Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm Research Articles

Effective Identification and Authentication of Healthcare IoT Using Fog Computing with Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm

Currently, Internet of Things (IoT)-based cloud systems face several problems such as privacy leakage, failure in centralized operation, managing IoT devices, and malicious attacks. The data transmission between the cloud and healthcare IoT needs trust and secure transmission of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). IoT-enabled healthcare equipment is seen in hospitals that have been implementing the technology for many years. Nonetheless, medical agencies fail to consider the security risk associated with healthcare IoT devices, which are readily compromised and cause potential threats to authentication and encryption procedures. Existing cloud computing methods like homomorphic encryption and the elliptic curve cryptography are unable to meet the security, identity, authentication, and security needs of healthcare IoT devices. The majority of conventional healthcare IoT algorithms lack secure data transmission. Therefore, fog computing is introduced to overcome the problems of IoT device verification, authentication, and identification for scalable and secure transmission of data. In this research manuscript, fog computing includes a hybrid mathematical model: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Proxy Re-encryption (PR) with Enhanced Salp Swarm Algorithm (ESSA) for IoT device verification, identification, and authentication of EHRs. ESSA is incorporated into the PR algorithm to determine the optimal key size and parameters of the PR algorithm. Specifically, in the ESSA, a Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is integrated with the conventional Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to enhance its global and local search processes. The primary objective of the proposed mathematical model is to further secure data sharing in the real time services. The extensive experimental analysis shows that the proposed model approximately reduced 60 Milliseconds (ms) to 18 milliseconds of processing time and improved 25% to 3% of reliability, compared to the traditional cryptographic algorithms. Additionally, the proposed model obtains a communication cost of 4260 bits with a memory usage of 680 bytes in the context of security analysis.

Securing Decentralized Storage in Blockchain: A Hybrid Cryptographic Framework

Abstract The evolution of decentralized storage, propelled by blockchain advancements, has revolutionized data management. This paper focuses on content security in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a leading decentralized storage network lacking inherent content encryption. To address this vulnerability, we propose a novel hybrid cryptographic algorithm, merging AES 128-bit encryption with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) key generation. The algorithm includes ECC key pairs, random IV generation, and content/AES key encryption using ECC public keys. Benchmarking against standard AES 256-bit methods shows a significant 20% acceleration in encryption speed and a 16% increase in decryption efficiency, affirming practicality for enhancing IPFS content security. This research contributes to securing decentralized storage and provides a performance-driven solution. The promising results highlight the viability of the proposed approach, advancing understanding and mitigating security concerns in IPFS and similar systems.

Securing the Cloud: A New Horizon of Hybrid Automated System for Storage Protection

While cloud storage seems dependable and scalable, the necessity for it is increasing every day. The intricacies involved in securing data in terms of privacy and confidentiality makes the storing and administration of user information at a remote location problematic. The cloud third party who is in charge of handling the issues concerned with data security present within the cloud systems could end up being an unreliable insider. In order to enhance the protection of data and ensure the confidentiality of information without any sort of interruption from cloud third parties, the current research provides an automated hybrid Cryptographic algorithm for Cloud Data Storage. Improved automated Asynchronous Encryption for Data Streams (AEDS) and enhanced automated Concurrent Encryption for Data Blocks (CEDB) are two encryption techniques that are used to achieve great performance and efficiency. We introduce a unique encryption method in Enhanced Automated Concurrent Encryption by transforming the fixed S-box in the conventional AES to a varying S-box utilising a Ternary Galois field and Complementary Ternary Galois field in the proposed work. Additionally, the Ternary Galois field and Complementary Ternary Galois field are employed to transform the matrix used for the AES mix column technique into a dynamic matrix.

HAE: A Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm for Blockchain Medical Scenario Applications

The integration of cryptographic algorithms like Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is pivotal in bolstering the core attributes of blockchain technology, especially in achieving decentralization, tamper resistance, and anonymization within the realm of medical applications. Despite their widespread utilization, the conventional AES and ECC face significant hurdles in security and efficiency when dealing with expansive medical data, posing a challenge to the effective preservation of patient privacy. In light of these challenges, this study introduces HAE (hybrid AES and ECC), an innovative hybrid cryptographic algorithm that ingeniously amalgamates the robustness of AES with the agility of ECC. HAE is designed to symmetrically encrypt original data with AES while employing ECC for the asymmetric encryption of the initial AES key. This strategy not only alleviates the complexities associated with AES key management but also enhances the algorithm’s security without compromising its efficiency. We provide an in-depth exposition of HAE’s deployment within a framework tailored for medical scenarios, offering empirical insights into its enhanced performance metrics. Our experimental outcomes underscore HAE’s exemplary security, time efficiency, and optimized resource consumption, affirming its potential as a breakthrough advancement for augmenting blockchain applications in the medical sector, heralding a new era of enhanced data security and privacy within this critical domain.

