Hybrid System Research Articles

Analytical solution for forced vibration response of rectangular thin plates attached by straight and curved acoustic black hole beams based on symplectic and impedance method

In recent years, due to the excellent vibration reduction performance of the acoustic black hole (ABH), its application in engineering has become increasingly widespread. This paper proposes an analytical method which combines the symplectic method with the impedance method, for solving the forced response of the rectangular thin plates attached by the straight and curved ABH beams. The ABH beams and plate are connected by a short bar. Firstly, the impedance method is used to obtain the dynamic stiffness of the coupling end of the ABH beam. Secondly, the symplectic method is used to obtain analytical waves of the plates. By utilizing the relationship between force and displacement at plate-beam junction, the dynamic stiffness of the plate at the coupling point can be obtained. Finally, based on wave propagation analysis, the forced vibration response of the hybrid system are obtained. The numerical examples compared the calculation results of this method with the finite element method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the forced response of the hybrid system considered in this paper. Then, the influence of the relative position between the coupling point and the excitation point on the vibration reduction effect was analyzed. This method is analytical, with accurate results and high computational efficiency.

Modeling of a PV/Thermal Hybrid Panel for Residential Hot Water System

Abstract Despite the extensive body of research on PV/thermal systems, a gap remains in evaluating their performance in residential settings. This study aims to bridge this gap by focusing on the energy modeling of a PV/Thermal (PVT) hybrid panel that incorporates heat pipe technology. The evaluation is conducted through MATLAB code to assess the system's capability to fulfill the electricity and heating demands of residential buildings. The model's reliability is affirmed by comparing it with experimental data from a PVT panel tested in Sydney, exploring the transient variations in both water heat gain rates and power generation. The model's precision is evident from the percentage of error in the estimated temperatures of the PV panel based on the test results under various weather conditions, which ranged from −8% to 6%. This method was also utilized to determine the overall energy efficiency of the PVT under different climatic conditions. The results reveal that the overall energy efficiency of the proposed PVT panel, on a typical day, is approximately 45%, significantly outperforming traditional PV panels by more than double. Furthermore, the payback period for a typical residential PVT system, providing both hot water and electricity, is found substantially shorter than that of installing separate PV and solar hot water systems, highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed hybrid system.

Improving wind power forecast accuracy for optimal hybrid system energy management

Abstract Due to its renewable and sustainable features, the wind energy is growing up around the word. However, the wind speed fluctuation induces the intermittent character of the generated wind power. Thus, wind power estimation, through wind speed forecasting, is very inherent to ensure an effective power scheduling. Four wind speed predictors based on deep learning networks and optimization algorithms, were developed. The designed topologies are the multilayer perceptron neural network, the long short-term memory network, the convolutional short-term memory network and the bidirectional short-term neural network coupled with the Bayesian optimization. The models performance was evaluated through evaluation indicators mainly, the root mean squared error, the mean absolute error and the mean absolute percentage. Based on the simulation results, all of them show a considerable prediction results. Moreover, the combination of the the long short-term memory network and the optimization algorithm is more robust on wind speed forecasting with a mean absolute error equal to 0.23 m/s. The estimated wind power was investigated for an optimal Wind/PV/Battery/Diesel energy management. The handling approach lies on the continuity of the load supply through the renewable sources as priority, the batteries on second order and finally the diesels. The proposed management strategy respects the designed criteria with satisfactory contribution percentage of the renewable sources equal to 71%.

Design and development of grid independent integrated energy system for electric vehicle charging stations at different locations in Malaysia

Electric vehicles (EVs) have revolutionized the transportation sector as an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based transportation. It becomes more effective when the charging energy comes from green, renewable, cost-effective, eco-friendly resources. The present work discusses modelling a hybrid renewable energy system for EV charging stations in Malaysia. This work presents techno-economic investigation for different hybrid energy system arrangements of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), natural gas generator (GS) and battery energy storage (BES) for EV charging station. The EV load demand is calculated based on the transportation fleet of an institution considered for five different climatic locations in Malaysia using HOMER-Pro software. Considering the technical sizing of the hybrid system, the minimization of the energy system and net present cost are discussed for each locations. The optimization study of hybrid energy systems is further examined for social benefits and environmental analysis by including the human development and employment creation index. The comparative analysis of hybrid energy storage systems is performed separately. This study uses sensitivity analysis to elaborate on the cost-effectiveness and technical feasibility of the hybrid system, considering the cost of system components, macroeconomics parameters, and load variation. The finalized results indicate that the solar PV-BES-GS12 hybrid energy system is the most suitable combination for the integrated grid-independent EV charging station operation at each locations.

