Hybrid Combination Research Articles

Allocation Analysis of the Energy Storage System in Integrated Energy Systems Considering the Carbon Emissions and Cost

With the increasing integration of renewable energy into the power grid, the variability in its power generation has a growing impact on the stable energy supply of the system. The utilization of energy storage systems (ESSs) has been considered as an efficient approach to mitigate this effect. However, due to the different characteristics of different ESSs, it becomes an urgent issue about how to allocate the ESSs or combine different types of ESSs to maximize its performance. This study has constructed a new method to compare the performance of different ESSs, and analyze the strengths and weakness of mainstream ESSs with the real energy systems in Wuhan. It demonstrated that for short-term storage options such as superconducting energy storage, lithium-ion battery storage, and supercapacitor storage, larger capacities (2000kWh) yield better results. Conversely, the optimal allocation of long-term options like lead-acid batteries, flow batteries, and compressed air energy storage systems, depends on specific characteristics and wind patterns. Furthermore, this research also reveals that when considering the combination of involving both long-term (lead-acid battery) and short-term (superconducting battery) storages, it cannot simultaneously achieve optimal performance in terms of operating cost or carbon emissions reduction. For hybrid combinations such as supercapacitor-lithium-ion battery (short-term-short-term) or compressed air-energy-flow battery (long-term-long-term), it is crucial to ensure that the type with superior performance possesses maximum capacity.

ОЗИМЫЕ ПШЕНИЦЫ ДОНСКОГО И МОСКОВСКОГО СЕЛЕКЦЕНТРОВ КАК ИСХОДНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Since 2010, research has been underway at the experimental field of the GAU of the Northern Trans-Urals State Agrarian University to hybridize winter wheat varieties of Don and Moscow breeding centers with spring registered and collectible varieties. Valuable raw material was created, from which promising wheat lines were isolated according to a complex of economic signs. They are quite well adapted to the conditions of organic agriculture of the forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region. Selection lines 137; 251; 309 24 from the hybrid combination Tulunskaya 1970s Rostovchanka and the 506 line from the hybrid combination Tulunskaya 1970s Moscow 39 exceeded the standard grade by 0.31–0.41 t/ha with a yield of the latter of 2.89 t/ha. In terms of early maturity, the highlighted lines are suitable for the conditions of the region, and in terms of grain quality they are at the level of strong wheat. Research with the resulting hybrids continues, seed reproduction has begun along the best wheat lines and cultivation technology is being developed.

Development and assessment of biotic stress tolerant cucumber hybrids using land races and commercial varieties

Cucumber growers suffer significant economic losses due to yield reductions caused by pest such as fruit fly and diseases like powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Therefore, one of the greatest ways to reduce losses caused by these pressures is to grow resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to estimate important genetic parameters to approximate inbred line performance in the F1 generation, and to identify appropriate F1 cross combinations resistant to these biotic stresses. Thirty F1 hybrid combinations were screened, along with 13 parents (ten diverse stable lines and three testers), and a standard check. The genotypes UHF-CUC-11, UHF-CUC-13, UHF-CUC-6, UHF-CUC-15, UHF-CUC-8, Solan Srijan and F1 cross-combinations UHF-CUC-11 × Solan Srijan, UHF-CUC-13 × Solan Srijan, UHF-CUC-6 × K-75, UHF-CUC-15 × Solan Srijan and UHF-CUC-8 × Solan Srijan were found superior for these biotic stresses in the experimental results. Additionally, the predominance of non-additive gene activity due to genetic complementation between parents suggests that heterosis breeding could be helpful in enhancing these features in cucumber. Therefore, the present study's identification of resistant parents and hybrid combinations can be used to introduce the resistance genes into the necessary elite backgrounds of cucumber for the generation of biotic stress resistant varieties/hybrids.

Co-creating and evaluating the potential of digital neighborhood platforms for healthcare and social professionals.

