Hybrid Contract Research Articles

Novel results on fixed-point methodologies for hybrid contraction mappings in $ M_{b} $-metric spaces with an application

<abstract><p>By combining the results of Wardowski's cyclic contraction operators and admissible multi-valued mappings, the motif of $ \eta $-cyclic $ \left(\alpha _{\ast }, \beta _{\ast }\right) $-admissible type $ \digamma $-contraction multivalued mappings are presented. Moreover, some novel fixed point theorems for such mappings are proved in the context of $ M_{b} $-metric spaces. Also, two examples are given to clarify and strengthen our theoretical study. Finally, the existence of a solution of a pair of ordinary differential equations is discussed as an application.</p></abstract>

Pandangan Islam Terhadap Implementasi Hybrid Contract Di Hotel Horison Sagita Balikpapan

In the business world, trade is one of the most important things in human life. Everyone always needs prosperity and wealth to meet their needs. With this goal in mind, people compete for wealth through their businesses. if a company is based or based on religious principles, it is of course very closely related to the norms associated with Islamic institutional economics. Because sharia-based economic activities are economic practices that are based on Islamic values, actors need to orient themselves in consumption, production and operations. The Islamic View of the Implementation of Hybrid Contracts which has innovated is the author's basis for researching the validity of the contracts made by the Horison Sagita Balikpapan hotel, where the purpose of this research is to examine multi-contract transactions (Hybrid Contracts) in the Horison Sagita Balikpapan hotel. In this study the authors used an empirical juridical approach, combining primary data and data in the field so that theory and practice were found to be compatible. Based on the results of this study, after making adjustments to the provisions of the multiple contracts that are prohibited, it can be concluded that the Hybrid Contract transaction in booking a room including dining at the Horison Sagita Balikpapan Hotel is not at all included in the multi-contract category which is prohibited. Thus the Hybrid Contract transaction in the Booking of the Incluede Room is permissible and does not violate sharia provisions. In addition, this transaction can provide convenience for hotel managers and consumers.
 Keyword: Islamic View, Hybrid Contract, Hotel Rental

Municipal food waste recycling as an environmental strategy: a game-theoretical approach.

With the expansion of urbanization, we are witnessing the growing uncertainty in municipal food demand leading to an increase in urban waste. With the motive of producing organic fertilizers and conserving the environment, expired food can be collected and recycled. This study examines the hypothesis that leasing recycling facilities from peri-urban areas, due to the ban on reproduction operations in the city centers, can manage the recycling system participants' relationship and enhance sustainability in urban communities. The problem has been investigated under two separate sources of uncertainty, namely, quality and capacity. In the first scenario, a recycling system consisting of a commercial food service located in urban areas, a food waste collection agency, and a suburban fertilizer factory is optimized, in which the commercial food service leases the fertilizer factory's facilities for recycling operations. In the second scenario, the two factories' relationship, in which the first factory can rent the second factory's facilities in case of capacity shortage, is managed through hybrid contracts and mathematical programming models. The results show that the whole system optimization and Pareto Improvement results for all members are guaranteed under proposed hybrid contracts. These conclusions can help food recycling system managers have a better relationship with other players in their supply chains and enhance their credibility for caring about the environment, social concerns, and government compliance.

PRAKTIK MEKANISME PENETAPAN HARGA JUAL BELI PADI DI KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

The purpose of this study is to discuss the practice of determining the selling and buying price of rice that is practiced by the people in Aceh Besar district. In this practice, there are two times for determinations the sale and purchase price of rice which is considered to contain an element of gharar in the second price determination. This research will explain: how the mechanism of the practice, a review of Islamic law related to the practice, whether the practice can be practiced in other areas. This study uses field research methods with data collection techniques in the form of interviews. The results of the study concluded: (1) In the practice of two times price determination buying and selling rice, there are three types of contracts used, that is the ba'i, hybrid contract between ba'i and wadiah and a hybrid contract between ba'i and qardh. (2) The practice using a ba'i is legal by refers to the rules of ushul fiqh related to the basic law of muamalah that is mubah. The legality is also supported by urf which is able to bring benefit even though it contains elements of gharar in it. The element of gharar in the second price fixing is considered gharar yasir which is legal because it has become 'urf that is able to present benefits and mutual pleasure towards the consequences that arise from the gharar element. Two other types of contracts, a hybrid contract between ba’i with wadiah and a hybrid contract between ba’i with qardh according to the Islamic law riview, they are not contrary to Islamic Law. (3) Although in real terms this practice can increase farmers' income, this practice cannot be practiced in other areas.
 Keywords: Price determination mechanism, Gharar, Hybrid Contract

