Design Of Hybrid Energy Storage System Research Articles

A self-adaptive joint optimization framework for marine hybrid energy storage system design considering load fluctuation characteristics

Recently, with the development of new energy technologies, all-electric ships (AESs) with hybrid energy storage system (HESS) are becoming a promising solution to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. However, the high maneuverability of ships during the actual navigation places higher performance requirements on the HESS, which presents a nonlinear and multi-objective challenge for the HESS design. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the coupling between HESS sizing and energy management strategy (EMS). In this paper, a self-adaptive joint optimization framework (SJOF) for marine HESS design considering load fluctuation characteristics is proposed, which can find the optimal decision solution with excellent system economic and battery life performance for AES HESS design. Based on the rain flow counting (RFC) method, a multi-objective joint optimization method considering life cycle cost (LCC) and battery degradation index (BDI) is introduced into SJOF. Besides, a novel EMS including the self-adaptive segmentation mechanism (SSM) and power allocation is proposed, which can achieve the most efficient energy scheduling.

An adaptive multi-objective joint optimization framework for marine hybrid energy storage system design considering energy management strategy

The electric propulsion ship with the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has environmental friendliness and significant advantages in terms of low fuel consumption. Due to the high maneuverability and load fluctuation of vessels, marine HESS design problem is nonlinear and multi-objective. Aiming at HESS design problem with complex working conditions during vessel practical operation process, and since there is a strong coupling between HESS and power allocation, in this paper an adaptive multi-objective joint optimization framework (AMJOF) for HESS design considering energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed. A multi-objective joint optimization method is introduced into the framework to achieve strong working condition adaptability and reach the most suitable energy management for marine HESS design with the lowest investment cost and minimum battery degradation. In addition, based on adaptive segmentation and frequency control, a novel EMS is proposed, which achieves efficient power allocation, and the evaluation indicator is introduced to quantify the performance of different optimization. The results indicate that the AMJOF can achieve excellent performance and find the optimal solution for operation of the ship.

Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Full-Electric Marine Applications

The high cost of Lithium-ion battery systems is one of the biggest challenges hindering the wide adoption of electric vessels. For some marine applications, battery systems based on the current monotype topologies are significantly oversized due to variable operational profiles and long lifespan requirements. This paper deals with the battery hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for an electric harbor tug to optimize the size of the battery system. The impact of battery hybridization was investigated on three key performance indicators inclusive of cost, system efficiency, and battery weight. The design life of the battery system is considered to be 10 years, and NMC and LTO cell technologies are used as high-energy (HE) and high-power (HP) battery cells. The HESS design is based on a parallel full-active architecture with a rule-based energy management strategy. The results of this research indicate that battery hybridization can reduce the system cost by around 28% and 14% in comparison with a monotype battery with LTO and NMC cells, respectively. Although no noticeable difference in system efficiency is observed between the monotype system and HESS, battery hybridization reduces the total weight of the battery cells by more than 30% compared to monotype topology. This study implies that the hybridization of battery systems could be a promising solution to reduce the cost and weight of large battery packs in electric vessels.

Hybrid energy storage system design: Outlier performance improvement of x-EV battery pack

With the technological advancement in electrical mobility the perception of the customer is also inclining towards the electric vehicles. But still come customer are doubtful about the EV performance as compared to conventional ICE vehicles. This anxiety is fair as battery which is the primary component of xEVs still needs to grow further and needs to catch up with the performance standards of an internal combustion engine. Batteries can perform well as compared to IC engines in a fixed SoC range only but beyond this range the performance of the battery decreases. The work presented in this article is the effort to make battery performance inch further towards the ICE vehicle. This article demonstrates energy management strategy of a multi-chemistry battery pack to improve the vehicle performance in outlier conditions of the operational energy band and match the performance with IC engine vehicles. To demonstrate this a multi chemistry hybrid energy storage system is proposed which combines two distinct battery chemistries LFP end NMC in a single battery pack. These two different battery packs will be utilized to meet the power target and the energy target. To utilize the advancement of HESS as compared to SESS the energy management strategies are proposed. The results shows that the proposed solution can overcome the current performance limitation of the battery pack in terms of consistent power delivery over the entire operating range of vehicle during discharging and regeneration. With the proposed performance enhancement, the user may not feel the drop in acceleration towards the end of discharge the proposed strategy will also enhance the range and cycle life of the vehicle and the battery respectively.

