Aluminium Hybrid Research Articles

Crashworthiness analysis of variable thickness CFRP/Al hybrid multi-cell tube

In order to fully utilize the energy absorption potential of hybrid structure composed of multiple materials, a variable thickness Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic/ aluminum (CFRP/Al) hybrid multi-cell tube is proposed, with a focus on the design strategies of variable thickness filament winding and multi-cell layout. First, based on the validated finite element (FE) model, a comparative study of different tube configurations is implemented to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of multi-cell hybrid tube. By analyzing the energy absorption contribution of two component materials and local structures, the bending instability mechanism of multi-cell hybrid tube at large angles is revealed to emphasize the necessity of variable thickness filament winding. It is found that multi-cell Al tube is the key factor to induce structural instability, and CFRP with positive gradient thickness distribution is beneficial to restrain the bending instability of hybrid multi-cell tube. Second, in order to better describe the influence mechanism of the design parameters, two comprehensive crashworthiness performance indicators for multi-angle compression conditions are proposed, namely comprehensive specific energy absorption and energy absorption stability. Then, a detailed parametric study is performed to explore the influence mechanism of the variable thickness winding parameters and multi-cell cross-section parameters on the comprehensive energy absorption capacity of the hybrid tube under multi-angle compression conditions. Finally, an application recommendation for the variable thickness CFRP/Al hybrid multi-cell tube is given to provide a reasonable design strategy. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of crashworthiness between the suggested CFRP/Al hybrid tube and reported typical energy-absorbing structures is carried out to reveal the superiority of the variable thickness CFRP/Al hybrid multi-cell tube in the energy absorption stability. This research provides valuable guidelines and suggestions for the crashworthiness design of multi-material hybrid structures facing complex loading conditions.

Exploration of the mechanical characteristics of al7075 metal matrix composite enhanced with fe3o4 and pksa

This research primarily focuses on Aluminum hybrid compounds that have extensive applications throughout every realm of manufacturing. Hybrid metal Matrix Composites possess greatly improved physical properties and find extensive utilization across several sectors, including vehicle components and even aviation. The investigation entails using aluminum (Al-7075) as the foundational component and then incorporating iron oxide and PKSA in weight ratios of 3%, 6%, and 9% to fabricate a strengthened Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite. A manufacturing stir-casting technique is being utilized for the fabrication of such compounds. Stirred molding technology is selected because of its advantages, including a very straightforward manufacturing process, cost efficiency, and reliable distribution of reinforcement particles. The inclusion of overall reinforcement grain Fe3O4/PKSA is essential to defining technical composite qualities. The current examination indicated enhancements in physical properties, including elasticity, compression, as well as toughness strength. A longitudinal value at a 9% wt. strengthened Fe3O4/PKSA is found to be the highest at 342 MPa, while the yield strength is measured at 248 MPa, as equated to a standard Al-7075 alloy. Furthermore, the recently manufactured Al-7075/ Fe3O4/PKSA HMMC were subjected to microstructural examinations using SEM and EDS methodologies. The investigations demonstrated a uniform and homogeneous dispersion of Fe3O4/PKSA reinforcement particulates inside the mixture matrix.

Study on Machinability Behaviour and Simultaneous Optimisation of Multiple Responses Using Taguchi‐Based Grey Relational Analysis in End Milling of Aluminum Hybrid Composites

The present work reveals the machinability characteristics of Al7068/Si3N4/BN hybrid composite materials. The composite materials were prepared through the liquid metallurgy technique with various weight fractions (0, 5, 10) of silicon nitride and hexagonal boron nitride particles. The experimental studies were performed on a CNC milling machine by varying cutting speed (600, 1200 and 1800 rpm), feed rate (150, 300 and 450 mm/min), and depth of cut (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm). Taguchi’s plan of experiments (L27 orthogonal array design) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the effect of process parameters on surface roughness (Ra), cutting temperature, and material removal rate (MRR). Taguchi‐based grey relational analysis (GRA) was performed to identify the best process parameters combination for optimising the multiple responses simultaneously. ANOVA results revealed that the weight fraction of Si3N4 is the most contributing parameter for multiple response characteristics.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Stir Casting-Based Aluminium Hybrid MMC Reinforced with SiC, TiC, and MoS2