Urgensitas Maqāsidus Syāriah dalam Transformasi Hybrid Contract pada Lembaga Keuangan Syariah

Along with the times, Islamic Banking is required to always make new and actual breakthroughs in the field of Islamic economic transactions in order to answer current financial needs. Among the many contemporary transactions carried out by Islamic Banking is a hybrid contract or better known as Multi Akad. The transaction seems to be a solution to contemporary financial needs. However, even so, there are still some Islamic economists who doubt the validity of the hybrid contract, so there is a need for a new approach in the perspective of Islamic law in order to answer the doubts of some experts, including Maqasidus Syariah.

Coordination and Optimization of Supply Chain Considering the Double Fresh-keeping Effort of Supplier and 3PL

This paper takes a three-echelon supply chain consisting of a domestic supplier, an overseas retailer, and an overseas warehouse as the research object, and studies the decision-making and coordination problems of a single-channel three-echelon supply chain dominated by a cross-border e-commerce platform based on the dual preservation effort level of the supplier and the overseas warehouse, and also analyzes and compares the optimal decisions and profits of each member of the supply chain under the decentralized decision-making model and the centralized decision-making model. After exploring the infeasibility of wholesale price contract and wholesale price + cost-sharing contract, a wholesale price + cost sharing + revenue sharing hybrid contract is designed to optimize the coordination of the supply chain and finally examined and verified through arithmetic analysis. It is found that it is difficult to judge the overall utility of consumers under centralized decision-making, and the decisions made under decentralized decision-making are not optimal. Under the decentralized decision-making model, the wholesale price contract, and the wholesale price + cost-sharing contract can achieve supply chain coordination, but the contract will not be accepted because the former hurts the members' interests, and the latter reduces the overall profit. Therefore, a hybrid "wholesale price + cost sharing + revenue sharing" contract is designed to introduce profit redistribution and is shown to achieve perfect supply chain coordination.

Studi Komparatif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam Terhadap Hybrid Contract Pada Bank Syariah

This study discusses the comparative study of positive law and Islamic law on hybrid contracts in Islamic banks. The main problem is reviewing Positive and Islamic Laws on Hybrid Contracts in Islamic Banks. This article is a research library (Library Research). The data source for this article comes from the journals and books relevant to this discussion. The results of the research of this article indicate that a Multi contract or joint contract, or Hybrid Contract (al-'Uqud al-Murakkabah) is the application of two or more contracts in one transaction as a single transaction that is inseparable from each other. Sharia Bank is a Bank based on Islamic law, based on the Qur'an and Hadith. All products and services offered must not conflict with the contents of the Qur'an and Hadith. Hybrid contracts originate from a contract and develop and change. As a development, the hybrid contract has fulfilled the requirements for forming a contract with the elements and pillars of a hybrid contract similar to the elements and pillars of a Sharia contract. The hybrid contract element in Islamic banking follows the principles of contract and the provisions of Islamic law and is allowed in Islamic banking.

Relation-Theoretic Coincidence and Common Fixed Point Results in Extended Rectangular b-Metric Spaces with Applications

The objective of this paper is to obtain new relation-theoretic coincidence and common fixed point results for some mappings F and g via hybrid contractions and auxiliary functions in extended rectangular b-metric spaces, which improve the existing results and give some relevant results. Finally, some nontrivial examples and applications to justify the main results.

