Hybrid Battery Research Articles

Enhancing the performance of the hybrid battery thermal management system with different fin structures at extreme discharge conditions

This study aims to enhance the performance of the air-cooled hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) by using fins under extreme discharge conditions such as 7C, 9C, and 11C. In this context, five different fin structures, Type-I (no fin), Type-II (rectangular), Type-III (extended), Type-IV (blade), and Type-V (triangular), were modeled, and numerical analyses of the developed BTMSs were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software. In the numerical analysis, three different phase change materials (PCM-1, PCM-2, and PCM-3) with three different thicknesses (tPCM) of 4, 6, and 8 mm were considered, and the airflow was supplied to the system at three different Reynolds (Re) numbers of 100, 200, and 400. In this way, the effects of the BTMS types, tPCM , PCM types, and air velocity on the battery pack temperature distribution (ΔT), PCM melting uniformity (ΔF), and maximum battery cell temperature (Tmax) in the hybrid BTMS were investigated. As a result of the analyses, the maximum ΔT was found to be 5.58 °C for the case involving Type-II and PCM-1 with tPCM of 4 mm at 11C. PCM-2 exhibited the best performance for all BTMS types with a tPCM of 4 mm at 9C. However, at 11C, only the case involving PCM-3 with a tPCM of 6 mm and Type-V could maintain the Tmax under 60 °C. Moreover, the results obtained from the numerical analysis revealed that the use of fins significantly increased the PCM melting uniformity.

Thermal characteristics of solid-state battery and its thermal management system based on flat heat pipe

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer promising potential for commercial applications due to their high energy density and elimination of the flammability associated with conventional liquid electrolyte batteries (LBs). Taking into account both experimental and simulated outcomes, the SSB generates more heat than LB, which leads to a higher temperature rise. To effectively address this issue, a hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) with micro heat pipe array (MHPA) and air-cooling was developed in this work for the solid-state battery pack (SSBP). In parallel, an electro-thermal coupling model at the pack level considering parallel branch current distribution and an equivalent thermal resistance-based MHPA model were developed. The models were verified by comparing the experimental and simulated results on the 2-parallel and 1-series connected (2P1S) battery pack and the BTMS. A maximum average absolute error (AEave) of 1.11 °C, an average relative error (REave) of 1.62 %, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.88 °C were considered. The simulations were conducted to compare the temperature rise of the battery pack with MHAP and aluminum plate cooling. In the 35 °C-35 °C-6 m/s cooling condition and at 1.5C discharge, the pack temperature reached 52.21 °C with aluminum plate cooling, 8 °C higher than that with MHPA. Moreover, the simulations predicted the temperature, current, and state of charge distributions of 3P4S connected SSBP and LB pack (LBP) based on the hybrid BTMS at different cooling conditions. The results showed that the temperatures of SSBP and LBP were controlled within 43 °C even at 35 °C ambient temperature. Reducing the air temperature had a stronger cooling capacity than increasing the air speed. However, the temperature gradient was exacerbated to 3.29 °C and 1.54 °C in the SSBP and LBP. The impact of temperature difference on the resistance worsened the current inhomogeneity in the parallel branch and led to a maximum state of charge (SOC) difference of 5.59 % within the SSBP and 0.56 % in the LBP. Thus, to achieve an efficient cooling of SSBPs with higher heat loads, a more balanced consideration of the induced thermal-electrical homogeneities is required.