Background: The governmental Caring Neighborhoods initiative in Flanders (Belgium) is a driver for the exploration of collaboration between informal actors (citizens, families, neighbors, informal caregivers, ...) and professional actors (healthcare, social care, housing, culture, ...). Several neighborhoods advance a digital neighbourhood platform as a means of communication, participation, and matchmaking between people who want and offer neighborly support. Healthcare and social professionals often meet people who could use neighborly support. In this project, we explore the potential to integrate digital neighbourhood platforms in daily practices together with these professionals.
 Target group: Healthcare and social professionals.
 Involved and engaged stakeholders: Citizens, families, neighbors, informal caregivers, housing, culture, ...
 Intervention: The researchers become active partners in the development of five caring neighborhoods, co-creating and evaluating the potential of the platforms through the participation in project meetings, work groups, partner meetings, workshops, steering committees, ... Content analysis is performed to distinguish themes and patterns in the data, answering the realist evaluation question: what works for who, in which circumstances?
 Results: The potential of the digital neighbourhood platforms depends on the functionality of the platform, the fit with the neighbourhood needs and context, the pre-existing collaborative dynamics in the neighbourhood, and the willingness and capability of professionals to integrate the platform into daily practices. Platforms have different goals (e.g. sharing economy vs. social community) and functions (e.g. neighborly support matchmaking and/or communication). Platforms have a limited potential for vulnerable citizens, groups and neighborhoods. 'Offline' community organizing, both informally and professionally, remains important in any case, but especially for the most vulnerable. Several caring neighbourhood projects are experimenting with hybrid combinations of 'online' and 'offline' community organizing and neighborly help, but both knowledge and skills as well as collaborative processes have to be further developed to better address the individual and community needs and for professionals to integrate the platforms in daily practices.
 Lessons for international audience:
 - The potential and limitations of digital neighbourhood platforms are tied to the needs and contexts of different neighborhoods, and to the pre-existing informal and professional networks and their ongoing collaborative dynamic.
 - A co-creative, participative research methodology helps to shed light on the intricate differences between different neighborhoods, caring neighbourhood projects, and their respective dynamics.
 Next steps: The lessons learned are translated into accessible information and services for local governments, healthcare and social care. Future research should further look into the potential of digital neighbourhood platforms in the context of caring neighborhoods from the citizen perspective.

Enhanced isobutanol recovery from fermentation broth for sustainable biofuels production

Isobutanol is a highly attractive renewable alternative to conventional fossil fuels, with superior fuel properties as compared to ethanol and 1-butanol. Even though the isobutanol production by fermentation has significant potential, complex downstream processing is limiting the wide-spreading of this technology. Accordingly, this original research significantly contributes to the advancement in industrial biofuel production by developing two eco-efficient downstream processes for the industrial-scale recovery of isobutanol (production capacity 50 ktonneIBUT/y), from a highly dilute fermentation broth (>98 wt% water). Vacuum distillation and a novel hybrid combination of gas stripping and vacuum evaporation were coupled with atmospheric azeotropic distillation to recover over 99.9 % of isobutanol as a high-purity product (100 wt%). Advanced heat pumping and heat integration techniques were further implemented to allow the complete electrification of these recovery processes. Furthermore, implementation of these techniques significantly decreased total annual costs (0.131–0.161 $/kgIBUT), reduced energy requirements (0.488–0.807 kWeh/kgIBUT) and lowered CO2 emissions (0.303–0.449 kgCO2/kgIBUT), resulting in highly competitive purification processes. In addition to efficiently recovering isobutanol, the designed downstream processes provide the potential to enhance the fermentation process by recycling all present microorganisms and reducing water demand. Therefore, the results of this original research substantially contribute to the advancement in industrial biotechnology and the wide-spreading of biofuel production.

Новый сорт горчицы сарептской яровой Дюна

The new mustard cultivar Dyuna was developed by a method of multiple individual selection of elite plants from an interspecific hybrid combination of a brown mustard cultivar Rosinka and a spring rapeseed BN-2254 using self-pollination. The main features of the cultivar are brown color of seed coat and high content of essential oil – about 0.76%. The new cultivar is characterized with high potential yield, which exceeds the standard variety by 0.22 t/ha. Cultivation of the cultivar Dyuna allows obtaining raw material with increased contents of antioxidants and phytoncides to produce wide diversity of condiments, most particularly popular and spiciest Dijon mustard that requires for dark mustard seeds with high content of essential oil.

Устойчивый к полеганию, крупносемянный сорт сои Рысь

Resistant to lodging, large-seeded mid-early maturing soybean cultivar Rys’ was obtained as a result of individual selection in F4 from the hybrid combination Slavia × Shama SRP on differentiating back-grounds based on the characteristics of semi-determinant stem growth, large seeds, reduced response to day length, cold and frost resistance. Based on the results of variety testing 2019–2022, the soybean cultivar Rys’ exceeded the standard cultivar Vilana by 0.54 t/ha by yield. The height of plants at the latitude of Krasnodar (45°) is 90–109 cm. In optimal moisture conditions, the weight of 1000 seeds of this cultivar is 165–207 g. The new high-yielding soybean cultivar Rys’ is highly resistant to low air and soil temperatures, and also reacts poorly to nonoptimal day lengths. This allows it to be cultivated in soybean-producing farms in the North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions of the Russian Federation, as well as in the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia at latitudes from 40 to 50°.