Do HRM Practices Affect Employees’ Psychological Contract Profiles? An Empirical Investigation

The purpose of the current study is to explore the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and employees’ psychological contract profiles and the effect of psychological contract profiles on employees’ job performance and work engagement. In doing so, we examined four aspects of HRM practices (job participation and involvement, staffing, training, and rewards) in determining psychological contract profile membership. Using a sample of 302 working adults collected for an online survey in the U.S., we identified three distinct psychological contract profiles, namely, transaction dominant, relation dominant, and a hybrid contract profile among survey participants. Results from latent profile analysis showed that reward-oriented HRM practices increased the likelihood of being classified into a relation dominant psychological contract profile. We also found significant interaction effect between staffing and reward-oriented HRM practices and organizational trust in predicting classification into a relation dominant psychological contract profile. Our analysis indicated that employees in hybrid profiles underperformed those having a dominant contract type, either transaction or relation dominant. We discussed the implications and limitations of our study and suggested future research avenues.

Hybrid Contracts in Leasing and Ijarah Muntahiya Bit Tamlik in Indonesia Sharia Financial Institutions

This article discusses the implementation of the concept of hybrid contracts in the product of ijarah al muntahiya bit tamlik (IMBT) and leasing at Indonesia Islamic Financial Institutions. This article aimed to find out the implementation of hybrid contract concept in IMBT and leasing products at Indonesia Islamic Financial Institutions. This article was conducted using qualitative research method. The data in this study were obtained from library materials such as books, journals, articles, etc. Data analysis techniques used were data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The analysis results showed that the development of contracts in Islamic financial institutions was inevitable due to the implementation of multi-contracts. The merging of two contracts is also known as (hybrid contract or al-'uqudal-murakkabah) such as ijarah al mutahiya bit tamlik (IMBT). IMBT is a combination of two inter-ijarah contracts (lease) and the sale and purchase or grant is made at the end of the lease term. The implementation and merging of two contracts (hybrid contracts) in IMBT may use several contracts, including ijarah contract, ba'i contract, wakalah contract, and hibah contract.

Transformasi Akad Natural Uncertainty Contracts: Analisis Akad Musyarakah Mutanaqishah (MMQ) di Lembaga Keuangan Syariah

<p>This research is motivated by the murabahah contract which is widely used by LKS in product development due to its nature which includes natural certainty contracts. So that it provides income certainty and has a lower risk than cooperation contracts (musyarakah and mudharabah) which are natural uncertainty contracts. However, in its development there is a musyarakah mutanaqishah contract which is a hybrid contract by combining musyarakah, ijarah and buying and selling contracts. Meanwhile, ijarah and buying and selling contracts are natural certainty contracts. This research will reveal the transformation of natural uncertainty contracts on the analysis of musyarakah mutanaqishah contracts in LKS. This study uses a normative juridical approach which is described by a descriptive method of literature from primary data sources and also secondary data. The type of this research is qualitative research with data analysis techniques in the form of focusing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results of this study reveal the fact that there is a transformation of musyarakah contracts, which include natural uncertainty contracts, into musyarakah mutanaqishah contracts, which are hybrid contracts with business activities using ijarah contracts and buying and selling as natural certainty contracts. So that this contract provides income certainty and has low risk and can be used as a contract choice by LKS in developing financing products.</p>

Multi Akad dalam Aplikasi Mobile Banking Bank Syariah Indonesia Perspektif Fiqh Muamalah

<p>The ease of service provided by Islamic banking has become increasingly advanced. One of them is a mobile banking service owned by Bank Syariah Indonesia under the name BSI Mobile, where customers will get various conveniences of service facilities with just one application downloaded using Play Strore for Android and the App store of IOS (Iphone Operating System) users. Mobile services and various contracts that have innovated are the basis for the author to examine the validity of contracts carried out by customers, where the purpose of this study is to examine hybrid contracts contained in BSI Mobile. The author uses an empirical juridical approach, combining primary data and data in the field so that the suitability of theory and practice at Bank Syariah Indonesia is found. Based on the results of this study, there are new products in Islamic Banking contained in BSI Mobile. Most of BSI Mobile products actually contain several contracts so it is necessary to apply sharia principles, especially in terms of their conformity with contracts.</p>