Size optimization and power allocation of a hybrid energy storage system for frequency service

Aiming at the scenario where the energy storage system participates in the grid enhanced frequency response auxiliary service, this research initially constructs a frequency response model to provide power requirements for the energy storage system (ESS). A two-layer optimization approach is proposed to solve the size optimization problem. A mixed-integer linear programming technique is researched on the bottom layer to optimize the power allocation of the hybrid energy storage system (HESS). On the top layer, a size optimization framework is proposed for optimising the configuration of the energy storage system. The size optimization results show that compared with the battery energy storage system (BESS), the capacity of the HESS was reduced by 64%, the battery aging cost was reduced by 52%, and the total cost was reduced by 35%. The results also show that the proposed optimal HESS design could fully leverage the advantages of the battery and the supercapacitor (SC). In addition, the proposed method is investigated in a long-term frequency service case. With the optimal setup and adaptive power distribution approach, both energy storage units operate within the specified power and capacity range at the same time the battery is protected from high-frequency power fluctuations.

Analysis of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric, Battery Electric and Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles using Bidirectional DC/DC converter

This paper deals with the Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for Battery Electric, Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Its performance is compared with conventional HESS design and also only Battery design, conventional design uses a bigger dc/dc converter between Battery and Ultracapacitor to satisfy the peak power demands in the real time, In this analysis a smaller dc/dc converter is used which maintains the voltage of ultracapacitor higher than the battery voltage by working as controlled energy pump. Battery will provide power directly only when voltage of the Ultracapacitor drops below the voltage of the Battery. Therefore, a constant and smooth load profile can be created for the battery. For the proposed HESS system Simulation results are presented to verify.

HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

The necessity of hybrid energy storage system design is shown. It is considered the main components of hybrid energy storage systems and their features. It is shown that these systems are characterized by a beneficial coupling of two or more energy storage technologies with supplementary operating characteristics. The hybrid energy storage systems may include super capacitors, flywheels, superconducting magnetic energy storage, lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells. It is analyzed the use of every possible component as a part of the hybrid energy storage system in different operating conditions. It is considered a sizing methodology optimization for hybrid energy storage systems based on blast algorithm and hybrid neural networks.

Hybrid energy storage system design for mobile multi-material fused deposition modeling

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is suitable for various mobile occasions due to its significant advantages, including a relatively low cost, high reliability, comfortable mobility, and low energy consumption. Nevertheless, limited by the energy density and power density of the mobile energy storage system, the printing service time and health status of the present FDM printer leave much to be desired. In this work, we derive the first survey on energy analysis of a mobile multi-material FDM by separating a full printing cycle into different operating phases, of which the individual energy consumption is analyzed. In consideration of the switching between materials with different melting temperatures, which might require significantly varying power inputs, a hybrid energy storage system consisting of both a battery and a supercapacitor is developed. In addition, by governing work mode switching based on the prediction of power changes, an energy management strategy is finally realized to meet the design requirements.