Battery health prognostics based on improved incremental capacity using a hybrid grey modelling and Gaussian process regression

Battery health prognostics management is an important prerequisite for ensuring its safe use. As the battery is charging and discharging, its capacity deteriorates. Incremental capacity (IC) analysis is a common tool to analyse the degradation process based on the change rate of capacity relative to voltage. However, measuring battery voltage and current is difficult and there are inherent errors. This paper improves the IC curve from the perspective of time series, extracts a health indicator (HI), and uses the hybrid prediction model to predict the remaining useful life (RUL). Firstly, we convert the traditional IC-voltage (IC-V) curve to the IC-time (IC-T) curve. The time series corresponding to the peak of the improved curve is extracted. Secondly, the extracted degradation HI is predicted using grey forecasting model, and a probabilistic and iterative hybrid battery prediction method is established combined with Gaussian process regression. Finally, public datasets are used to validate the proposed method at different starting points and comparisons with other prediction methods are carried out. Results show that the HI based on the improved IC curve is highly correlated with the degradation process and the proposed method can provide an accurate result, which verifies its effectiveness and rationality.

Experimental and numerical analysis of a liquid-air hybrid system for advanced battery thermal management

This study introduces an innovative hybrid Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that combines air and liquid cooling mechanisms for optimal thermal control in small-scale EV applications. Recognizing the limitations of the existing single-method cooling systems, we developed a novel Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System that combines air and liquid cooling to provide superior temperature management. Additionally, we performed a detailed experimental evaluation to verify the accuracy of our heat generation model for lithium-ion batteries. This included the construction and testing of the proposed hybrid cooling system in a controlled environment using a climate chamber that simulated various ambient temperatures. We assessed the system performance under different operational stresses, specifically at 1C and 2C discharge rates. The tests encompassed a range of temperatures, starting at a standard room temperature (20 °C) and increasing through three levels of ambient temperature: 30, 35, and 40 °C. Initial tests under natural convection conditions showed a non-uniform temperature distribution and temperatures near the upper safety limits, with a maximum of 51 °C. While the addition of an air-cooling system provided some improvement, it still resulted in localized hotspots. However, the hybrid battery thermal management system effectively addressed these challenges, achieving marked improvements in cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity, yielding a 21.04 % improvement in cooling by reducing the maximum temperature at 2C from 51.2 °C (no cooling) to 40.9 °C while also improving the uniformity of the temperature distribution among the packs. Further tests at elevated ambient temperatures confirmed the robustness and adaptability of this system. These findings highlight the scalability of the system and suggest its potential applicability to larger battery systems, opening avenues for future research and practical implementation.

Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Method-Based Flexible Power Control for Multiport DC–AC Converter in PV–Battery Hybrid System

Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Method-Based Flexible Power Control for Multiport DC–AC Converter in PV–Battery Hybrid System

Suppressing proton-induced HER and cathode fading by an aprotic hybrid electrolyte for long-cycle stability of aqueous Na||Zn hybrid batteries

Aqueous zinc metal batteries with unique advantages of intrinsic safety and low cost are considered as one of the most promising next-generation energy-storage technologies. However, their lifespan is significantly constrained by the electrolyte, specifically due to limitations caused by proton-induced HER and dendritic growth at the anode side and dissolution phenomena at the cathode. Unlike most studies on the protic electrolyte systems, herein, a new aprotic hybrid electrolyte of Na/Zn tetrafluoroborate-trimethyl phosphate with ultralow proton activity tuned by reconstruction of hydrogen bonding network and ultrahigh interfacial stability endowed by simultaneous formation of SEI and CEI were designed for the first time. Attributed to the synergistic effect of proton activity attenuation and ZnF2-Zn3(PO4)2 SEI formation, HER-trigged corrosion current was decreased by 96.52%, which leads to an exceptionally high coulombic efficiency up to 99.63%, and operational lifespan exceeding 2000 hours at 1 mA cm−2/ 1 mAh cm−2 for Zn||Cu asymmetric cell and Zn||Zn symmetric cell, respectively. Furthermore, the suppression of excess hydrated proton co-insertion reaction and construction of inorganic-organic CEI enabled the PBAs||Zn full cell a prolonged cycling life of 6000 cycles with an ultralow decay rate of 0.004% per cycle. The special electrolyte utilizing cheap tetrafluoroborate salts in conjunction with cost-effective PBA cathode and Zn anode provides a new choice for low-cost, high-safety, non-toxic batteries for practical applications.