Fixed Point Results of Jaggi-Type Hybrid Contraction in Generalized Metric Space

In this manuscript, a new family of contractions called Jaggi-type hybrid G − ϕ -contraction is introduced and some fixed point results in generalized metric space that are not deducible from their akin in metric space are obtained. The preeminence of this class of contractions is that its contractive inequality can be extended in a variety of manners, depending on the given parameters. Consequently, several corollaries that reduce our result to other well-known results in the literature are highlighted and analyzed. Substantial examples are constructed to validate the assumptions of our obtained theorems and to show their distinction from corresponding results. Additionally, one of our obtained corollaries is applied to set up unprecedented existence conditions for the solution of a family of integral equations.

A Dynamic Task Scheduling Method for Multiple UAVs Based on Contract Net Protocol.

Unmanned aerial vehicles are becoming promising platforms for disaster relief, such as providing emergency communication services in wireless sensor networks, delivering some living supplies, and mapping for disaster recovery. Dynamic task scheduling plays a very critical role in coping with emergent tasks. To solve the multi-UAV dynamic task scheduling, this paper constructs a multi-constraint mathematical model for multi-UAV dynamic task scheduling, involving task demands and platform capabilities. Three objectives are considered, which are to maximize the total profit of scheduled tasks, to minimize the time consumption, and to balance the number of scheduled tasks for multiple UAVs. The multi-objective problem is converted into single-objective optimization via the weighted sum method. Then, a novel dynamic task scheduling method based on a hybrid contract net protocol is proposed, including a buy-sell contract, swap contract, and replacement contract. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted under three scenarios with emergency tasks, pop-up obstacles, and platform failure to verify the superiority of the proposed method.

HYBRID CONTRACT ACCORDING TO SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE

A hybrid Contract is a combination of contracts (multi-contract) in one product or one transaction. Hybrid Contract is the flagship product of Islamic banks to respond to the needs of the community where the single form of contract is no longer able to answer and respond to the needs of modern financial transactions. A hybrid Contract is a case of contemporary muamalah fiqh that requires answers from scholars. If you refer to the hadith literature that the Messenger of Allah forbade one transaction of two contracts, then indeed the study of Islamic fiqh is very shallow and narrow. The understanding of progressive, dynamic, and relevant fiqh with the times is the point of this contemporary muamalah fiqh study. This research is qualitative research with the library research method. The author searches read and analyze the literature related to the topic. The results of the study show that the rules of fiqh state that the original law of everything is permissible until there is a proposition that states its prohibition. Therefore, according to the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN), hybrid contracts are allowed because the application in the current Islamic banking sector is different from the case of buying and selling transactions during the time of the Prophet. So there is no shari'ah argument that states it is haram.

Hybrid equity swap, cap, and floor pricing under stochastic interest by Markov chain approximation

Hybrid equity-rate derivatives are commonly traded between financial institutions, but are challenging to price with traditional methods. Especially challenging are those contracts which involve an explicit interest rate (fixing) dependence in the cashflows, which stretches typical measure-change approaches beyond their practical limit. We introduce a framework for pricing equity swaps, equity cap/floors, and other hybrid derivatives under general stochastic short-rate models with a correlated equity. By utilizing the machinery of Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) approximation, and a decoupled representation of the equity-rate model, we derive semi-closed-form approximations for the hybrid contract prices based on a regime-switching model and prove theoretical convergence. The numerical implementation of the method is fast and very accurate, achieving superquadratic convergence in numerical experiments. The framework also provides a practical alternative to traditional approaches such as trees for pricing bonds and bond options under short-rates models which lack closed-form solutions.