Design, modeling, and simulation of a PV/diesel/battery hybrid energy system for an off-grid hospital in Ethiopia

In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, off-grid hybrid systems have emerged as a promising avenue, catering to the electrification needs of rural areas. These systems encompass a multifaceted approach, addressing concerns of reliability, sustainability, and environmental preservation. Leveraging advanced tools such as HOMER modeling, the design and simulation of hybrid off-grid systems, alongside the evaluation of existing diesel generator (DG) power supply, have become imperative. This paper embarks on a comprehensive exploration with the overarching objective of designing, modeling, and simulating an off-grid power system tailored for the Shinshicho Primary Hospital. Nestled in the heart of Shinshicho Town within the Kembata Tembaro Zone of Ethiopia, this healthcare facility stands as a focal point for community well-being. The proposed hybrid system integrates solar PV, diesel generators, and battery storage, offering a robust and resilient energy solution. Throughout the optimization process, a primary load demand of 276 kgwatt-hours per day and a peak load of 40 kW were pivotal considerations. The financial cost of this hybrid system results in an initial capital requirement of $160,500, complemented by operational and maintenance costs amounting to $14,824. Over the projected 20-year lifespan, the total net present cost (NPC) is estimated at $216,155. With these economic parameters in mind, the cost-effectiveness of the selected hybrid system is underscored by a cost of energy (CEO) of 0.187 dollars per kilowatt-hour. This metric not only highlights the economic viability of the proposed solution but also positions it as a sustainable and financially prudent choice for meeting the energy needs of Shinshicho Primary Hospital.

Synthesis of novel stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on polyurethane

This article describes the study of a thermo-responsive hybrid systems based on polyurethane (PU) modified with sensitive acrylamide derivates. The hybrid systems were synthesized using PU and two acrylamide derivatives (N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMA)) in different proportions. The systems were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Water-uptake capacity and sedimentation rate were also determined. The results showed that the hybrids with 30% acrylamide derivate (AD) showed a T50 of approximately 360 °C indicating that thermal degradation decreased with the addition of NIPA and NIPMA. Additionally, the incorporation of AD increases the glass transition temperature from −34 to −22 °C when 30% AD was used. The hybrids with 30% AD showed a variation in the diameters (above 60%) when the temperature was decreased from 50 to 22 °C. These changes were attributed to the hydrophilic → hydrophobic transition that occurs when measuring below and above the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer. Furthermore, the extra methyl group in the structure of NIPMA makes the collapse less pronounced than in NIPA, decreasing the relative diameter change by 10%. Sedimentation tests showed that the addition of the hybrid hydrogels in the sand increased the time of decantation by 60%. So, the combination of two thermo-responsive polymers to alter the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance allows these polymers to modify their conformation at a specific temperature and could be potentially useful as self-suspending support agents or drug delivery systems.

Development of sustainable energy: Performance investigation of the combined utilisation of a seawater electrolyser and single slope solar desalination still