Demonstration of participation in the German balancing power market using a large‐capacity hybrid battery storage system

AbstractAs one of NEDO's international demonstration projects, a large‐capacity hybrid battery storage system which consists of two types of battery cells with different charge‐discharge characteristics was constructed in the state of Lower Saxony in the Federal Republic of Germany. By using the hybrid battery system has a lithium‐ion which has an advantage in short time and high rate, and a sodium‐sulfur battery (NAS) which has an advantage in long time and low rate, the tender participation in the balancing power market in Germany had been executed. The hybrid battery storage system could successfully drive and provided services for primary and secondary control reserves, elimination of power imbalance, and reactive power injection, as well as a combination of these services.

Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Power Management Systems in Ships – Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Assessment

This paper addresses the maritime industry's imperative to cut greenhouse gas emissions by exploring hybrid propulsion systems for bulk carrier vessels, specifically focusing on battery systems and hybridized conventional four-stroke generator engines. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and MARCOS decision-making method, the study evaluates diverse factors, including capital and operational expenditures, risk, emissions, bunkering availability, and weight. The research delves into different power management system topologies, such as conventional diesel engines, ammonia, and methanol-fueled engines, along with battery hybrids. The study underscores the methodological significance of decision-making tools and anticipates that evolving regulations will drive the maritime industry towards carbon neutrality through hybrid power management systems.

A Unified Charge Storage Mechanism to Rationalize the Electrochemical Behavior of Quinone-Based Organic Electrodes in Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries.

Due to their eco-sustainability and versatility, organic electrodes are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage in rechargeable aqueous batteries. This is notably the case of aqueous hybrid batteries that pair the low voltage of a zinc anode with the high voltage of a quinone-based (or analogue of quinone-based) organic cathode. However, the mechanisms governing their charge-discharge cycles remain poorly understood and are even a matter of debate and controversy. No consensus exists on the charge carrier in mild aqueous electrolytes, especially when working in an electrolyte containing a multivalent metal cation such as Zn2+. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the electrochemical reactivity of two model quinones, chloranil, and duroquinone, either diluted in solution or incorporated into carbon-based composite electrodes. We demonstrate that a common nine-member square scheme proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism allows us to fully describe and rationalize their electrochemical behavior in relation to the pH and chemical composition of the aqueous electrolyte. Additionally, we highlight the crucial role played by the pKas associated with the reduced states of quinones in determining the nature of the charge carrier that compensates for the negative charges reversibly injected in the active material. Finally, contrary to the widely reported findings for Zn/organic batteries, we unequivocally establish that the predominant solid-state charge carriers in Zn2+-based mild aqueous electrolytes are not multivalent Zn2+ cations but rather protons supplied by the weakly acidic hexaaqua metal ions (i.e., [Zn(H2O)6]2+]).

Tuning Electron Delocalization of Redox‐Active Porous Aromatic Framework for Low‐Temperature Aqueous Zn−K Hybrid Batteries with Air Self‐Chargeability

AbstractAir self‐charging aqueous batteries promise to integrate energy harvesting technology and battery systems, potentially overcoming a heavy reliance on energy and the spatiotemporal environment. However, the exploitation of multifunctional air self‐charging battery systems using promising cathode materials and suitable charge carriers remains challenging. Herein, for the first time, we developed low‐temperature self‐charging aqueous Zn−K hybrid ion batteries (AZKHBs) using a fully conjugated hexaazanonaphthalene (HATN)‐based porous aromatic framework as the cathode material, exhibiting redox chemistry using K+ as charge carriers, and regulating Zn‐ion solvation chemistry to guide uniform Zn plating/stripping. The unique AZKHBs exhibit the exceptional electrochemical properties in all‐climate conditions. Most importantly, the large potential difference causes the AZKHBs discharged cathode to be oxidized using oxygen, thereby initiating a self‐charging process in the absence of an external power source. Impressively, the air self‐charging AZKHBs can achieve a maximum voltage of 1.15 V, an impressive discharge capacity (466.3 mAh g−1), and exceptional self‐charging performance even at −40 °C. Therefore, the development of self‐charging AZKHBs offers a solution to the limitations imposed by the absence of a power grid in harsh environments or remote areas.