Очень высокорослый среднеспелый сорт сои Мамонт

A very tall, middle maturing soybean cultivar Mamont, with traits of gigantism, was obtained as a result of individual selection in F4 from the hybrid combination Vilana × Pin GD for the characteristics of tall growth (> 160 cm) of the stem, large seeds, mid-ripening and non-lodging ability. Based on the results of variety testing 2020–2022, the soybean cultivar Mamont exceeded the standard cultivar Vilana by 0.18 t/ha by yield. The height of plants at the latitude of Krasnodar (45°) is 152–174 cm. In optimal cultivation conditions for moisture supply, the weight of 1000 seeds of this cultivar is 165–195 g. The phenomenon of the gigantism in plants of the Mamont cultivar in optimal growing conditions is confirmed to be 48 % more intense daily increase in plant height, and a 71% more intense daily increase in aboveground biomass compared to these indicators for the standard cultivar Vilana. The new very tall middle maturing soybean cultivar Mamont, with traits of gigantism, is distinguished by increased responsiveness to additional moisture by increasing the traits of plant height to ultra-high, increasing the number of nodes, beans and seeds, seed size and weight, and yield. It has increased resistance of tall plants to tilting and lodging due to excessive moisture due to the increased mechanical strength of the stem. Due to its tall growth and high positive response to additional moisture supply, it is suitable for cultivation in the southern foothill and central zones of the Krasnodar region and on irrigated plot throughout the North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions of the Russian Federation.

Development of regenerated plants of interspecific wheat hybrids using immature embryos as explants

Nowadays particular attention in winter wheat breeding is paid to the introduction of biotechnological methods. The culture of immature embryos in vitro is an alternative way to produce hybrids that often do not develop fully in vivo. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the ability of immature embryos of interspecific winter wheat hybrids for callus induction, morphogenesis, and plant regeneration on artificial nutrient media, as well as to select optimal conditions for obtaining full-fledged plants with all the botanical characteristics of the species. The research material included 5 hybrid combinations of interspecific crosses between durum (Triticum durum DESF.) and common (Triticum aestivum L.) winter wheat. The material was collected during one field season (2022). Immature embryos were used as explants. Culture media were according to Murashige-Skoog (MS), and they differed in the content of hormones and organic substances. There has been found that the hybrid combinations were characterized by a variety of morphogenic responses. The manifestation of callusogenesis was not high enough and averaged 22–32 % depending on the nutrient medium. Rhizogenesis averaged from 1–6.7 %, and ended with the formation of roots. The process of formation of embryoid- and hemmorizogenesis was best demonstrated by the hybrid combination No.1, and on two media. All processes of morphogenesis excepting ‘rhizogenesis’ varied greatly among hybrid combinations. The largest number of regenerated plants was obtained from hybrid combination No.1 (61 pcs., 54.5 %). After vernalization and acclimatization, 38 % of the plants survived from the number of planted embryos. The largest number of heads (79 pcs.) was formed according to hybrid combination No.1, on average 1.46 heads per plant. However, not all heads were fertile. The results of the correlation analysis made it possible to identify indicators that closely correlated with the amount of plant regeneration, namely, the high yield of embryoid- and hemmorizogenic structures ensured a high frequency of plant regeneration (r = 0.769).

Performance optimization of spatial diversity antenna using hybrid combination for terrestrial optical wireless communication

The coherent laser signals of optical wireless communication suffer dramatic intensity fluctuations due to the atmospheric turbulence effect. A larger receiver aperture could only increase the average laser intensity without adaptive optics. Adaptive optics and wavefront reconstruction are popular in laser wireless transmission systems. Still, the alternative spatial diversity receivers are more convenient and economical to mitigate the irradiance scintillation, in which the antenna array combines multiple signals in digital signal processing or analog laser beams coherent combination. We provide channels correlated spatial diversity models and compare the performances of digital and optical combinations. In addition, reception experiments with a 19-aperture optical combination for horizontal 2 km transmission showed a ten times increase in average optical intensity and decreased scintillation index to 16 %. The large-scale spatial diversity receivers of 64-aperture that adopt hybrid optical and digital combinations are proposed to reduce the complexity of digital processing or cascaded optical combination structure.