Contract Design of Logistics Service Supply Chain Based on Smart Transformation

A logistics service integrator (LSI) usually requires a logistics service provider (LSP) to carry out smart transformation in order to improve the level of logistics service. However, LSP’s smart transformation faces uncertainty in terms of investments and income, which seriously hinders LSP’s enthusiasm for logistics service innovation. In this paper, we construct a logistics service supply chain (LSSC) consisting of an LSI and an LSP to explore the incentive mechanism for LSPs to undergo smart transformation. As a benchmark for comparison, we first obtain the equilibrium results under centralized decision making and wholesale price (WP) contracts. Then, cost-sharing (CS), revenue-sharing (RS), and cost sharing–revenue sharing (CS-RS) hybrid contracts are proposed. It is found that when the CS coefficient is in a certain interval, the CS contract can increase the profit of LSI and the smart level of logistics service, but it will decrease the profit of LSP. With the exception that the wholesale price of logistics services will decrease, the equilibrium results under the RS contract and WP contract remain consistent. Only the CS-RS hybrid contract can achieve the perfect coordination of LSSC. In addition, by conducting numerical analysis, we find that the enhancement of the smart effect can encourage LSP to improve the smart level and increase the overall revenue of LSSC. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study to explore the incentive mechanism between LSI and LSP in the context of logistics service smart transformation. Our findings guide the LSI in implementing an effective contract.

Supplier participation in digital transformation of a two-echelon supply chain: Monetary and symbolic incentives

By employing four game models, this paper examines the impact of both monetary and symbolic incentives on supplier participation in digital transformation of a two-echelon supply chain. We find that in the presence of monetary incentives, the supplier may exhibit free riding behavior when the buyer’s cost-sharing is sufficiently high, thereby leaving the buyer with no incentive to motivate the supplier. In contrast, a hybrid contract combining monetary with symbolic incentives enhances supplier participation. As the hybrid incentive is not always effective, we propose an improved hybrid contract with a reward-punishment mechanism to better motivate the supplier. Analytical results reveal that both members enjoy higher profitability when the buyer’s reward and punishment scheme is set within a reasonable range.

Penerapan Prinsip Syariah pada Akad Rahn di Lembaga Pegadaian Syariah

Non-Bank Islamic Financial Institutions in Indonesia, one of which is the Sharia Pawnshop, to implement various kinds of products and contracts in carrying out their business activities, one of the products is the Rahn contract, the freedom to design the form of the contract will provide product diversity, however fiqh analysis is carried out to avoid things that are prohibited, considering that one of the rules in ushul fiqh is basically all transactions are allowed unless there is a clear argument forbidding it. Based on the pillars of Rahn's contract in practice, starting from marhun, marhun bih, shighah, and 'aqidaini, it is in accordance with sharia theory. Pawn as one of the categories of debt-receivable agreements, for a trust from the creditor, the debtor pledges the goods as collateral for the debt. The collateral remains the property of the person who pawned it, but is controlled by the recipient of the pledge.
 The results of this study show that in general the Sharia Pawn Sharing the Blessing of Samarinda has complied with the rules in rahn transactions. Pawn Sharia Sharing Blessings in other words using multiple contracts (al-uqud al-murakkabah). It is a hybrid contract (multi-contract), namely rahn (pawning), qardh (borrowing) and ijarah (rental) contracts. The second contract responds to the first contract, and the third contract completes the second contract where the perfection of the first contract depends on the perfection of the second and third contracts through a reciprocal process or one contract depends on another contract.
 Tthe auction system carried out by sharia pawnshops is in accordance with the DSN-MUI Fatwa No: 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 concerning Rahn. Excess money from the auction after deducting loans and fees will be returned to the customer, while if there is still a shortage, it remains the customer's obligation to pay off. This is the beauty of Islam where loan settlement or repayment is carried out fairly

Implementation of the Hybrid Contract Concept in Multiservice Ijarah Financing as a Financing Alternative Health Service in the Covid-19 Pandemic

This article discusses applying the hybrid contract concept in multiservice ijarah financing as an alternative to financing health services. This is important to study because health services are one of the most urgent things in the current Covid-19 pandemic. This article aims to determine the form of contracts contained in multiservice ijarah financing as an alternative to financing health services in the Covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is normative legal research. The data were obtained from library materials such as books, journals, etc. The analysis results show that health financing can be carried out in two ways: the ijarah contract, which begins with the bank through investors doing the health institution after making the contract, and the wakalah contract through the customer himself. People who have financial problems paying for health costs with multiservice ijarah transactions can apply for health financing to Islamic Financial Institutions for their families to minimize deaths before treatment in the Covid-19 pandemic.