Hybrid Composite Specimens Research Articles

Extraction and characterization of novel Prosopis Juliflora bark and Boehmeria nivea fibre for use as reinforcement in the hybrid composites with the effect of curing temperature, fibre length and weight percentages

The hybrid composite sample based on Prosopis Juliflora (PJ) bark and ramie fibre with different length, weight percentage, and curing temperature were created for the first time in this work. Totally, 120 hybrid composite samples were tested in this study. There were five different fibre lengths: 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, and 30 mm, weight percentages 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %, and different curing temperatures 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, and 120 °C used to produce the hybrid composite samples. Due to the cross-linking ability with the epoxy matrix, the hybrid composite specimen shows high resistance up to 98 Shore D hardness. The high polarity of the epoxy matrix and the hydrogen bond strengthening effect, increased the composite sample flexural strength by 12 %. The curing temperature of 100 °C, 20 mm fibre length, and 30 % of the hybrid composite sample achieved the highest tensile strength (28.76 MPa), flexural strength (46.54 MPa), impact strength (4.5 J), and hardness strength properties (98 shore D). Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the composite samples initial decomposition temperature (Ti) at 98 °C, maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) at 320 °C, and the final decomposition temperature (Tf) at 466 °C.

Parametric optimization in drilling of sisal–glass reinforced epoxy composites using Taguchi grey relational analysis method

This research work intends to study the effect of hybridization of glass and sisal fiber, stacking sequence and tensile properties of the composite. The sisal-glass fiber hybrid composites laminates are prepared using reinforced plain woven sisal fabric (unidirectional) and plainwoven glass fabric. In this research study, 27 experiments are conducted as per L27 orthogonal array. Five process parameters are selected and three responses are considered in this work. The drilling of the composite specimen is considered and the drilling process parameters such as speed, feed rate, drill diameter, material thickness, and drill point angle are selected. The responses considered in this work are delamination factor, thrust force, and torque. Taguchi analysis is performed and the response table for means for the responses is determined, and the most influencing parameter in the drilling of the composite specimen is analyzed. The grey relational coefficients are computed and followed with the computation of the grey relational grade. The grey relational grades are calculated for determining the highest contributing parameter in the drilling of the sisal fiber and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composite specimen. The optimum drilling process parameters are ranked and the ranks presented represent the sequence of run resulting in optimum solutions.

Investigation on mechanical behavior of Al6061- coconut shell ash- granite dust reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites manufactured using stir casting technique

Owing to the superior qualities, aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMC) have recently been accepted and suggested as a replacement for traditional materials in a variety of sectors, including automotive, agriculture, aerospace, sports, marine, and many more. To satisfy the industrial requirement, it is necessary to develop economical material with higher mechanical properties like strength, hardness, impact resistance etc. To minimise the environmental impact and depletion of natural resources , it is necessary to Reduce, Recycle and Resuse the solid waste created across the world. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of hybrid composite of Al6061 reinforced with coconut shell ash (CSA) and granite dust solid waste. Hybrid composite specimens were successfully manufactured using stir casting method. The proportion of granite dust was kept constant at 2 wt percent, whereas the percentage of CSA varied, ranging from 0% to 12% with a multiple of 3. Tests for tension, compression, hardness, and impact were performed to examine the mechanical behavior of the created hybrid composites. SEM & EDAX analysis were carried out to study the microstructure and elemental composition of the hybrid composites. Experimental testing shows that, when the percentage of CSA in the hybrid composite increased, its tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, and impact strength increased maximum upto 23.65%, 10.12%, 60.89% and 17.38% respectively as compared to base alloy. The experimental findings demonstrated that when compared to matrix and other hybrid composites, the Al6061 alloy reinforced with 2% granite dust and 12% CSA hybrid composite had superior mechanical properties.