The primary objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the desalination performance of seawater, hydrogen, and oxygen gas generation through the use of two identical single-slope solar stills. Seawater collected from “Bay of Bengal” was used as the fluid and analysis was conducted at a constant water depth of 20 mm. The system was constructed using mild steel and stainless steel 316 L was used as electrodes. A set voltage and current of 12 V and 40 A was supplied to the electrodes through switched-mode power supply (SMPS). The study investigated the impact of solar radiation and induction of electrolysis system on the performance of solar stills. The results demonstrate a significant positive correlation between solar radiation and still temperature, with 877.1 W/m2 of maximum solar radiation intensity resulting in a still temperature of 53.9 °C. The temperature of the basin water increased by an average of 4.25% upon the addition of an electrolyser. It was noted that with the introduction of electrolyser there was increase in productivity by 48 % than the still without the electrolyser. When the solar radiation was at its peak the maximum amount of hydrogen and oxygen were produced which is 0.44 kg/L and 0.24 kg/L respectively. It was noted that when the system with electrolyser is operated at its peak there was increase in solar still and exergy efficiency by 30.5 % and 9.32 % than the system operated without electrolyser. The economic analysis revealed that the hybrid system which possessed electrolyser has very short pay back period of 1.5 days which is approximately 90 days less than the still without electrolyser. The study shows the use of hybrid system reduces the carbon emission significantly which contributes for its sustainable utilisation. The study highlights the interaction between solar radiation, electrolyser induction, and overall efficiency in the context of seawater desalination and shows the system's strong performance.

Unveiling Non-Covalent Interactions in Novel Cooperative Photoredox Systems for Efficient Alkene Oxidation in Water.

A new cooperative photoredox catalytic system, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][3,3'-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]2, 5, has been synthesized and fully characterized for the first time. In this system, the photoredox catalyst [3,3'-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]-[Cl6-1]-, a metallacarborane, and the oxidation catalyst [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+, 2 are linked by non-covalent interactions. This compound, along with the one previously synthesized by us, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][(3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]2, 4, are the only examples of cooperative molecular photocatalysts in which the catalyst and photosensitizer are not linked by covalent bonds. Both cooperative systems have proven to be efficient photocatalysts for the oxidation of alkenes in water through Proton Coupled Electron Transfer processes (PCETs). Using 0.05 mol% of catalyst 4, total conversion values were achieved after 15 min with moderate selectivity for the corresponding epoxides, which decreases with reaction time, along with the TON values. However, with 0.005 mol% of catalyst, the conversion values are lower, but the selectivity and TON values are higher. This occurs simultaneously with an increase in the amount of the corresponding diol for most of the substrates studied. Photocatalyst 4 acts as a photocatalyst in both the epoxidation of alkenes and their hydroxylation in aqueous medium. The hybrid system 5 shows generally higher conversion values at low loads compared to those obtained with 4 for most of the substrates studied. However, the selectivity values for the corresponding epoxides are lower even after 15 min of reaction. This is likely due to the enhanced oxidizing capacity of CoIV in catalyst 5, resulting from the presence of more electron-withdrawing substituents on the metallacarborane platform.

Design and performance evaluation of Front glass-covered photovoltaics-thermal hybrid system for enhanced electrical output and hot water production

Proof of concept is established for the thermal management of PV modules for the simultaneous benefit of electrical and thermal efficiency. It was achieved by designing the controlled open-loop water-based hybrid PV-T system and demonstrated for thermal management of 150W photovoltaic panel at natural solar conditions. In this integrated front glass-covered PV-T hybrid (IFG-PV-T) system, the PV panel is clipped between the front glass and rear aluminium collector without causing any permanent changes in the existing panel. The flow of water from the source tank is controlled by automated solenoid valve assembly coupled with thermocouples. The solenoid operational temperature is fixed at 40°C to controlled the PV surface temperature at an optimum range to mitigate the adverse effect on voltage and current output. The water layer thickness in the front glass box is optimized to filter the maximum infrared radiations and the collector's toughened glass feature allows the maximum light transmittance with super safety. The performance of the IFG-PV-T system has been evaluated in terms of variation in open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power output, electric and thermal efficiency under the natural solar insolation for a week. Experimental investigations revealed that the open-circuit voltage is increased by ∼16.1 % with IFG-PV-T as compared to conventional PV panel. The increment can be attributed to the synergy of the front glass collector and solenoid valve operation at 40oC that regulates PV surface temperature and boost the current output. These factors have ameliorated the electrical efficiency of IFG-PV-T compared to conventional PV panel. The average thermal efficiency was 39.4 ​% wherein the IFG-PV-T system provides ∼100 ​L of hot water (38–41 ​°C) per day. The present controlled loop operation system and collector configuration have proven their significance for electrical power increment and concomitantly able to deliver moderate hot water which can be useful for any household or commercial application.