Tuning Electron Delocalization of Redox-Active Porous Aromatic Framework for Low-Temperature Aqueous Zn-K Hybrid Batteries with Air Self-Chargeability.

Air self-charging aqueous batteries promise to integrate energy harvesting technology and battery systems, potentially overcoming a heavy reliance on energy and the spatiotemporal environment. However, the exploitation of multifunctional air self-charging battery systems using promising cathode materials and suitable charge carriers remains challenging. Herein, for the first time, we developed low-temperature self-charging aqueous Zn-K hybrid ion batteries (AZKHBs) using a fully conjugated hexaazanonaphthalene (HATN)-based porous aromatic framework as the cathode material, exhibiting redox chemistry using K+ as charge carriers, and regulating Zn-ion solvation chemistry to guide uniform Zn plating/stripping. The unique AZKHBs exhibit the exceptional electrochemical properties in all-climate conditions. Most importantly, the large potential difference causes the AZKHBs discharged cathode to be oxidized using oxygen, thereby initiating a self-charging process in the absence of an external power source. Impressively, the air self-charging AZKHBs can achieve a maximum voltage of 1.15 V, an impressive discharge capacity (466.3 mAh g-1), and exceptional self-charging performance even at -40 °C. Therefore, the development of self-charging AZKHBs offers a solution to the limitations imposed by the absence of a power grid in harsh environments or remote areas.

Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Extreme Regenerative with Supercapacitor Battery and Harvesting Vibration Absorber System for Electric Vehicles Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 30 kW

This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons in gross weight (MEVs) driven by a 30 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). During regenerative braking, the ANN mechanism controls the RBS to adjust the switching waveform of the three-phase power inverter, and the braking energy transfers to the energy storage device. Additionally, a supercapacitor (SC) equipped with HVA can absorb energy from vehicle vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The energy-harvesting efficiency of MEV based on SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA suspended energy harvesting enhances the efficiency maximum to 50.58% and 15.36% in comparison to MEV with only-HVA and SCB-HESP-RBS, respectively. Further, the MEV with SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA has a driving distance of up to 247.34 km (22.5 cycles) when compared with SCB-HESP-RBS (214.40 km, 19.5 cycles) and only-HVA (164.25 km, 15 cycles).

Hydrogen as a deep sea shipping fuel: Modelling the volume requirements

Recent targets have increased pressure for the maritime sector to accelerate the uptake of clean fuels. A potential future fuel for shipping is hydrogen, however there is a common perception that the volume requirements for this fuel are too large for deep sea shipping. This study has developed a range of techniques to accurately simulate the fuel requirements of hydrogen for a case study vessel. Hydrogen can use fuel cells, which achieve higher efficiencies than combustion methods, but may require a battery hybrid system to meet changes in demand. A series of novel models for different fuel cell types and other technologies have been developed. The models have been used to run dynamic simulations for different energy system setups. Simulations tested against power profiles from real-world shipping data to establish the minimum viable setup capable of meeting all the power demand for the case study vessel, to a higher degree of accuracy than previously achieved. Results showed that the minimum viable setup for hydrogen was with liquid storage, a 105.6 MW PEM fuel cell stack and 6.9 MWh of batteries, resulting in a total system size of 8934 m3. Volume requirement results could then be compared to other concepts such as systems using ammonia and methanol, 8970 m3 and 6033 m3 respectively.