Static and dynamic analysis of silicone/polyurethane embedded GFRP composite for magnetorheological elastomer

The current study focuses on the static and dynamic properties of GFRP composites embedded with a silicone(Si)/polyurethane(PU) blend used in automobile vibration dampening. Epoxy resin, glass fiber, and Si/PU blends of various compositions were used to create the hybrid composite specimens. For the present study, five different Si/PU blend compositions were considered to make five Si/PU embedded GFRP composite laminates were fabricated by hand layup method. The fabricated laminateswere cut to the standard sizes using water jet machining for mechanical and vibration testing. All tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM standards. Free Vibration test of five elastomeric composite specimens was carried out by impulse hammer method under fixed-free boundary condition. The current study found that the hybrid composite specimen with 0% Si and 100% PU elastomer has higher tensile strength, impact energy, and natural frequency than the other Si/PU blend elastomeric composite specimens.The better interfacial adhesion of PU rubber helps to transfer stress across interfaces more effectively and thereby enhancing the overall mechanical integrity of the composite laminate.

Experimental investigation of layering pattern arrangements on mechanical, swilling and water absorption behavior of flax/coir fiber based bio-epoxy composites

As natural fibres are recyclable and biodegradable, they are essential to the creation of ecologically sound composite materials. When compared to synthetic fibres, they have benefits including less environmental impact, superior mechanical qualities, and a lightweight nature. Gaining knowledge about and improving the usage of natural fibres in composites can result in environmentally friendly solutions that have a lower carbon footprint and more durability across a range of uses. The present research concentrates on the manufacture of hybridized bio-composites with eco-friendly epoxy as the matrix phase and flax as well as coir fibre mats as reinforcing agents. The hybridized composites of flax (F) and coir (C) fibres were created using a low-cost manual lay-up approach, accompanied by a hot press containing various stacking sequences. The materials' static characteristics, like inter-laminar shear strengths (ILSS) as well as hardness, were investigated. Physical parameters like water absorption and swelling thickness were also investigated. The experimental findings demonstrate that whenever the layering pattern was changed, bio-composites displayed small variations in strength properties. The FFFF sample had the greatest ILSS result of 7.69 MPa. Short beam breakdowns feature such as perpendicular inter-laminar shear fractures, micro buckling, and fibre breakage have also been observed. Although there were some advantages in the mechanical properties of bio-composites over eco-friendly epoxy, there were no significant consequences for modifying the toughness characteristics of a fibre sheet's cross-ply. This might be attributed to the low interaction of coir and flax strands, in addition to the hybrid composite specimens' poor interfacial bonding and strength. In comparison to their hybrid equivalents, pure fibre or non-hybrid materials demonstrated greater resilience to water uptake as well as thickness swelling.

A study on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium 6061-SiC-B4C-GO hybrid nanocomposites with a novel optimized mix selection approach

ABSTRACT This research deals with the mechanical and tribological behaviour of different weight percentages of reinforcements (coated silicon carbide, boron carbide, and graphene oxide) dispersed with aluminium matrix (Al 6061) composites. The silicon carbide (SiC) was coated by Titanium oxide (TiO2) using the Electro Phoretic Deposition (EPD) method. The selected mix proportions fabrication process was performed by the stir casting method. The tribological and mechanical behaviour of hybrid aluminium matrix-composite specimens and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) identification revealed that ASB-1 (86 wt% Al 6061 + 2 wt% GO + 10 wt% SiC + 2 wt% B4C) uncovered higher wear resistance and strengths due to reinforcement’s uniform distribution throughout the aluminium matrix and coating of SiC. Moreover, a comparison was performed to determine the effectiveness of hybrid composite specimens. It is concluded that the presented SRNMS framework identified the mix proportions effectively, and the coating of SiC improves the wear resistance.

A study on fracture behavior of SEN natural hybrid composite specimen under tensile load

In this work, two reinforcements (natural jute fiber and glass fiber) hybridized with different volume fractions, are reinforced with a constant volume epoxy resin through hand layup method. The ASTM standard tensile specimen of jute natural epoxy composite of different volume fractions and orientations of fibers, with varied single edge notch (SEN) size were subjected to uniaxial tensile load in universal testing machine. Effect of jute volume fraction, notch size and fiber orientation on tensile strength and fracture toughness has been studied through experimental results. Increased percent of jute fibre showed decrease in tensile strength and fracture toughness. Also, with the increase in notch size, the tensile strength decreased and the fracture toughness increased. Further, the tensile strength and fracture toughness were superior in 0°/90° fiber orientation specimen than those with ±45° fiber orientation. Furthermore, experimental results were validated by conducting statistical and fractographic analysis. The jute fiber percentage was ranked as best level factor affecting the fracture behavior as per taguchi method. Morphological features of fractured surfaces were analyzed through scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images with respect to nature of jute fiber failure under uniaxial loading conditions.