EVALUATION OF SOME GENETIC RESOURCES USED IN THE APPLE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM AT SCDP VOINEŞTI

Apple improvement and the development of new varieties are of significant importance for increasing productivity and fruit quality. At SCDP Voinești, the apple improvement program began in 1950, when the first hybrid combinations were made, and has continued to this day. Over time, varieties or genotypes with a high level of genetic resources have been used as parents, especially for obtaining apple varieties with genetic resistance to diseases. From the numerous hybridisations performed, valuable elites were identified. This paper presents the characteristics of three elites with resistance to Venturia spp. and partial to powdery mildew, high productivity and fruit quality: H 4/17-04; H2/3-04; H 19/6-04.

Heterosis and combining ability in intraspecific (G. hirsutum L.) and interspecific (G. hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) cotton hybrids

The inheritance of most important economic characters, heterosis and combining ability were studied in six interspecific (G. hirsutum L. × G. barbadnese L.) and three intraspecific hybrid combinations. There were found different types of inheritance of productivity, boll weight and lint percentage and fiber length in the individual crosses. The genetic variance for productivity and fiber length was mainly non-additive, while for lint percentage it was additive. Although non-additive genetic variance prevailed for productivity and fiber length, only individual crosses showed positive heterosis, outperforming the better parent. Of the female forms, the cultivar Helius was identified as a very good general combiner for productivity. From the male forms the cultivar Ashkabat emerged as a very good general combiner for productivity, boll weight and lint percentage. The cultivars Mytra (female), Karshinski-2 and C-6037 (male) were determined as very good general combiners for fiber length. All these cultivars, with the exception of C-6037, had low SCA variances, their high GCA was mainly due to additive gene effects, and they were very suitable for synthetic selection. The cross Helius × Ashkabat was found to be most valuable for the selection of productivity because of the highest mean performance and the highest level of heterosis with high SCA effects. All intraspecific hybrids were found to be most promising for improving lint percentage. The interspecific cross combinations Mytra × C-6037, Helius × C-6037 and Mytra × Karshinski-2, having the longest fibers, the first two with high SCA effects were most valuable for fiber length improvement.

Highly Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Switching in Bi2Se3/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals Heterostructures.

Topological insulators (TIs) have shown promise as a spin-generating layer to switch the magnetization state of ferromagnets via spin-orbit torque (SOT) due to charge-to-spin conversion efficiency of the TI surface states that arises from spin-momentum locking. However, when TIs are interfaced with conventional bulk ferromagnetic metals, the combination of charge transfer and hybridization can potentially destroy the spin texture and hamper the possibility of accessing the TI surface states. Here, we fabricate an all van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure consisting of molecular beam epitaxy grown bulk-insulating Bi2Se3 and exfoliated 2D metallic ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) with perpendicular anisotropy. By detecting the magnetization state of the FGT via anomalous Hall effect and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements, we determine the critical switching current density for magnetization switching to be Jc ≈ 1.2 × 106 A/cm2, the lowest reported for the switching of a perpendicular anisotropy ferromagnet using Bi2Se3. From second harmonic Hall measurements, we further determine the SOT efficiency (ξDL) to be in the range of 1.8 ± 0.3 and 1.4 ± 0.08 between 5 and 150 K, comparable to the highest values reported for Bi2Se3. Our density functional theory calculations find that the weak interlayer interactions at the Bi2Se3/FGT interface lead to a weakened dipole at the interface and suppress the proximity induced magnetic moment on Bi2Se3. This enables direct access to the TI surface states contributed by the first quintuple layer, where the spins are singly degenerate with significant net in-plane spin polarization. Our results highlight the clear advantage of all-vdW heterostructures with weak interlayer interactions that can enhance SOT efficiency and minimize critical current density, an important step toward realizing next generation low-power nonvolatile memory and spintronic devices.