Trust based access control with hybrid cryptographic algorithm based data security on cloud for e-learning application

Due to the COVID-19 virus, many educational institutions now encourage online learning. The National Program of Technology Enabled Learning (NPTEL) is a web portal that is used for e-learning applications. With this online course, students can access the lectures of all the respected experts from the best universities at any time and from any location. Due to privacy and security issues, many educational systems are hesitant to adopt the cloud. To avoid security issues, in this paper, a trust-based access control data hybrid cryptography model is proposed. The proposed system mainly focused on data confidentiality and the authentication process. For data security, the hybrid Attribute-Based Encryption and Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ABE-ECC) algorithm is presented. Besides, for authentication, trust-based access control is introduced. The trust of the user is calculated using three parameters: the number of successful/failed interactions, the service satisfaction index, and the level of dishonesty. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed based on different metrics, namely throughput, latency, successful rate, service utilization, encryption time, decryption time, and retrieval time.

A hybrid encryption system for communication and financial transactions using RSA and a novel symmetric key algorithm

Today's digital data transmission over unsecured wired and wireless communication channels is making encryption algorithms an increasingly important tool for securing data and information. Hybrid encryption techniques combine encryption schemes of either two symmetric keys or both symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods, and that provides more security than public or private key single encryption models. Currently, there are many techniques on the market that use a combination of cryptographic algorithms and claim to provide higher data security. Many hybrid algorithms have failed to satisfy customers in securing data and cannot prevent all types of security threats. To improve the security of digital data, it is essential to develop novel and resilient security systems as it is inevitable in the digital era. The recommended algorithm scheme is a combination of the well-known Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) algorithm and a simple symmetric key (SSK) algorithm. The aim of this study is to develop a better encryption method using RSA and a newly proposed symmetric SSK algorithm. We believe that the proposed hybrid cryptographic algorithm provides more security and privacy.

Hybrid Cryptographic Scheme for Secure Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Network-Based E-Healthcare System

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people’s lives in all aspects. This pandemic has raised the usage of ubiquitous networks such as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for information exchange in various domains. MANET is a group of versatile nodes that communicates with each other without relying on a fixed physical framework. One of the prominent features of MANET is its versatile topology. Because of this striking feature, MANETs are employed in various domains like defense and combat operations, disaster management, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, we enlighten the significance of MANET in the smart healthcare system. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak demanded the reshaping of the healthcare systems to combat the pandemic and similar cataclysms. Existing healthcare systems are proved inefficient in dealing with pandemic situations, because they are not fully automated and also vulnerable to various security attacks. Therefore, it is vital to empower the healthcare sectors by integrating ubiquitous networks and other emerging technologies. In this paper, we proposed a MANET-based secure healthcare system to exchange medical data among portable nodes. Ensuring secure communication in the MANET-based healthcare system is one of the challenging issues. Healthcare system demands the sharing of confidential medical data among mobile nodes. So it is essential to provide secure information exchange in healthcare system by using strong cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid cryptographic algorithm for secure medical information exchange among mobile healthcare nodes. The proposed cryptographic scheme uses logistic map for key generation. Logistic map exhibits high security with less computational power. Our simulation results show that the proposed hybrid cryptographic scheme exhibits better security against various attacks in MANET-based healthcare systems.

An implementation of Hill cipher and 3x3x3 rubik's cube to enhance communication security

Message security is must be managed seriously. Therefore, to maintain the confidentiality of any message, cryptography is needed. Cryptography is a science that uses mathematics to encrypt and decrypt messages. Cryptography is used as a tool to protect messages, for example, national secrets and strategies. The method of this research is qualitative research with a literature review. This research implements a hybrid cryptographic algorithm by combining Hill cipher and 3x3x3 Rubik's cube methods with Python software simulation.

A hybrid cryptography technique for data storage on cloud computing

Cloud computing security has received great attention by researchers in the past few years due to the importance of the data used and the increasing use of cloud computing, which has become the provision of many services and in various fields. So, data Security is a major issue in storing data on clouds. Cryptography techniques are among the most important ways to provide data security on cloud. This paper presents a data protection model where data is encrypted using a hybrid cryptographic algorithm which is composed of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish and Message-Digest algorithm (MD5). Thus, this model provides speed and robust data encryption.