Influence of hydrothermal conditions on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite pipes

Composite materials are becoming widespread in many sectors today, especially in the defence and space industry. Composite materials can be exposed to significant temperature changes and various environmental conditions depending on their usage areas. Therefore, composite materials with high resistance to high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions are being studied today. In this study, four types of 6-layer composite pipes with glass/glass/glass, basalt/basalt/basalt, glass/basalt/glass and basalt/glass/basalt stacking sequences were fabricated with filament wound method. In order to simulate the behavior of composite materials under environmental conditions, specimens were subjected to hydrothermal aging in pure water at 70°C for three different periods of 500, 1000 and 1500 hours. During the aging process, the mass changes of the pipes were measured regularly, and the water absorption behavior was determined with reference to ASTM D5229 standard. Hardness tests were carried out with Rockwell hardness tester based on ASTM D785 standard. As a result of the study, it was determined that the mechanical performance of hybrid specimens was higher than that of non-hybrid specimens. It was observed that the hydrothermal aging process caused a loss of mechanical strength in all specimens. It was concluded that the hybrid composite specimen with basalt/glass/basalt stacking order had the highest resistance to hydrothermal aging.

Dry sliding wear and mechanical investigations on flyash particulates - Lapinus fibre - polyamide 66 polymer composites: Ranking analysis using hybrid Analytic Hierarchy Process-R method

This research work examines the physical, mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, and dry sliding wear performance of hybrid waste flyash particulates (F-class; 0-20 wt% @ step of 5%) – Lapinus fibres (fixed 10 wt%) reinforced Polyamide 66 polymer composites fabricated using the twin screw extruder and injection moulding machine. This follows worn surface morphology to understand the prevailing wear mechanisms responsible for surface damage during sliding. Optimization of control parameters and identification of their order of significance in the dry sliding wear process is performed using Taguchi’s design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further, ranking optimization of the hybrid composite specimens based on their performance metrics is analysed using the hybrid AHP-R method. It has been observed that the hybrid composite specimens having 10 wt% flyash particulates optimize the overall performance metrics; therefore, it may be recommended to fabricate parts or components for industrial usage. It tends to have an experimental density of 1.18 g/cc, voids content of 7.11%, water absorption of 3.87%, tensile strength of 105.95 MPa, flexural strength of 144.86 MPa, Rockwell hardness of 58.12 HRM, fracture toughness of 4.11 MPa√m, Impact strength of 1.86 J, thermal conductivity of 1.08 W/mK, and specific wear rate of 1.12 × 10−3 mm3/Nm. This observation was attuned to the ranking analysis using the hybrid AHP-R method.

Influence of Alkali Treatment and Stacking Sequence on Mechanical, Physical, and Thermal Characteristics of Hemp and Palmyra-Reinforced Hybrid Composites

ABSTRACT Natural fibers are available in low cost, easily renewable and they are rich in cellulose. As the natural fibers possess impurities over the surface, poor wettability and interfacial bonding are the main drawbacks encountered during fabrication process. In the current research work, hemp (H) and palmyra (P) fibers were treated with different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) for 5 hrat room temperature. The influence of stacking sequence (HHPPHH, HPHPHP and PPHHPP) and surface modification and on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of hemp and palmyra fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were investigated with a 30 wt.% of fiber loading. The attributes such as water absorption, density, tensile properties, flexural properties, impact energy, hardness, and thermal conductivity were examined. From the experimental results, the 6% NaOH-treated composites compared with untreated fiber composites disclosed an increase of 19.34% for tensile strength, 16.77% for flexural strength, and 12.35% for hardness with stacking sequence of PPHHPP. The experimental thermal conductivity results show that there is a significant decrease in values after NaOH treatment of hybrid composites. The surface morphology of the untreated, treated reinforcements, and fracture surface of the tensile-tested hybrid composite specimens were examined by scanning electronic microscope.

ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND THEORETICAL MODELING AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF LOAD ON CANTILEVER AND RIGIDLY FIXED NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED GREEN COMPOSITE

The current study is ambitious to develop a hybrid composite specimen for evaluating fire resistance characteristics and performing model analysis for validating theoretical and numerical frequencies under cantilever and rigidly fixed support conditions. The composite test specimens are developed using hemp and banana fibers by applying the traditional hand layup fabrication technique. The focus on the use of various natural fibers is very rapid in both domestic and industrial applications. Natural fibers are handy in availability and are possesses extremely good mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. This work is focused on developing the composite specimen according to ASTM –D2863-87, for evaluating fire resistance characteristics. This work also includes theoretical and numerical validation of natural frequency under cantilever and rigidly fixed conditions. The finite Element Analysis (FEM) tool is used to validate the theoretical frequency. Through the statistical analysis, it is concluded that the developed composite specimen showcases good fire resisting property up to a temperature of 175o c with a good fire propagation time of 6minutes. It also exhibits excellent bonding strength up to a temperature of 95o c. It was found that the natural frequency calculated numerically using Roark’s formula closely satisfied with the values of theoretically obtained frequency from the Finite Element Method (FEM). The maximum natural frequency developed under cantilever support is 421.04Hz and 626.82Hz for fixed support conditions.

Analysis of MRR, Thrust Force, and Torque in Drilling Al/BN/Al2O3 Composites using Hybrid Grey–Taguchi Technique

The demand for hybrid composite materials has been expanding globally in all kinds of mechanical industries. Drilling is one of the basic operations required in manufacturing of various components and choosing optimum parameters of drilling is vital for getting good quality holes. The main objective of our work is to determine the ideal parameters of drilling and tool coatings required to minimize the thrust force and torque in drilling and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR) using Grey–Taguchi technique. Hybrid composite specimen made by reinforcing Al7075 alloy with 4% of aluminum oxide and 2% of boron nitride in stir casting process and drilling was carried out in a sequence at different drilling feed rates (40, 80, and 120 mm/min) and spindle speeds (1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 rpm) in a vertical machining center attached with drill tool dynamometer, using twist drills of diameter 5 mm and point angle 118° made of uncoated carbide, diamond-like carbon (DLC)-coated carbide and high carbon (HC)-coated carbide. The recorded thrust force and torque from the dynamometer and the computed MRRs during each drilling operation are tabulated as per Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array and the results are analyzed using hybrid Grey–Taguchi technique. In our analysis, the optimum thrust force of 62.12 N and torque of 0.766 Nm were obtained when using a DLC-coated tool at a maximum speed of 3,600 rpm and minimum feed rate of 40 mm/min. An optimum MRR of 178.79 mm3/s was obtained while using DLC coated at a maximum speed of 3,600 rpm and a maximum feed rate of 120 mm/min.

Influences of various natural fibers on the mechanical and drilling characteristics of coir-fiber-based hybrid epoxy composites

In this research, the hybrid natural fiber composite specimens were fabricated with a 64 wt% epoxy resin matrix, 20 wt% coir fiber, and 16 wt% of various natural fibers by the hand-layup method. The influences of various natural fibers (Coir, Jute, Flax, Cotton, Human Hair, Sisal, Kenaf, and Calotropis) on the mechanical characteristics (tensile, flexural, and impact strengths) and drilling properties (delamination factor and ovality) of the Coir-fiber based hybrid composite have been investigated. The maximum tensile strength (48.15 MPa), maximum flexural strength (47.87 MPa), and maximum impact strength (2.85 kJ m−2) have been obtained by Coir/Flax, Coir/Sisal, and Coir/Hair Fiber hybrid composite materials, respectively. The minimum delamination factor (1.0) and ovality (169.4 μm) were obtained by coir/flax and coir/jute hybrid composite specimens when compared to other combinations of specimens. The delamination factor and ovality of the drilled hole of all combinations of hybrid composite specimens have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The delamination factors of Coir/Flax and the drilling ovalities of Coir/Jute composite specimens are lower than those of other combinations of Coir-fiber-based composites.