The need for strong, lightweight materials has prompted the creation of innovative metal matrix composites based on aluminum. The properties of metal matrix composites that are uniformly dispersed with nanoparticles are much superior to those of monolithic alloy and microparticle-reinforced composites. The objective of this work was to create and evaluate a metal matrix composite reinforced with MoS2, SiC, and TiC that is a hybrid aluminum alloy, Al6061. It was also investigated how the weight percentages (3, 6, 9, and 12%) of MoS2, SiC, and TiC reinforcement affected the mechanical, morphological, tribological, and physical characteristics of the metal matrix composite. The addition of SiC and MoS2 increased the density of the reinforced Al6061 composite when compared to as-cast non-reinforced Al6061. It was found that the hybrid composite Al6061/12% SiC/4% MoS2 had the maximum density. The hybrid metal matrix composite's toughness increased as the proportion of TiC weight increased. The composite made of Al6061, 12% TiC, and 4% MoS2 had the maximum hardness, measuring 114.03 HV. The composite Al6061/12% TiC/4% MoS2 has the most ultimate tensile strength. The tribology analysis revealed that when applied stress increased from 10 to 50 N, mass loss increased dramatically. Because of the solid MoS2 lubricant and the development of the TiC layer at the contact zone, Double- and triple-reinforced specimens had less wear loss than non-reinforced specimens, as shown by the wear performance of hybrid composites. The main wear mechanisms of the composites were delamination wear and wear debris.

Experimental Studies on Microstructural, Physical, and Mechanical Characterizations of Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites Incorporated with Cenosphere and Molybdenum Disulphide

This study addresses a research gap in composite material development by exploring the potential of innovative waste materials to enhance performance. An innovative and cost‐effective waste material serves as a reinforcing agent, with cenosphere and molybdenum disulphide used in proportions ranging from 0% to 4%. Employing a cost‐effective stirring cast technique, composites are fabricated, combining AA7075 alloy with cenosphere particles (AA7075/cenosphere) and molybdenum disulphide particles (AA7075/MoS2). The experimental design, utilizing a central composite design within the response surface methodology framework, examines the weight percentages of cenosphere and MoS2. Scanning electron microscopy reveals strengthening chemicals within the matrix, confirmed by electronic dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy for individual reinforcements in the aluminium alloy matrix. Density determination follows Archimedes’ principle and the OIML G14 standard, while mechanical properties (hardness and ultimate tensile strength) are assessed per ASTM standards. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in composite density with cenosphere reinforcement, while molybdenum disulphide marginally affects density. The incorporation of reinforcements notably enhances both hardness and ultimate tensile strength. In conclusion, this research bridges a composite material development gap, presenting a novel and sustainable approach. By showcasing the potential of unconventional waste materials, the study contributes valuable insights to material science and engineering, opening new avenues for future research.

Quality assessment of hybrid aluminum billets jointing using torsional forging method

The producing of hybrid (composite) workpieces made of AMg2 and AMg6 wrought aluminum alloys by torsion forging under deformation conditions at room temperature is considered. The results of the microstructure and microhardness of the composite samples after the plastic deformation are presented. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of connecting these pairs of materials using torsion forging.

Effect of aluminum hybrid additive on water absorption of fiber-cement composites

Effect of aluminum hybrid additive on water absorption of fiber-cement composites

Retracted: Experimental Analysis and Optimization of Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Aluminum Hybrid Nanocomposites Using the Taguchi Approach

Retracted: Experimental Analysis and Optimization of Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Aluminum Hybrid Nanocomposites Using the Taguchi Approach

A study on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium 6061-SiC-B4C-GO hybrid nanocomposites with a novel optimized mix selection approach

ABSTRACT This research deals with the mechanical and tribological behaviour of different weight percentages of reinforcements (coated silicon carbide, boron carbide, and graphene oxide) dispersed with aluminium matrix (Al 6061) composites. The silicon carbide (SiC) was coated by Titanium oxide (TiO2) using the Electro Phoretic Deposition (EPD) method. The selected mix proportions fabrication process was performed by the stir casting method. The tribological and mechanical behaviour of hybrid aluminium matrix-composite specimens and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) identification revealed that ASB-1 (86 wt% Al 6061 + 2 wt% GO + 10 wt% SiC + 2 wt% B4C) uncovered higher wear resistance and strengths due to reinforcement’s uniform distribution throughout the aluminium matrix and coating of SiC. Moreover, a comparison was performed to determine the effectiveness of hybrid composite specimens. It is concluded that the presented SRNMS framework identified the mix proportions effectively, and the coating of SiC improves the wear resistance.