Design of real time closed loop control in hybrid energy system using cascaded converters: a dynamic solution for high power applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents a Hybrid Renewable Energy system combining multiple sources of renewable energy, such as PV, Wind, and energy storage devices, to provide a reliable and sustainable power supply. Cascaded converters are used to efficiently transform and manage the energy from these sources. To achieve optimal performance and reliable operation, a real-time closed-loop control algorithm is designed and implemented for the cascaded converter. The control algorithm facilitates the smooth integration of energy from various renewable sources, optimizing the utilization of available resources and ensuring a consistent power supply. The algorithm maximizes the energy conversion efficiency of the cascaded converter, reducing energy losses and minimizing waste. It also optimizes the integration of renewable sources, regulates output parameters, and ensures efficient energy conversion.

Defining hybrid hierarchical models in πHYFLOW

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Training a Filter-Based Model of the Cochlea in the Context of Pre-Trained Acoustic Models

Auditory research aims in general to lead to understanding of physiological processes. By contrast, the state of the art in automatic speech processing (notably recognition) is dominated by large pre-trained models that are meant to be used as black-boxes. In this work, we integrate a physiologically plausible (albeit simple filter-based) model of the cochlea into a much larger pre-trained acoustic model for speech recognition. We show that the hybrid system can be trained and evaluated with various combinations of fine-tuning and self-supervision. The results broadly show that the system automatically yields structures that are known to work well. Moreover, these structures lack artifacts that were apparent in (our) previous work using less sophisticated neural models. We conclude that the hybrid structure is an appropriate way to proceed in auditory research, more generally allowing the work to take advantage of larger models and databases from which it would not otherwise benefit.

Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid carbon capture plant combining a Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA) process with a Carbon Purification unit (CPU)

The imperative challenge posed by climate change requires urgent actions to counteract the harmful effects of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, which contributes to approximately 80 % of emissions responsible for global warming. A hybrid system combining Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA) unit with a Cryogenic Carbon Purification Unit (CPU) is evaluated to enhance recovery and purity of CO2captured from flue gas containing CO2concentration ranging from 5 % to 20 %. VPSA preconcentrates the CO2and CPU completes the separation and purifies the CO2. The study uses surrogate models for multi-objective optimization, considering energy consumption, cost, and CO2recovery, providing a time-efficient approach for investigating computationally demanding processes. Results from the study indicate that the hybrid system achieves over 90 % recovery for flue gas concentration range considered, while ensuring the production of high-purity CO2(>99.99 %) suitable for transportation. A trade-off analysis reveals the balance between recovery, electricity consumption, and economic viability. A sensitivity analysis identifies parameters influencing recovery and energy consumption, providing guidance for future optimization efforts. The techno-economic analysis highlights the impact of electricity prices and carbon taxes on total costs, identifying an optimum towards higher recovery values under rising carbon taxes. Furthermore, the research underscores concentration-dependent economic feasibility, emphasizing the attractiveness of concentrations above 10 % compared with other technologies, which require higher concentrations. For an electricity price of 75 €.MWh−1, the total cost of the CO2 capture hydride system considering CO2 emissions with carbon tax of 100 €.tCO2−1 for concentrations ranging from 10 % to 20 % is from 123 to 80 €.tCO2−1, respectively. The analysis of the electricity source shows the importance of a low-carbon emission energy mix for optimal carbon emission reduction.

On qualitative analysis of a fractional hybrid Langevin differential equation with novel boundary conditions

A hybrid system interacts with the discrete and continuous dynamics of a physical dynamical system. The notion of a hybrid system gives embedded control systems a great advantage. The Langevin differential equation can accurately depict many physical phenomena and help researchers effectively represent anomalous diffusion. This paper considers a fractional hybrid Langevin differential equation, including the ψ-Caputo fractional operator. Furthermore, some novel boundaries selected are considered to be a problem. We used the Schauder and Banach fixed-point theorems to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the considered problem. Additionally, the Ulam-Hyer stability is evaluated. Finally, we present a representative example to verify the theoretical outcomes of our findings.