An investigation of basalt/E-glass hybrid composite pipe on drilling using Box–Behnken design

ABSTRACT This paper discusses E-glass-basalt hybrid composite pipe drilling characteristics effects. FRP is usually applied to commodities and subjected to drilling for various applications. The hybrid composite specimen was fabricated using basalt and E-glass fibers via the filament winding technique with varying process parameters followed by high-temperature curing using a furnace. The drill dimension [D], feed rate [F], and cutting speed [S] are considered input variables of the process parameters. The Box–Behnken design orthogonal array involves 15 runs of experimentation for modeling and data acquisition of the response surface technique (RSM). The delamination factor (Fd) is computed using a simplistic Chen’s one-dimensional equation in the ultrasonic C-scan technique, and the thrust force and the surface roughness responses were resolved over the experiments, and the Regression Prediction Model is constructed and confirmed through confirmation test. In terms of multiple responses of the drilling characteristics on hybrid fiber composite pipe, the drill diameter (4 mm), speed (1000 rpm), and feed rate (50 mm/min) are the optimum process parameters obtained by using the GRA technique. The constructed regression model exhibits a superior level of robustness with R-sq values above 85%. The confirmation experiment indicates that the approximated model is more acceptable, with a mean prediction error of about 3.2%.

Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of hybrid fiber reinforced composite with aluminium laminates

The present study investigates the mechanical characteristics of a hybrid fiber-reinforced composite with aluminium laminates (HFRCAL). The hybrid composite specimens were fabricated by hand layup method including the epoxy as a Matrix material, with Al6061-T6 as the outer layers, while Kevlar-29, carbon fiber, basalt fiber, and E-glass fiber act as hybrid reinforcing laminates with varying order of arrangement. The prepared laminate composites were tested for performance under tensile, flexural, and impact loading conditions. Three combinations of the laminate composites were tested, namely the Al/K/C/E/B/K/Al (Al+5KH+Al), Al/C/B/E/K/C/Al (Al+5CH+Al), and Al/B/C/E/K/B/Al (Al+5BH+Al) composition laminates. Among the tested specimens, it was found that the Al+5KH+Al laminate composite exhibited the highest yield strength of 220 MPa, and Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 245 MPa. These were 11.53% and 11.2% higher than those of Al+5CH+Al, while Al+5BH+Al exhibited the lowest UTS of 202 MPa. During flexural loading, the Al+5CH+Al showed the highest flexural strength of 305.6 MPa which was 35.5% higher than that of Al+5BH+Al and 38.33% higher than the flexural strength of Al+5KH+Al. The impact strength of Al+5KH+Al was higher by 5.74% and 11.73% of Al+5CH+Al and Al+5BH+Al respectively.

Torsional damage analysis for pre-delaminated carbon/glass fiber-reinforced hybrid laminates based on acoustic emission

A torsional experiment was carried out to seek understanding of how pre-delamination influences damage behavior of carbon/glass fiber-reinforced hybrid composite specimens with different off-axis angles. The results revealed that an off-axis angle can improve the toughness of a composite specimen during the torsion process, and that it also has a certain protective effect on pre-delamination damage under torsional conditions. The delamination location has little influence on the failure torque for an off-axial structure, while for the specimen without the off-axis angle, the more inner the location of delamination the greater the reduction in failure torque. Micro-CT and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination were used for damage analysis after failure. Acoustic Emission (AE) was also applied to monitor the torsion process, and cluster analysis applied to AE signals found that they can be divided into three categories with different peak frequency ranges, corresponding to three damage modes. Comparing the number of AE signals in each cluster, it found that pre-delamination specimens are more prone to delamination damage during the torsion process. AE data analysis results are consistent with the findings obtained using Micro-CT and SEM. The insight gained in this study can be referred for composites design and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for composites during their service as components.