Impact of Power Sharing Method on Battery Life Extension in HESS for Grid Ancillary Services

Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on Li-ion and supercapacitor (SC) can play a potential role to stabilize the grid by providing the fast frequency ancillary services. The SC helps to reduce the battery charge/discharge stress and, hence, assists to extend the battery lifespan. The power sharing method (PSM) is the heart in control part to improve the HESS performance and reduce the battery stress. This paper proposes a hybrid PSM and investigates its impact on battery life extension along with its relation to the system design and regulation signal. The performance of hybrid PSM is compared with three other PSMs (low-pass filter, first and second rule based) in a 10 MW/10 MWh full-active parallel HESS for frequency regulation service in two networks: U.K. (national grid) and USA (PJM). Considering maximum possible battery lifetime upto 25 years, result shows that the hybrid PSM approach allows a degree of the better performance for both grid while the sharing of SC is kept maximum 2.0% and 2.5% (for U.S. and U.K. grid, respectively) of the HESS capacity. This study also analyses the impact of PSM on shared capacity and design of HESS for different grid regulation signals.

Passive hybrid energy storage system based on lithium-ion capacitor for an electric motorcycle

Abstract This paper presents the multiple energy storage system usability for an electric motorcycle focused on passive hybrid topology. The studied hybridization is based on a passive parallel topology connecting lithium manganese nickel 18650-type cells and lithium-ion-capacitor to supply the motorcycle powertrain. The passive hybrid energy storage system design is fully addressed based on an extension of Ns/Np battery pack sizing maps to passive hybrid topology using lithium-ion-batteries and lithium-ion-capacitors. The improved sizing method is able to size simultaneously an integrated energy storage system made from two different cells chemistries. The proposed design optimizes the common voltage range and distribute the current according to the intrinsic cells characteristics. Relationship between dimensions are established to plot as a traditional two-dimensional map a four-dimension sizing problem. The benefits and performance improvements obtained by the Ns/Np hybrid design for a case study involving an electric motorcycle are presented and discussed based on root-mean-square and mean value of the current cell, standard deviation of the C-rate and instantaneous current peaks variation coefficient. The proposed configuration could reduce the stress on the battery cells by 42% on standard deviation and 36% on variation coefficient with a decrease of 9% in average current while reducing the root-mean square value by 15% on a specific motorbike race simulation.

Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Vehicles with Dynamic On-Off Power Loads Using a Nested Formulation

In this paper, identification of an appropriate hybrid energy storage system (HESS) architecture, introduction of a comprehensive and accurate HESS model, as well as HESS design optimization using a nested, dual-level optimization formulation and suitable optimization algorithms for both levels of searches have been presented. At the bottom level, design optimization focuses on the minimization of power loss in batteries, converter, and ultracapacitors (UCs), as well as the impact of battery depth of discharge (DOD) to its operation life, using a dynamic programming (DP)-based optimal energy management strategy (EMS). At the top level, HESS optimization of component size and battery DOD is carried out to achieve the minimum life-cycle cost (LCC) of the HESS for given power profiles and performance requirements as an outer loop. The complex and challenging optimization problem is solved using an advanced Multi-Start Space Reduction (MSSR) search method developed for computation-intensive, black-box global optimization problems. An example of load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicles is employed to verify the proposed HESS design optimization method and MSSR leads to superior optimization results and dramatically reduces computation time. This research forms the foundation for the design optimization of HESS, hybridization of vehicles with dynamic on-off power loads, and applications of the advanced global optimization method.

Design and test of a new droop control algorithm for a SMES/battery hybrid energy storage system

High capacity energy storage units are desirable to maintain power system stability in the presence of power disturbances produced by renewable energy sources and fluctuating load profiles. Battery energy storage systems may be used to smooth power flow, however, the frequent, deep charge and discharge cycling required dramatically reduces battery service life. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using battery energy storage with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is proposed to mitigate battery cycling while smoothing power flow. A HESS power sharing control method based on the novel use of droop control is proposed. This is able to control charge/discharge prioritization and hence protect the battery from high power demand and rapid transient cycling. A sizing strategy is proposed for the battery and SMES which overcomes the oversizing problem. A hardware implementation is used to assess the control and SMES sizing methods for short time scale HESS operation. A dynamic off-grid sea-wave energy conversion system is simulated to assess the performance of the HESS over a longer time scale. A battery lifetime model which takes into account both battery life cycles and discharge current rate is used to estimate battery lifetime extension. A lifetime increase of 26% is obtained for the HESS design example investigated.