All-optical spin access via a cavity-broadened optical transition in on-chip hybrid quantum photonics

Hybrid quantum photonic systems connect classical photonics to the quantum world and promise to deliver efficient light-matter quantum interfaces while leveraging the advantages of both, the classical and the quantum, subsystems. However, combining efficient, scalable photonics and solid-state quantum systems with desirable optical and spin properties remains a formidable challenge. In particular, the access to individual spin states and coherent mapping to photons remains unsolved for hybrid systems. In this paper, we demonstrate all-optical initialization and readout of the electron spin of a negatively charged silicon-vacancy center in a nanodiamond coupled to a silicon nitride photonic crystal cavity. We characterize relevant parameters of the coupled emitter-cavity system and determine the silicon-vacancy center’s spin-relaxation and spin-decoherence rate. Our results mark a key step towards the realization of a hybrid spin-photon interface based on silicon nitride photonics and the silicon-vacancy center’s electron spin in nanodiamonds with potential use for quantum networks, quantum communication, and distributed quantum computation. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Representation of solutions to fuzzy linear fractional differential equations with a piecewise constant argument

This study marks the first exploration of fuzzy linear fractional differential equations with a piecewise constant argument (FLFDEs-PCA), incorporating the concept of Caputo’s type gH-differentiability with the order α ∈ (0, 1]. Such problems are noteworthy as they represent hybrid systems, blending the characteristics of continuous and discrete dynamical systems and integrating aspects from both differential and difference equations. The primary objective of this research is to establish a standardized framework for deriving explicit solution formulas for FLFDEs-PCA under various scenarios. Additionally, illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the practical implications of our theoretical findings.

Pigeonpea hybrid breeding in India

The constantly increasing gap in the demand to supply for pigeon pea has been a matter of concern to pigeon pea researchers in India to increase productivity and production. The entomophily abet cross-pollination behavior of pigeon pea is a desirable crop to develop and establish the hybrid system to exploit the commercial heterosis. Keeping this in view, pigeon pea research was directed towards a new initiative on hybrid pigeon pea breeding at ICRISAT, Hyderabad immediately after the identification of a male sterile line in 1974. Which in turn led to the development of a new GMS hybrid called ICPH 8 in 1991 for cultivation in the central zone. Then five GMS hybrids (PPH 4, CoPH 1, CoPH 2, AKPH 4101, and AKPH 2022) in the early maturing group were released by the state and central varietal release committee. Nevertheless, the GMS-based hybrids did not yield much success due to difficulty in the production of commercial F1 seed. Trifurcation of All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement (AICPIP) and further strengthening of AICPRP on pigeon pea led to the development of national level strategic and basic research vis-àvis provided testing platform for varieties and hybrids. The advertent GMS system led to the development of a stable and economically viable CGMS system in pigeon pea after 26 years of its first GMS initiative. The first CGMS line GT 288A and its maintainer B line was registered by Pulse Research Station, SDAU, GAU, SK Nagar, Gujarat in 2000. Consequently, in 2006 the first CMS hybrid GTH 1 was developed by SDAU, Gujarat, and released by CVRC for cultivation in the central zone. Thirty-nine CGMS lines have been registered with ICAR-NBPGR and four CMS-based hybrids (ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740, IPH 15-03, and IPH 09-5) are released for cultivation. It is to endorse that the joint efforts of the ICAR-NARS and ICRISAT led to the establishment of the hybrid system in pigeon pea by sharing the materials and technology. Nonetheless, supplying quality hybrid seed is a mammoth task to reap the true potential of hybrid technology in pigeon pea.