Science Diplomacy in the Implementation by States of the Concept of “Soft Power”

The article considers the forms of development of the concept of public diplomacy, which has become both an effective mechanism for promoting the national interests of states and can be considered as a criterion for stratifying countries by the level of development. It is determined that the high intellectual intensity of scientific and diplomatic activities is the common characteristic that led to their combination at a certain historical stage in the form of science diplomacy as a form of combining the activities of the state and management of national intellectual capital, and which is classified as a leading mechanism for the transmission of soft power by states. The authors demonstrate the relationship between the level of economic development, the volume of expenditures and the effectiveness of efforts to implement the instruments of science diplomacy, the theoretical discourse on which is developing in three key functional dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, and science for diplomacy). It is outlined that the institutionalisation of science diplomacy opens up the possibility of targeted activities to manage the science diplomacy of its actors, as well as to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of this activity. The article summarises the dominant formats of science diplomacy with a focus on the peculiarities of international academic and scientific exchanges, government programmes, international academic mobility, and emergent science and education diplomacy (in the global online education market, world-class universities, international teams of collaborators). The newest institutional forms of competitive interaction between the subjects of science diplomacy are identified, which include platforms for professional cooperation of scientific attaches of different states, scientific, diplomatic and diaspora networks, as well as the institute of technological ambassadors. It is proposed to consider the dominant and newest formats of science diplomacy, as well as joint research infrastructure and practices of hybrid combination of mechanisms and instruments of science diplomacy by states as components of the development of a global model of the international economic order. The authors suggest that developing countries should focus on using the potential of non-institutionalised science diplomats to promote their national interests. It is concluded that the economic potential of science and its international nature are actively manifested in the use of various institutional forms of international academic entrepreneurship and competitive interaction, which are developed and most actively sought to be used by those countries that invest most in research. The article identifies such research subjects as climate diplomacy, food diplomacy and other types of public diplomacy as promising, the development of which is associated with the intensification of research efforts to solve global problems.

Extending the range of bugs that automated program repair can handle

Modern automated program repair (APR) is well-tuned to finding and repairing bugs that introduce observable erroneous behavior to a program. However, a significant class of bugs does not lead to observable behavior (e.g., termination bugs and non-functional bugs). Such bugs can generally not be handled with current APR approaches, so complementary techniques are needed. To stimulate the systematic study of alternative approaches and hybrid combinations, we devise a novel bug classification system that enables methodical analysis of their bug detection power and bug repair capabilities. To demonstrate the benefits, we study the repair of termination bugs in sequential and concurrent programs. Our analysis shows that integrating dynamic APR with formal analysis techniques, such as termination provers and software model checkers, reduces complexity and improves the overall reliability of these repairs. We empirically investigate how well the hybrid approach can repair termination and performance bugs by experimenting with hybrids that integrate different APR approaches with termination provers and execution time monitors. Our findings indicate that hybrid repair holds promise for handling termination and performance bugs. However, the capability of the chosen tools and the completeness of the available correctness specification affects the quality of the patches that can be produced.

Development of new high oleic Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrids and its genotype × environment interaction across temperature regimes

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the stability of 30 sunflower hybrids for oleic acid content along with four commercial checks across three temperature regimes of Karnataka, India over two seasons, rabi/summer 2020-21 and rabi 2021. The phenotypic stability of sunflower hybrids was analyzed by AMMI model. The AMMI biplots delineated one promising hybrid combination which exhibited stable expression of high oleicacid content, with pooled mean of all six environments revealing 73.06 per cent of oleic content. The identification of this particular hybrid combination served the purpose of this study of deriving the stable high oleic hybrid across temperature regimes.

Inheritance of valuable productivity traits of hybrid combinations of local and foreign oat varieties in the conditions of the Trans-Ural region

The results of studying the character of inheritance of valuable traits of the first-generation hybrids obtained from crossing foreign and domestic varieties of oats in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals are presented. The experiment was conducted on the experimental field of the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture for Northern Trans-Ural Region in 2019 and 2020. The object of the study were 18 F1 hybrid populations and 6 parent varieties: Talisman, Otrada, Foma, Sang, Solidor and Ensiler. Productivity elements were evaluated according to the methodology of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. B.A. Dospekhov's methodology was used for statistical data processing. Inheritance of phenotypic traits was determined according to G.M. Beil and R.E. Atkins. Analysis of the yield structure elements demonstrated the lack of advantage of foreign selection varieties over the genotypes obtained in the Northern Trans-Urals. It has been established that the Otrada variety is not inferior to Sang, Solidor and Ensiler varieties in terms of panicle ear grain content and the thousand-kernel weight, and Foma is superior to them. It has been determined that crosses between the varieties of local and foreign selection have a high percentage of success (42–68%), which makes them promising in the breeding process. It has been revealed that 50% of hybrid combinations are characterized by depression in the trait "plant height" – the degree of phenotypic dominance in this case varies from –22.2 to –3.1 units. Crossing of Foma with foreign varieties ensured overdominance in the panicle height, its grain content and the thousand-kernel weight. According to the degree of phenotypic dominance of the productivity elements, the following promising hybrid combinations have been identified: Ensiler × Otrada, Sang × Otrada, Foma × Sang. In the above combinations, selection of high-yielding genotypes can be carried out from the second generation onwards. It is recommended to select promising lines among hybrid combinations, where one of the parental forms is the Foma variety, in the later generations. Hybrids of the first generation obtained from crossing the Talisman variety with Ensiler, Sang and Solidor varieties have no advantages over the parental forms and are unpromising for the breeding process.