Joint Optimal Design and Operation of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

The wide range of performance characteristics of storage technologies motivates the use of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines the best features of multiple technologies. However, HESS design is complex, in that it involves the choice of storage technologies, the sizing of each storage element, and deciding when to charge and discharge each underlying storage element ( operating strategy ). We formulate the problem of jointly optimizing the sizing and the operating strategy of an HESS that can be used for a large class of applications and storage technologies. Instead of a single set of storage element sizes, our approach determines the Pareto-optimal frontier of the sizes of the storage elements along with the corresponding optimal operating strategy. Thus, as long as the performance objective of a storage application (such as an off-grid microgrid) can be expressed as a linear combination of the underlying storage sizes, the optimal vector of storage sizes falls somewhere on this frontier. We present two case studies to illustrate our approach, demonstrating that a single storage technology is sometimes inadequate to meet application requirements, unlike an HESS designed using our approach. We also find simple, near-optimal, and practical operating strategies for these case studies, which allows us to gain several new engineering insights.

Dispatch Scheduling for a Wind Farm With Hybrid Energy Storage Based on Wind and LMP Forecasting

In a deregulated power market, the real-time wholesale market price of electricity varies dramatically within a single day due to the availability of the resources. Moreover, the price of electricity can be different from one location to the other at the same time period due to the location of the available resources and transmission constraints. This is the so-called locational marginal price (LMP). Since wind power is noncontrollable and partially unpredictable, it is difficult to schedule its output to exploit LMP variations. While energy storage system (ESS) may accommodate wind farm output, it requires significant initial financial commitment. Accurately forecasted wind power and LMP information can reduce the required capacity and make it financially feasible for the ESS to perform desired functions. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) technique is employed to forecast the day-ahead wind power and LMP, and a hybrid ESS consisting of two storage facilities is developed. The primary ESS is utilized for the optimizing wind-storage system production schedule with day-ahead forecasting data, while the secondary ESS is applied to address the forecasting errors during real-time operation. With this hybrid ESS design, financial benefits are achieved for the wind farm.

A scalable and flexible hybrid energy storage system design and implementation

Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming one of the most important components that noticeably change overall system performance in various applications, ranging from the power grid infrastructure to electric vehicles (EV) and portable electronics. However, a homogeneous ESS is subject to limited characteristics in terms of cost, efficiency, lifetime, etc., by the energy storage technology that comprises the ESS. On the other hand, hybrid ESS (HESS) are a viable solution for a practical ESS with currently available technologies as they have potential to overcome such limitations by exploiting only advantages of heterogeneous energy storage technologies while hiding their drawbacks.However, the HESS concept basically mandates sophisticated design and control to actually make the benefits happen. The HESS architecture should be able to provide controllability of many parts, which are often fixed in homogeneous ESS, and novel management policies should be able to utilize the control features. This paper introduces a complete design practice of a HESS prototype to demonstrate scalability, flexibility, and energy efficiency. It is composed of three heterogenous energy storage elements: lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. We demonstrate a novel system control methodology and enhanced energy efficiency through this design practice.

A New Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a new battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for electric drive vehicles including electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Compared to the conventional HESS design, which uses a larger dc/dc converter to interface between the ultracapacitor and the battery/dc link to satisfy the real-time peak power demands, the proposed design uses a much smaller dc/dc converter working as a controlled energy pump to maintain the voltage of the ultracapacitor at a value higher than the battery voltage for the most city driving conditions. The battery will only provide power directly when the ultracapacitor voltage drops below the battery voltage. Therefore, a relatively constant load profile is created for the battery. In addition, the battery is not used to directly harvest energy from the regenerative braking; thus, the battery is isolated from frequent charges, which will increase the life of the battery. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed system.