Mechanical, tribological, and morphological properties of SiC and Gr reinforced Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn based stir-casted hybrid metal matrix composites for automotive applications: Fabrication and characterizations

The main goal of this research is to meet the demanding need for developing lightweight materials with improved properties that are appropriate for several engineering applications. The investigators proceeded to considerable efforts to assess the mechanical, micro-structural, and tribological characteristics of Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn/10 wt%SiCP/3 wt%GrP-MMC, Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn/15 wt%SiCP/5 wt%GrP-MMC, and Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn/20 wt%SiCP/8 wt%GrP-MMC based hybrid metal-matrix nano-composites (HMMC's). These hybrid aluminum matrix nano-composites were fabricated using the liquid processing stir casting method for automobile, aviation, defense, and chemical handling sectors owing to their superior strength, and higher thermal conductive properties. The machinability of Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn/(SiCp + Grp) - MMC has received limited attention to date. Owing to its exceptional characteristics, this hybrid composite could take the role of cast iron or aluminum composites in a wide-variety multitude of engineering applications. The Mechanical properties of fabricated Hybrid-MMCs have been examined along with tribological properties & other factors, affecting the tensile strength of cast composites in this study. Additionally, the characterization has been performed through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Optical Microscopy. The fabricated samples of hybrid metal matrix nano-composites of Al-0.7Fe-0.6Si-0.375Cr-0.25Zn matrix have been tested for microstructure analysis, micro hardness test, density, tensile strength, and grain size. Microstructure study clears the claim of uniform distribution of SiC & Graphite particles in Al matrix alloy. An average tensile strength has been recorded as 258 MPa and a percent-elongation of 4.6 during the tensile test. Tensile-fractography findings have portrayed the intrinsic fractured-rupture microstructure of tensile-tested samples that seemed to have particle deformation breakage and pull-outs. The density of Al/(SiCp + Grp)-MMCs have been found to be 2.76 g/cm3 whereas the average hardness has been recorded at 120HV. An increase in graphite content in Al/SiC-MMC's provides a significant improvement in friction coefficient as well as a reduction in wear rate. Findings have observed that the wear rate is increased with increasing the sliding speed, however, it is almost constant between 300 and 600 rpm, and beyond this wear rate increases drastically. Likewise, the coefficient of friction also shows a considerable increase with the increase in sliding speed. As the composition of graphite in the material increases, a considerable decrease in the wear has been noted down because of the presence of tribo-layer formed between mating surfaces. A high value of applied load and high rotating speed imposed high deformation of the surface and increase in frictional force, as a result, an increase in wear rate. Wear rate increases with the increment in load during the wear test, while friction coefficient decreases. Hence, the development of HMMCs with better mechanical, microstructural, and tribological properties that can be utilized as cast iron or aluminum composites in a diverse spectra multitude of engineering applications involving the study's scientific insights and technological developments. Manufacturers in the myriads of industries, including aerospace, ground-transportation, thermal management, industrial, recreational, and infrastructure, could profit inventors/producers from the findings of the current study.

Parametric optimisation of milling process for the machining of carbon nanotubes-based hybrid aluminium composite

Parametric optimisation of milling process for the machining of carbon nanotubes-based hybrid aluminium composite

Synthesis and Application of Hybrid Aluminum Dialkylphosphinates as Highly Efficient Flame Retardants for Polyamides.

Hybrid aluminum dialkylphosphinates were synthesized from mixed diethyl-, ethylisobutyl-, and diisobutylphosphinates and Al3+ in water. The XRD, DSC, and TGA results of these Al phosphinates established that phosphinate ligands are randomly distributed in the species. The thermal and thermoxidative stabilities of the hybrid phosphinates were easily adjustable by varying the ratio of phosphinate ligands, a desirable feature for efficient flame retardants. The hybrid aluminum dialkylphosphinates with a relatively low ratio of diethylphosphinate demonstrated higher efficiency than Al diethylphosphinate and Al diisobutylphosphinate in flame-retarding polyamide 66. Detailed investigations on the thermal and thermoxidative stabilities of Al dialkylphosphinates and the morphologies of char obtained in UL-94 tests revealed that timely vaporization of degradation products of hybrid dialkylphosphinates at a temperature which closely matches the degradation temperature of polyamides and their ability to promote char formation of polyamides are two key factors which contribute to the excellent performance of hybrid aluminum dialkylphosphinates.

Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Killed Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii against Acute Toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondii with widespread distribution infects over one third of human populations in the world and can cause serious life-threatening diseases especially for the immunodeficient patients in acute toxoplasmosis. As the clinical pharmaceutical drugs with severe side effects for treatment and non-ideal extant vaccines for prevention, more work starves to be done for keeping advantages in the athletics. Aluminum adjuvant and hybrid formaldehyde-killed tachyzoites of T. gondii RH and GT1 isolates were prepared to intramuscularly immunize BALB/c mice for five times at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post first injection. The triggered humoral and cellular immune responses at two weeks post the last immunization and the survival times of infected mice were examined for the hybrid immunization scheme judgement. The anti-RH and anti-GT1 specific antibodies were both increased at one week prior to challenge (P < 0.05), and the survival times of immunized mice (7.33 ± 0.71 d for RH, 7.22 ± 0.97 d for GT1) against acute toxoplasmosis were significantly prolonged by the immunizations performed in the study compared to blank control (6.67 ± 0.50 d for RH, 6.33 ± 0.71 d for GT1; P < 0.05), with the higher IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12p70 in sera, the elevated CD3e+CD4+ T and CD3e+CD8a+ T cells, and the enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in spleen (P < 0.05). The hybrid killed tachyzoites with aluminum adjuvant induced humoral and cellular immune responses of mice, and offered mildly protective efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.

Numerical investigation of mould growth risk in a timber-based facade system under current and future climate scenarios

Due to today’s sustainability concerns, we must find ways to decrease, the CO2 footprint of the products and systems that are used in buildings. The StaticusCare project, funded by EEA/Norway Grants, emerged from this need, since it aims to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions associated to the construction industry by developing a hybrid timber and aluminium based facade system that will integrate IoT sensors. A decrease of the facade’s embodied CO2 footprint of 70-75 % and of the non-renewable energy consumption to 53-56 % is expected. However, it must be ensured that this system has the necessary quality to be installed in the Nordic climates, even for future conditions. Computational models, both at the assembly level as well as at the building level, will be developed. The first level model will allow to perform thorough hygrothermal analysis of the facade system, whilst the second level model will allow to analyse the effect of the system at the building level, i.e. in terms of energy and indoor environment. In addition, this second level model will also be used to obtain the indoor conditions – i.e. temperature and relative humidity – that the first level model needs as an input to run. In order to make this study more comprehensive and, at the same time, determine how differently the facade system will perform under different climates, several representative Nordic outdoor climates will be used in the simulations. Climate change, by means of outdoor weather files, was considered, as well as the effect of moisture penetrating in the tested facade system due to air infiltration or even using timber with a high moisture content due to unprotected storage. It is determined that the tested system is able to properly dry the excess of moisture under current and future conditions. However, if the timber is not properly protected from moisture, then the situation is completely different.

Empirical modeling of profile roughness parameters during end milling of aluminium alloy 5052/tungsten carbide/graphite hybrid composite

AbstractThis study presents an empirical modeling approach to reveal the effect of end milling parameters on the profile roughness parameters. Aluminium hybrid composite was melt‐stir die cast into the required work material, setting a predetermined weight fraction of reinforcements. The experimental design was adopted using the Taguchi meta‐heuristic algorithm for the selection of the levels of the end milling parameters. The profile roughness parameters namely arithmetic average roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and mean roughness depth (Rz) were considered as output responses, which were measured using stylus type surface roughness tester. Non‐linear second‐order empirical models were formulated and from them, the profile response parameters were predicted with 95 % accuracy. The results revealed that the depth of cut and spindle speed are contributing 54.22 % and 38.6 % respectively among the selected input parameters on the cumulative output.

Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Stir-Cast Hybrid Aluminum Composite Reinforced with CeO2 and GNPs Nanoparticles

Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Stir-Cast Hybrid Aluminum Composite Reinforced with CeO2 and GNPs Nanoparticles

An improved simplified model of self-piercing riveted joints for predicting quasi-static mechanical behavior of steel–aluminum hybrid components

