thermodynamic model. Finally, three examples were run to demonstrate the software outputs for a hybrid engine.

Стратегические ориентиры экономико-правовых механизмов декарбонизации хозяйственной деятельности в России

This paper describes the economic and legal mechanisms of decarbonization in Russia, e.g., stimulating the transition to renewable energy, the state strategy on hydrogen, green transport, etc. In Russia, decarbonization will increase in relevance following the target scenario of climate regulation. Carbon taxes are being introduced to link manufactured products to carbon footprint. Car companies plan the number of internal combustion engines to be produced based on their carbon footprint allowances. When approaching a critical point, they have to produce electric cars or hybrid engines to increase possible sales. International financial organizations make decisions on loans based on the way a country meets its climate obligations.

พลังงานสะอาดที่ขับเคลื่อนอากาศยานในอนาคต

This academic paper focuses on the future of clean energy that will be used to propel aircraft in the future. The new type of clean energy will have significant positive impact on the environment as the current source of fuel generated from aircraft engine and from the aerospace industry. This study serves to promote awareness and to inspire research and development of new energy alternatives that can be utilized in the aerospace industry with the intention of reducing pollution. The resulting pollution emitted by aircraft engine during flight contributes to the higher year on year overall global temperature and the changes in seasonality from years before are causes for concern and the aerospace industry should take to heart the significance of impact that air travel has on the global environment. It is therefore very important for the major players in the aeronautical industry to take action to find ways to cut emissions to lower environmental impact. This means that manufacturers and engineers need to rethink their design and material use to enable the aeronautical industry to be more environmentally friendly which means innovative use of alternative sources of fuel or clean energy such as electric or hybrid engines while vehicles used in the airports should also be changed from combustion to electric. This will have a positive impact on the environment within the airport and the environment in general going forward. Improve engine performance and/or alternative fuel, aircraft parts to lower weight and thus pollution, airports must have ways to better manage traffic to improve fuel efficiency of aircraft.

Hybridization Engineering of Oxyfluoride Aluminosilicate Glass for Construction of Dual‐Phase Optical Ceramics (Adv. Mater. 11/2023)

Optical Ceramics A hybridization engineering strategy for construction of optical ceramics via glass crystallization is proposed by Shifeng Zhou and co-workers in article 2205578. As an important milestone, the first hybridized optical ceramic fiber is successfully fabricated and its promising applications in photonics are demonstrated.

A crosslinked organic/inorganic functionalized graphene containing hybrid engineering to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin

A crosslinked organic/inorganic functionalized graphene containing hybrid engineering to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin

A PROPOSAL FOR A HYBRID POWER TRAIN FOR A TRUCK

Aiming at reducing the emission of pollutants from automotive vehicles, international commissions indicate, at each given period, a target of admissible values for these pollutants, to be implemented by the automakers. A case like the future implementation of EuroVII, from 2025, in European regions. In parallel to these conditions, there are many studies with the objective of seeking alternatives for the propulsion of these combustion vehicles, for example, the application of fully electric or hybrid vehicles. This article aims to develop and implement a mathematical model for a proposal for a hybrid engine, in a low-power truck, resulting in a small diesel engine, powering the vehicle's alternator and battery, generating the charging for use in a main electric motor, that is, to develop with a focus on energy conservation and the environment, with a reduction in the size of a combustion engine and its emissions.

Hybridization Engineering of Oxyfluoride Aluminosilicate Glass for Construction of Dual-Phase Optical Ceramics.