Maackiain Mimics Caloric Restriction through aak-2-Mediated Lipid Reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Obesity prevalence is becoming a serious global health and economic issue and is a major risk factor for concomitant diseases that worsen the quality and duration of life. Therefore, the urgency of the development of novel therapies is of a particular importance. A previous study of ours revealed that the natural pterocarpan, maackiain (MACK), significantly inhibits adipogenic differentiation in human adipocytes through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent mechanism. Considering the observed anti-adipogenic potential of MACK, we aimed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive its biological activity in a Caenorhabditis elegans obesity model. Therefore, in the current study, the anti-obesogenic effect of MACK (25, 50, and 100 μM) was compared to orlistat (ORST, 12 μM) as a reference drug. Additionally, the hybrid combination between the ORST (12 μM) and MACK (100 μM) was assessed for suspected synergistic interaction. Mechanistically, the observed anti-obesogenic effect of MACK was mediated through the upregulation of the key metabolic regulators, namely, the nuclear hormone receptor 49 (nhr-49) that is a functional homologue of the mammalian PPARs and the AMP-activated protein kinase (aak-2/AMPK) in C. elegans. Collectively, our investigation indicates that MACK has the potential to limit lipid accumulation and control obesity that deserves future developments.

Highly stable and thin layer of conducting PANI decorative on porous 3D nanoflakes like-NiCo2O4/CF nanomaterials for efficient Hybrid Supercapacitors application

A systemically planned three-step procedure for producing conducting polymers (CP) layer coated on porous nanoflakes like NiCo2O4 improves electrochemical supercapacitor applications. i) In the first step, deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been employed as a solvent to synthesize an interconnected NiCo2O4 nanoflakes, ii) second step includes the hydrothermally synthesized polyaniline (PANI) decorated on NiCo2O4 nanoflakes, and iii) in third step, cellulose nanofiber (CF) powder has been added in the optimum NiCo2O4/PANI sample in order to improve the electrochemical activity. The surface morphology systematically modified as nanoflowers, nanocubes, and nanoflakes with respect to the products such as Ni(OH)2, Co3O4 and NiCo2O4, respectively. 0.2 mg PANI/NiCo2O4/CF electrode is found to be a suitable hybrid combination with an excellent electrode performance with a specific capacity (Cs) of 369 mAh g−1 and improved electrochemical conductivity. The NCO/PANI/CF//AC asymmetric device has been fabricated which further resulted into the widen potential window (1.5 V), larger Cs values (406 F g−1), and greater energy (60.60 W h kg−1) and power densities (2322 W kg−1). Thus, NiCo2O4 decorated with PANI and CF composed nanohybrid material is an ideal electrode for high performance electrochemical energy storage devices.

Joining Si3N4 ceramic to Invar using Mo mesh and Cu foil interlayer

Si3N4/Invar joints with Mo mesh and Cu foil as interlayers, individually and together, were vacuum brazed using Ag27.5Cu4.5Ti active filler at 1153 K for 10 min with following configurations: Si3N4/Ag26.7Cu4.5Ti + Mo/Invar, and Si3N4/Ag26.7Cu4.5Ti + Mo/Cu/Ag–Cu/Invar. The correlation between the microstructure of the brazing seam and shear strength of the joints are investigated. Ti segregated at Si3N4/filler interface and metallurgical bonding is established by formation of TiN and Ti5Si3 reaction products. Vickers microharndess profiles unveiled varying degrees of hardness across the brazing seam, resembling the layered structure. Individually introducing Mo mesh as interlayer suppressed the Fe2Ti and Ni3Ti intermetallic compounds (IMC) within the brazing seam, resulting in shear strength of 191.7 MPa. Hybrid combination of Mo mesh with Cu foil as interlayers, yielded 235.5 MPa shear strength in brazed Si3N4/Invar joints. This improvement is attributed to simultaneous favorable effects of Mo such as reduced residual stress near the Si3N4/filler interface and Cu, which prevents Fe2Ti and Ni3Ti IMC in the brazing seam, thereby enhancing the plastic flow.