WITHDRAWN: Hybrid cryptographic algorithm based key management scheme in MANET

Abstract In the recent networking era, Mobile Adhoc Network has been popular as it effectively solves the limitations that were pertaining with single path routers. Multi-path mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) have various advantages which include high throughput, lower time complexity and high energy efficiency. The major challenges here are the key management and secured way of routing. Secure routing ensures data integrity, confidentiality, authorization and authentication and non-repudiation. These requirements are satisfied only by cryptographic algorithms. Key management is the most essential one in cryptography. The management of keys which is integrated with the protocol start with trusted and network with more authentication. In order to ensure the secured broadcasting in MANET, here we proposed a secured multipath routing mechanism for reliable data transmission using cryptographic algorithms. In our proposed method, we are hybridizing the popular Diffie-Hellman method of key exchange and elliptic curve cryptography (HDHECC). First, the nodes are subjected to clustering using the LEACH protocol and the cluster head selection process will be carried out with the help of weight of each node. Here the trust mechanism will be done by using the AOMDV. For the management of keys, every head of the cluster is made to retain its public key of the corresponding member nodes and are made to act only as a router. The proposed technique solves the overhead of the centralized management of keys. Moreover, the requirement to store all the public keys. The propose method is tested for its performance by evaluating the end-end delay, Packet delivery ratio and packet losses. The implementation is carried out using the NS2 simulator.

AMPC: A Lightweight Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a group of several autonomous sensor nodes attached to each other. Wireless sensor networks are commonly used in a lot of applications and are expected to have a cheap deployment cost. The network of sensors continues to grow aiding the need of the system. Due to that, sensors become vulnerable to attacks and need strong security mechanism. To strengthen the security of data which are transmitted through sensors in WSN, different cryptographic schemes are used. As WSN has limited energy source, therefore, complex cryptographic algorithms may require excessive computational time which not only make the data transmission slow but the life time of sensor network will be significantly affected. To overcome these challenges a new hybrid cryptographic scheme, AES and Modified Playfair Cipher (AMPC), is introduced in this paper.

Improving the security of internet of things using cryptographic algorithms: a case of smart irrigation systems

Internet of Things (IoT) as a ubiquitous paradigm is a new concept in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and has the ability to connect wireless and mobile embedded devices and things to the Internet. IoT is emerging as a key component of the Internet and a vital infrastructure for millions of smart and interconnected objects that are potentially vulnerable to different attacks. Thus, the security of resource-constrained devices in IoT is highly important. As an important solution, cryptographic algorithms are used to provide confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data between the sender and receiver. Hence, this paper proposes a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm based on Rivest cipher (RC4), Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) to protect sensitive information in IoT-based smart irrigation systems. In this paper, the RC4 key is encrypted by the ECC algorithm, and the output of this encryption process is transformed to SHA-256 for hashing and generating enigmatic data. SHA-256 algorithm encrypts RC4 based cipher text to improve data integrity. Comprehensive analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is secure to various known attacks such as the Man-in-the-middle (MiM) attack, and has a better performance than other cryptographic algorithms. Also, the obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model and robustness in order to confidentiality based on analyzing secrecy.

A FRAMEWORK: ENCRYPTION METHOD ON CLOUD STORAGE FOR DATA SECURITY

In the recent years, Cloud Computing has turned into an important part of IT business. As a result of its monetary advantages, an ever increasing number of individuals are heading towards Cloud reception. As of now, there are various Cloud Service providers (CSP) enabling clients to have their applications and information uploaded onto Cloud. However Cloud Security keeps on being the greatest challenge in Cloud adoption and in this way keeps clients from using its services. Cloud service providers regularly try to implement different strategies to relieve clients of dangers relating to Cloud security. In this paper, we compare Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm (HCA) that joins the advantages of both symmetric and asymmetric encryption therefore bringing about a protected Cloud Environment. The task centers on making a safe Cloud community wherein we make utilization of multifactor validation alongside numerous levels of hashing and encryption.

Secure Storage and Replication using Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm for Cloud Environment

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.

An Efficient 3D Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) Based Two-Server Password-Only Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol with Provable Security

ABSTRACTIn large-scale distributed systems, where adversarial attacks have extensive impact, authentication provides fortification against threats involving impersonation of entities and tampering of data. Towards this, we introduce the first tetrahedron (three-dimensional (3D)) based two-server Password Authenticated and Key Exchange (PAKE) protocol to represent text passwords. A 3D PAKE protocol is a hybrid cryptographic algorithm that requires two servers for authentication; one server engages with users and the other is hidden from the clients. A remarkable aspect of the proposed 3D PAKE protocol is that reclaiming password from the stored credentials is not possible when either one/both the servers gets compromised. In this paper, we discuss the properties of tetrahedron that mesh well with Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol and elliptic curve cryptography encryption scheme and proved that the protocol is resistant against cryptographic attacks without the involvement of public key infrastructure. The proposed protocol is the first provably secure two-server PAKE protocol against an offline dictionary attack.