The construction of transparent ceramics under mild conditionsand standard atmospheric pressure has great scientific and technological potential; however, it remains difficult to achieve when conventional ceramic sintering techniques are used. Herein, a mild strategy for constructing dual-phase optical ceramics with high crystallinity (>90%) based on the stepped dual-phase crystallization of hybridized aluminosilicate glass is presented. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that the hybridization of the glass system enables a new balance between the glass-forming ability and crystallization and can overcome the uncontrolled devitrification phenomenon during the dense crystallization of glass. Transparent hybridized oxide-fluoride ceramics with fiber geometry and dual-phase microstructures are also successfully fabricated. The generality of the strategy is confirmed, and transparent ceramics with various chemical compositions and phase combinations are prepared. Additionally, the cross-section of the ceramic fibers can be easily tuned into a circle, square, trapezoid, or even a triangle. Furthermore, the practical applications of optical ceramics for lighting and X-ray imaging are demonstrated. The findings described here suggest a major step toward expanding the scope of optical ceramics.

Computer statistical and big data analysis on the comparisons between traditional engine, electromotor, and hybrid systems

This paper aims to discuss and differentiate conventional engines such as gasoline and diesel driven engines versus electric motor and hybrid engines. In the modern-day, various concepts are introduced to produce and invent automobiles that will lessen the impact on the environment and implement sustainability. To understand their differences, this paper will tackle all the basic components of each engine concerning their working principle, efficiency, capacity, and the characteristics of power and torque. The entire project is based on comparison to determine the benefits of various engines. Through various research and investigations, it can be found that electric motors have more advantages than internal combustion engines, such as higher than 90% efficiency, zero environmental pollution or small pollution, more powerful power, lower use and maintenance costs. However, while electric vehicles are full of advantages, disadvantages cannot be ignored. The mileage is limited, and there are fewer charging stations and fewer models to choose from on the market. Because of various advantages and disadvantages, diesel locomotives and electric vehicles will coexist in a short time, but in the future electric vehicles will dominate and lead a more efficient life.

Progress in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution of transition metal alloys: synthesis, structure, and mechanism analysis.

At present, the problems of high energy consumption and low efficiency in electrocatalytic hydrogen production have limited the large-scale industrial application of this technology. Constructing effective catalysts has become the way to solve these problems. Transition metal alloys have been proved to be very promising materials in hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER). In this study, the related theories and characterization methods of electrocatalysis are summarized, and the latest progress in the application of binary, ternary, and high entropy alloys to HER in recent years is analyzed and studied. The synthesis methods and optimization strategies of transition metal alloys, including composition regulation, hybrid engineering, phase engineering, and morphological engineering were emphatically discussed, and the principles and performance mechanism analysis of these strategies were discussed in detail. Although great progress has been made in alloy catalysts, there is still considerable room for applications. Finally, the challenges, prospects, and research directions of transition metal alloys in the future were predicted.

Comparative Analysis Maintenance and Repair Costs of Electric, Hybrid and Combustion Engine Vehicles

As the number of electric and hybrid vehicle users increases, there is growing interest in the topic of maintenance and servicing costs. Many literature sources do not provide information on this topic and only limit themselves to energy costs. However, it is not just energy costs that make up the total cost of owning such a vehicle. What is missing is an analysis of the difference between the cost of maintenance and operation of electric vehicles and that of internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper presents a results of research regarding the repair and servicing costs of electric and hybrid vehicles compared to combustion vehicles. A survey was carried out which shows that the repair costs of electric and hybrid vehicles are more than 20% higher. Repair and servicing of electric and hybrid vehicles should also take into account the repair time (depending on the availability of parts and the repair schedule of the repair shop in question) and the availability of personnel with the appropriate competence for such a repair. The five most frequently replaced items in internal combustion vehicles were: braking system, suspension system, oils and operating fluids and air conditioning. The five most frequently replaced items in hybrid and electric vehicles are: battery replacement or reconditioning, coolant replacement, suspension system, oils and operating fluids, electronics in general and braking system.