Recent advancements and performance implications of hybrid battery thermal management systems for Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs) can contribute significantly toward the reduction of environmental emissions caused by traditional Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), as well as it reduces the reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are generally preferred for EVs due to their superior energy density, specific power output, and longer lifespan. LiBs are most effective and achieve optimal performance within a specific temperature range of 15-35 °C. An efficient Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is necessary to dissipate the heat produced in the battery during continuous charging and discharging process, which ultimately determines the operating range and life cycle of the battery. The hybrid battery thermal management system is becoming increasingly popular as it tackles the downsides and capitalizes on the upsides of individual conventional battery thermal management systems. Although hybrid Battery Management Systems are often mentioned in review articles, there is a lack of detailed or specialized discussions specifically on hybrid BTMS for electric vehicles. This article summarizes the current state-of-the-art and recent advancements in hybrid battery thermal management of LiBs and discusses the performance implications of a hybrid battery thermal management system. The study extensively examines hybrid BTMSs, designed to enhance the thermal performance of traditional BTMSs to cope with the stringent thermal requirements in high ambient temperatures and fast charging conditions. Lastly, the article critically evaluates and discusses the different BTMSs, emphasizing the future prospects, challenges, and recommendations in the BTMS field. The review's findings will assist researchers in determining the future direction of next-generation LiB thermal management systems for high-power electric vehicles.

On–off-Grid Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for House Units in Iraq

This paper addresses the optimal sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs), encompassing wind, solar, and battery systems, with the aim of delivering reliable performance at a reasonable cost. The focus is on mitigating unscheduled outages on the national grid in Iraq. The proposed On–off-grid HRES method is implemented using MATLAB and relies on an iterative technique to achieve multi-objectives, balancing reliability and economic constraints. The optimal HRES configuration is determined by evaluating various scenarios related to energy flow management, electricity prices, and land cover effects. Consumer requirements regarding cost and reliability are factored into a 2D optimization process. A battery model is developed to capture the dynamic exchange of energy among different renewable sources, battery storage, and energy demands. A detailed case study across fifteen locations in Iraq, including water, desert, and urban areas, revealed that local wind speed significantly affects the feasibility and efficiency of the HRES. Locations with higher wind speeds, such as the Haditha lake region (payback period: 7.8 years), benefit more than urban areas (Haditha city: payback period: 12.4 years). This study also found that not utilizing the battery, particularly during periods of high electricity prices (e.g., 2015), significantly impacts the HRES performance. In the Haditha water area, for instance, this technique reduced the payback period from 20.1 to 7.8 years by reducing the frequency of charging and discharging cycles and subsequently mitigating the need for battery replacement.

Membrane-free Zn hybrid redox flow battery using water-in-salt aqueous biphasic electrolytes

In this study, we develop a membrane-free Zn hybrid redox flow battery (RFB) using an unconventional water-in-salt aqueous biphasic system (WIS-ABS). This membrane-free Zn hybrid battery employs soluble ferrocene (Fc) derivative and Zn salt as the active species in the immiscible catholyte and anolyte, respectively. Initially, we demonstrate the potential of using WIS-ABS for a totally aqueous membrane-free Zn battery under static conditions. This static battery operates at a cell voltage of 1.01 V and effectively eradicates the detrimental self-discharge observed in membrane-free batteries, achieving excellent coulombic efficiency (CE) consistently around 100 % over 2000 cycles. However, due to transport limitations in the static configuration, the battery exhibits a low capacity utilization of 17.4 % for the catholyte, ultimately restricting the energy density of the battery. Further improvements in the battery performance are achieved by employing a specially designed RFB cell reactor to operate under real flowing conditions. Impressively, the developed membrane-free Zn hybrid RFB cell significantly shows an improved catholyte utilization, reaching up to 95 %. Furthermore, the membrane-free RFB consistently maintains CE higher than 95 % throughout the cycling process, ultimately achieving a capacity retention as high as 96.5 % after 30 cycles at 100 % depth of discharge. This work highlights the potential of utilizing a water-in-salt aqueous biphasic system to develop a membrane-free Zn hybrid RFB with excellent electrochemical performance, effectively avoiding the undesired self-discharge phenomena.