An Efficient Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm, Consuming Less Time for Exchanging Information in Wireless Sensor Networks

Set of autonomous nodes attached together and to a base station, working in a particular system is called wireless sensor network. Due to its wireless and dynamic nature, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are easily attacked in comparison to wired networks. Now days, WSNs are not only used as routers but also working as communication end points as well as considered responsible for security of exchanging information. For fulfilling the security requirements in WSNs, scheme cryptography is widely used in which signed messages are being transferred from node to node. Cryptography is mainly classified in symmetric and asymmetric schemes. Public and private keys are used for encryption and decryption process in asymmetric key cryptography while single key is used in symmetric cryptography. Asymmetric cryptography provides high level of security and authenticity on cost of consumption of high amount of memory, power and bandwidth. On the other hand, symmetric key cryptography is considerably efficient and less resource consuming but providing less security level. Efficiency of network is considered is assumed major issue in exchanging of information in WSNs. In this paper, keeping efficiency of network in consideration, such hybrid algorithm has been suggested which satisfies the required security levels on high efficiency level. The proposed hybrid algorithm proves scalable and its performance is quite faster than single asymmetric cryptography and more secure than symmetric algorithms.

Data Transmission using AES-RSA Based Hybrid Security Algorithms

The fast evolution of digital data exchange has forced the information security to be of much important in data storage and transmission. As large amount of data is transmitted over the network, it is preliminary to secure all types of data before sending them. The amount of information exchanged over the internet is completely not safe. Information and information systems need to be controlled. A key aspect of control is that an information system should be secure. This is achieved through security controls. Protecting the information transmitted over the network is a difficult task and the data security issues become increasingly important. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on networks, but they also have some drawbacks. To improve the strength of these algorithms, we propose a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm in this paper. The algorithm is designed using combination of two cryptographic algorithms AES and RSA. This new hybrid cryptographic technique has been designed for better security along with integrity. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.160445

DH-EAACK Secure Intrusion Detection System to detect Black Hole Attack in MANET

Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) type of Ad-hoc wireless network. Due to mobility of nodes, MANET more vulnerable to different types of attacks and security threats. To overcome these challenges Intrusion Detection System technique used. By using the schemes of EAACK, this paper proposed dynamic hierarchical intrusion detection architecture that addresses these challenges while finding specific and conventional attacks in MANET. The proposed structural design organized as a dynamic hierarchy. Dynamic hierarchy in which hierarchy organized as group of clusters, cluster heads are selected based on topology and other criteria. Routes are initialized by using AODV routing protocol. The usefulness of the architecture demonstrated via black hole attack scenarios in which attack is detected and removed. In this paper we propose Dynamic Hierarchical Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (DH-EAACK) architecture which has better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput due to cluster based IDS. Comparing results of existing systems with proposed system when there are 30% malicious nodes in the network PDR is 0.9% better than existing techniques. End to end delay, routing overhead has less performance compared with existing due to black hole nodes in the network. Future work can be extended by using election algorithms to elect cluster head and provide more security by using hybrid (AES and MD5) cryptographic algorithm.

Developing and Evaluation of New Hybrid Encryption Algorithms

Wireless Sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of low cost, low power and self-organizing nodes which are highly distributed. As wireless sensor networks continue to grow, so does the need for effective security mechanisms because sensor networks may interact with sensitive data. Encryption algorithms play good roles in information security systems (ISS). Those algorithms consume a significant amount of computing resources such as battery power. Wireless Sensor networks are powered by a battery which is a very limited resource. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on networks, but there are also has some drawbacks. The present asymmetric encryption methods and symmetric encryption methods can offer the security levels but with many limitations. For instance key maintenance is a great problem faced in symmetric encryption methods and less security level is the problem of asymmetric encryption methods even though key maintenance is easy. To improve the strength of these algorithms, we propose a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm in this paper. The algorithm is designed using combination of two symmetric cryptographic techniques and two Asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic primitives, integrity, confidentiality and authentication. It is a hybrid encryption method where elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) and advanced encryption (AES) are combined to provide node encryption. RSA algorithm and Blowfish are combined to provide authentication and (MD5) for integrity. The results show that the proposed hybrid cryptographic algorithm gives better performance in terms of computation time and the size of cipher text.This paper tries to present a fair comparison between the new protocols with four existing different hybrid protocols according to power consumption. A comparison has been conducted for those protocols at different settings for each protocol such as different sizes of data blocks, and finally encryption/decryption speed. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of each algorithm.