РЕАЛЬНІ ОПЦІОНИ ЯК ФІНАНСОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ СПРИЯННЯ ВІДБУДОВІ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

Using the example of the Ukrelektromash plant, the application of various types of real options is considered depending on the development of the project scenario for the production and sale of rotary hybrid engines. The conditions and criteria for the application of option mechanisms are defined, taking into account the impact of risks, which is reflected in the assessment of the probabilities of the development of one or another type of scenario. The effectiveness of using abandonment and switching real options to a related type of activity in the event of a pessimistic development of cash flow and options to expand and replicating experience real option in the event of an optimistic scenario has been proven. At the same time, the degree of effectiveness of the manager's actions is shown, depending on the results of the project's cash flows after the first year of implementation. It has been established that real options are able to generally increase the strategic value of international investment projects, creating conditions for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's industry and encouraging the cooperation of foreign investors. In this way, the use of real options enables the manager to take effective measures to manage risks and cash flows, improving the degree of attractiveness of investment projects, and thereby opening new opportunities for cooperation with foreign partners. The implementation of programs with the use of real options becomes necessary when the investor is wary of investing in the development of the country after the end of the war, and at the same time sees great potential for the development of various sectors of the economy. Reducing the degree of riskiness of projects with the help of real options contributes to the gradual restoration of industrial capacities, the acceleration of money circulation, and the improvement of trade and financial operations on international markets.

An Improved Black Widow Optimization Algorithm for Engineering Constrained Optimization Problems

In solving engineering constrained optimization problems, the conventional black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA) has some shortcomings such as insufficient robustness and slow convergence speed. Therefore, an improved black widow optimization algorithm (IBWOA) is proposed by combining methods of double chaotic map, Cauchy center of gravity inverse difference mutation and golden sine guidance strategy. Firstly, the quality of the initial population of the BWOA is improved based on the double chaotic map; Secondly, in order to make full use of the difference information between the current and the optimal position thus improve optimization accuracy, the golden sine algorithm (Gold-SA) is introduced to update the position of the black widow individuals; Finally, the Cauchy barycenter reverse differential mutation operator is employed to increase the diversity of the population, avoid local optimization thus improve the global search ability of the algorithm. In addition, the global convergence characteristics of the IBWOA are analyzed based on the Markov process and the convergence probability reaches 1 for the globally optimal solution. The performance of the proposed IBWOA was evaluated based on eight continuous / discrete hybrid engineering optimization problems and typical benchmark functions. The results show that the improved BWOA can improve the search accuracy, convergence speed and robustness effectively comparing with some other conventional optimization algorithms.

미래전을 대비하는 차기자주포의 화력 강화방안

The purpose of this study is to present the concept of a new self-propelled howitzer after the currently operating K9 self-propelled howitzer. The research method is a synthesis of the world's self-propelled artillery development trend, K9 self-propelled artillery performance improvement analysis, literature research on core technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, and expert opinions. The contents of the study were first, to extend the barrel length to extend the range of the K9 self-propelled howitzer, and secondly, to increase the rate of fire and reduce the operating personnel through the development of the unmanned turret of the self-propelled howitzer. Third, the necessity of remote control and autonomous driving was suggested for the operation of manned and unmanned systems of self-propelled artillery. Fourth, in order to improve the survivability of self-propelled artillery, alternatives such as stealth and hybrid engines were proposed. In conclusion, a conceptual study of the next self-propelled howitzer in preparation for future warfare is a task that needs to be pursued as soon as possible.

Feed-Forward Neural Network for health monitoring of a parallel hybrid electric power system

Hybrid engines are becoming more and more widespread. Electric energy instead is a valid help to reduce the environmental impact. In hybrid engines, the number of components is higher and this results in a decrease in reliability. With Engine Health Monitoring (EHM) we mean the set of techniques used to monitor the health status of a system based on the values assumed by some related parameters. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are widely used nowadays in this discipline. In this paper, an EHM approach was developed to monitor the health status of some components constituting an hybrid turboshaft. The dynamic model of the hybrid electric power system is described in an accompanying paper. Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) is used as AI tool to built the just cited system. The engine modelled with Simulink, was used to perform a series of steady-state simulations implementing a degradation condition in some selected components. The degradation condition was simulated by changing the value of the Performance Parameters (PPs) related to each of the selected components. The results of the simulation were used to obtain a dataset useful to train the FFNN to predict the values of the same PPs in a degraded case.