Performance analysis of drone sqadron optimisation based MPPT controller for grid implemented PV battery system under partially shaded conditions

In recent years, growing consumer demand for sustainable energy is driving down costs and paving the way for more clean energy in the future. Since these energies are sporadic, and the load pattern does not correlate to their generation pattern, a battery storage system is required. Operating dispersed alternative energy sources, connected to the grid in this situation makes energy control an unavoidable task. The difficulty is brought on by things like intermittent sources, daytime costs, solar panel and battery size restrictions, and limitations in battery charging and discharging rates. Moreover, integrating energy storage devices into the power system network is one of the recommendations made in this work to increase the performance and dependability of these systems. Compared to the existing works reported in the literature, this study offers enhanced control techniques for hybrid Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System under fluctuating atmospheric scenario. Here, an innovative approach called Drone Squadron Optimisation, which tracks the Global Maximum Power Point, is used get maximum power. Further, suggested approach is tested with various partial shading instances and the uniform irradiance condition to validate it. This research also investigates photovoltaic models and the status of the battery storage device for improved energy management in the system. Finally, the proposed algorithm assists in quickly identifying the potential benefits of a grid-connected, battery-powered rooftop solar system.

Optimal sizing of standalone hybrid renewable energy system based on reliability indicator: A case study

The economical electrification of rural settlements extensively utilizes renewable energy sources. In recent years, the deployment of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, and biomass gasifier-based power generation technologies for electricity accessibility in remote regions has received greater prominence. This paper presents an optimal component design of a hybrid solar PV-wind and battery system along with a biomass gasifier to provide continuous electricity for rural communities of Uttarakhand, India. In this study, a recently developed population-based giza pyramids construction (GPC) methodology is applied to determine the optimal component sizing. The findings of the GPC method are contrasted with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) methodology to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. The annualized system cost and levelized cost of energy of the hybrid renewable energy system have been minimized subject to technical reliability indicators such as loss of power supply probability and renewable fraction.Moreover, a systematic exploration of the system has been conducted to assess its optimal feasibility across different values of power loss probability ranging from (0% to 4%). The simulation indicates that the proposed method adeptly identifies globally optimal values, leading to a $177 decrease in annual cost and 8% reduction in average simulation time compared to PSO. The research reveals that the balanced point (relative attainment), where system reliability and cost-effectiveness intersect optimally, is achieved at a 3% power loss level, resulting in the most significant cost reduction of $199 compared to other probability levels.

Hybrid PV and Battery System Sizing for Commercial Buildings in Malaysia: A Case Study of FKE-2 Building in UTeM

Hybrid PV and Battery System Sizing for Commercial Buildings in Malaysia: A Case Study of FKE-2 Building in UTeM

Numerical study on hybrid battery thermal management system integrating water, phase change material, and fins, under New European Driving Cycle

This study introduced a hybrid thermal management system for a 4×4 cylindrical lithium-ion battery module, simulating New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) conditions. The system integrated water, phase change material (PCM), and fins for enhanced heat dissipation. The batteries, attached to an aluminium shell, incorporated PCM and a central coolant path. Fins were introduced between the coolant channel and Al shell to enhance heat transfer between batteries, PCM, and water. Comparative analysis against passive (PCM only) and active (liquid) cooling systems revealed the hybrid system’s superior performance. With a water flow rate of 2×10−8 m3/s, the system consistently kept temperatures below 50°C during charge-discharge cycles. Compared to active cooling, it achieved a significant temperature reduction of 18.47% and 5.01% after the charge and discharge processes. An intermittent cooling strategy further demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing thermal runaway (> 60°C) compared to the active cooling system. The proposed hybrid system demonstrated efficient thermal performance with low pumping power, suggesting its potential for multiple charge/discharge cycles.