Evaluation of shear property of Screw pine fiber/glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites

To evaluate the shear property, screw pine fibers are hybridized with glass fibers in a vinyl ester resin matrix. Two types of screw pine/glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites were created (dispersed and skin-core). A hydraulic compression molding method was used to create composites with a total fiber loading of 35.12 vol%. The shear property of composites was evaluated based on their form. After tests, scanning electron microscopy was used to conduct fractographic studies on the fracture surface of the hybrid composite specimen. Furthermore, neat resin samples and Screw pine alone composites were prepared and tested for comparison. The results revealed that the addition of glass fiber increased the shear property of composites. In both types of composites, the composite with 18.59 vol% Screw pine fibers and 16.53 vol% glass fibers has a high level of shear property. However, the skin-core type composites outperformed the dispersed type composites.

A Statistical Analysis on Tensile behaviour of Single Edge Notched Jute Hybrid Composites

In this work, a statistical model was developed using Taguchi technique to study the factors influencing the tensile strength of single edge notched jute hybrid composites. Standard uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to evaluate tensile strength of single edge notched jute hybrid composite specimens, with different fiber orientations, glass volume fractions and notch sizes, in accordance with ASTM D3039 standards. It is observed that as glass volume fraction increases, tensile strength increases. As notch size increases, tensile strength decreases. The tensile strengths of specimens in fiber direction (0°/90°) were higher than those in off fiber direction (±45°). The forecast model indicates that the major parameters that impact the tensile strength were glass volume fraction and fiber orientation. Notch size had lesser impact on tensile strength. The optimum value of the tensile strength is observed for specimen with 0/90 fiber orientation, 45% glass volume fraction, 2mm notch size and from the confirmation test, the model results were observed to be near to the experimental values.

Effect of stacking sequence on tensile properties of glass, hemp and kenaf hybrid composites

Abstract Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites have the potential to be utilized at various applications due to their non-hazardous effect to the environment, biodegradable properties as well as enhanced mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, mechanical properties of these composites are complicated to understand and predicted due to complex interaction between matrix and different type of fibres, fibres architecture and fibres arrangement. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effect of various types of fibres; kenaf mat, hemp mat and Glass Chopped Strand Mat as a core, core thickness; 1, 2 and 4 layers, and fibre arrangements; kenaf mat, hemp mat and Glass Chopped Strand Mat arranged in middle layer (core) or outer layer (skin) on tensile properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composite specimens were prepared through combinations of hand lay-up and vacuum methods in which both methods are commonly employed techniques in industry. There are four types of fibre arrangement systems involved: (2:1:2), (2:2:2), (2:4:2) and (1:4:1). As expected, the glass fibres hybrid composites had the highest tensile performance compared to other hybrid composites. The fibre arrangement (2-1-2) was the best option for all types of fibres, while the use of 4 layers of kenaf mat, hemp mat and Glass Chopped Strand Mat as core material reduced the tensile properties. In comparison of (2-2-2) and (1-4-1), kenaf mat and Glass Chopped Strand Mat performed better as a core, while hemp mat performed better as skin.

Development of Improved Flexural and Impact Performance of Kevlar/Carbon/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites

The present investigation focuses on developing cost-effective Carbon/Glass/Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composite laminates for achieving its synergistic effect on flexural and impact performance. It investigates the effect of stacking sequence induced by the use of different fiber types (Kevlar = K, glass = G, and carbon = C) on the flexural and impact performance of the composites. Five hybrid composites (labelled as A = [G2K3G2], B = [KG2CG2K], C = [CKGCGKC], D = [CGKCKGC], E = [CK2CK2C]) and three plain (i.e., non-hybrid) composites (F = [K]7, G = [G]7, H = [C]7) have been fabricated through manual pre-preg lay-up manufacturing techniques. The flexural strength and modulus, hardness, and Izod impact strength have been evaluated for the fabricated composites and compared. The results showed that the D-type hybrid composite achieves the maximum positive hybrid effect as compared to other hybrid composites, possesses a hardness of 59 BHN, a flexural strength of 380 MPa, and modulus of 36 GPa, and impact strength of 80 KJ/m2. The fracture surfaces of the hybrid composite specimen have been analysed using scanning electron microscopy, and compared against the properties achieved for enabling correlations. Furthermore, the cost-efficiency of the hybridization in terms of flexural strength/cost, modulus/cost, and impact strength/cost ratio were evaluated for potential engineering and design applications.