The problem that the existing models could not accurately predict sheet deformation modes in the riveting area led to low prediction accuracy in crash simulations for steel-aluminum hybrid structural components in vehicle bodies. An improved simplified model with rigid and washer-processed elements (CONSTRAINED_SPR4_RIGWE) is proposed to calibrate the mechanical behavior of self-piercing riveted (SPR) joints based on the *CONSTRAINED_SPR4 model. The diameters of rigid and washer-processed elements in the upper and lower sheets were based on the diameters of the rivet and bottom of the SPR joint, respectively; the influence domain in the joint was determined by the diameter of the rivet cap. The parameters of the two models were calibrated using the experimental results of the lap shear, pull-out, mixed tension–shear, and peeling tests, as well as the parameters from the detailed three-dimensional model. Compared with the *CONSTRAINED_SPR4 model, the CONSTRAINED_SPR4_RIGWE model had a higher stiffness value for pull-out and peeling specimens, which was closer to the experimental result. T-shaped and C-shaped structural components of DP590 high-strength steel and AC43500-T7 cast aluminum sheets were prepared using SPR joints. For the T-R4 component, the absolute prediction error of the CONSTRAINED_SPR4_RIGWE model in terms of the energy absorption was lower than that of the *CONSTRAINED_SPR4 model, with the former being 2.48 % and the latter being 16.53 %. For the C-R8 component, the absolute maximum prediction errors of the CONSTRAINED_SPR4_RIGWE model in terms of peak force, failure displacement, and energy absorption increased from 16.82 % to 149.42 %, as compared with those of the *CONSTRAINED_SPR4 model.

Influence of particulates on microstructure, Mechanical and Fractured behaviour on Al-7075 alloy composite by FEA

ABSTRACT Aluminium alloys are employed in advanced applications due to their desirable combination of low density, high strength, durability, availability, and cost vs. competing materials. The characteristics described above can be increased further by employing aluminium matrix composite materials reinforced with harder particles. The hybrid aluminium alloy (Al7075) composite was made in an electric resistance furnace using the sand mould process and reinforced with alumina (Al2O3) and boron carbide (B4C) particles. The purpose of this research to investigate the mechanical characteristics of Al7075-Al2O3-B4C hybrid composites with stable Al2O3 weight percentages (4%) and varied B4C weight percentages (2–6%). Mechanical characteristics includes tensile and compressive strength, hardness, and microstructure analysis were evaluated on the pure and cast specimens. In this study, which followed the ASTM standard, the mechanical characteristics of Al7075 alloy hybrid composites were examined experimentally and validated using FEA. The results showed that when hard ceramic particles (Al2O3/B4C) were added to matrix alloy (Al7075), mechanical characteristics such as compressive strength and hardness improved while tensile strength was reduced. The static structural tensile test was successfully simulated in ANSYS. It was observed that both FEA results and analytical results were correlated.

Ceramic thin-film composite membranes with tunable subnanometer pores for molecular sieving

Ceramic membranes are a promising alternative to polymeric membranes for selective separations, given their ability to operate under harsh chemical conditions. However, current fabrication technologies fail to construct ceramic membranes suitable for selective molecular separations. Herein, we demonstrate a molecular-level design of ceramic thin-film composite membranes with tunable subnanometer pores for precise molecular sieving. Through burning off the distributed carbonaceous species of varied dimensions within hybrid aluminum oxide films, we created membranes with tunable molecular sieving. Specifically, the membranes created with methanol showed exceptional selectivity toward monovalent and divalent salts. We attribute this observed selectivity to the dehydration of the large divalent ions within the subnanometer pores. As a comparison, smaller monovalent ions can rapidly permeate with an intact hydration shell. Lastly, the flux of neutral solutes through each fabricated aluminum oxide membrane was measured for the demonstration of tunable separation capability. Overall, our work provides the scientific basis for the design of ceramic membranes with subnanometer pores for molecular sieving using atomic layer deposition.

Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Al 6061/SiC/ GO Hybrid Composites Produced with Stir Casting

A constant prerequisite for technological advancement is the improvement of composite materials’ mechanical properties. In this study, stir casting was used to create hybrid Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC). To enhance the mechanical properties, silicon carbide and graphite were used as reinforcement. AMC are made by adding different volume fractions of SiC (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%), whereas composites use a fixed volume fraction of graphite (5%). Mechanical Properties like Hardness, Tensile and wear characteristics of the manufactured AMC samples were evaluated. Under various loads 10N-40N and sliding velocities 0.6m/s-2.0 m/s the wear rate was calculated. The mechanical characteristics of manufactured AMCs are compared with Al 6061 alloy. From the experimental results, the addition of silicon carbide and graphite particles improve the mechanical characteristics. The wear rate increases with increase in applied load. However, sliding velocity surges up to 1.8 m/s before sharply declining.