Unlocking the Potential and Versatility of Quantum Dots: from Biomedical to Environmental Applications and Smart Micro/Nanorobots

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs) are recognized as the most promising functional nanotechnology, for which its discoverers are awarded the Nobel Prize in 2023. Their remarkable tunability of optoelectronic properties has attracted significant interest from both researchers and industries, placing QDs at the forefront of developing cutting‐edge technologies. This comprehensive review aims to explore the exciting results in terms of fundamental science, present and forthcoming applications. Beyond their contributions to biomedicine, energy, environmental science, quantum sensing, and quantum information processing, QDs have brought important results due to their integration into micro/nanorobotic systems, self‐propelled materials representing the state of the art research at the micro and nanoscale. These hybrid systems have demonstrated noteworthy outcomes, unlocking novel possibilities in biomedicine, quantum sensing, and environmental science, accurately reviewed in this article. In conclusion, this review addresses current challenges, offering insights to facilitate further research, stimulate new developments, and enhance the comprehension of the full potential of QDs.

The Quest for Two-Dimensional MBenes: From Structural Evolution to Solar-Driven Hybrid Systems for Water-Fuel-Energy Generation and Phototherapy.

The field of 2D materials has advanced significantlywith the emergence of MBenes, a newmaterial derived from the MAX phases family, a novel class of materials that originates from the MAX phases family. Herein, this article explores the unique characteristics and morphological variations of MBenes, offering a comprehensive overview of their structural evolution. First, the discussion explores the evolutionary period of 2D MBenes associated with the several techniques for synthesizing, modifying, and characterizing MBenes to tailor their structure and enhance their functionality. The focus then shifts to the defect chemistry of MBenes, electronic, catalytic, and photothermal properties which play a crucial role in designing multifunctional solar-driven hybrid systems. Second, the recent advancements and potentials of 2D MBenes in solar-driven hybrid systems e.g. photo-electro catalysis, hybrid solar evaporators for freshwater and thermoelectric generators, and phototherapy, emphasizing their crucial significance in tackling energy and environmental issues, are explored. The study further explores the fundamental principles that regulate the improved photocatalytic and photothermal characteristics of MBenes, highlighting their promise for effective utilization of solar energy and remediation of the environment. The study also thoroughly assesses MBenes' scalability, stability, and cost effectiveness in solar-driven systems. Current insights and future directions allow researchers toutilize MBenes for sustainable and varied applications. This review regarding MBenes will be valuable to early researchers intrigued with synthesizing and utilizing 2D materials for solar-powered water-energy-fuel and phototherapy systems.

Cascade utilization of full spectrum solar energy for achieving simultaneous hydrogen production and all-day thermoelectric conversion

Solar-driven photocatalytic water/seawater splitting holds great potential for green hydrogen production. However, the practical application is hindered by the relatively low conversion efficiency resulting from the inadequate utilization of solar spectrum with significant waste in the form of heat. Moreover, current equipment struggles to maintain all-day operation subjected to the lack of light during nighttime. Herein, a novel hybrid system integrating photothermal catalytic (PTC) reactor, thermoelectric generator (TEG), and phase change materials (PCM) was proposed and designed (named as PTC-TEG-PCM) to address these challenges and enable simultaneous overall seawater splitting and 24-hour power generation. The PTC system effectively maintains in an optimal temperature range to maximize photothermal-assisted photocatalytic hydrogen production. The TEG component recycles the low-grade waste heat for power generation, complementing the shortcoming of photocatalytic conversion and achieving cascade utilization of full-spectrum solar energy. Furthermore, exceptional thermal storage capability of PCM allow for the conversion of released heat into electricity during nighttime, contributing significantly to the overall power output and enabling PTC-TEG-PCM to operate for more than 12 h under the actual condition. Compared to traditional PTC system, the overall energy conversion efficiency of the PTC-TEG-PCM system can be increased by ∼500%, while maintaining the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. The advancement of this novel system demonstrated that recycling waste heat from the PTC system and utilizing heat absorption/release capability of PCM for thermoelectric application are effective strategies to improve solar energy conversion. With flexible parameter designing, PTC-TEG-PCM can be applied in various scenarios, offering high efficiency, stability, and sustainability.