Husk Biochar Research Articles

Phosphoric acid-activated biochar derived from sunflower seed husk: Selective antibiotic adsorption behavior and mechanism

In recent years, the unnecessary overuse of antibiotics has increased globally, resulting in antibiotic contamination of water, which has become a significant environmental concern. This study aims to examine the adsorption behavior of antibiotics (Tetracycline TC, Ciprofloxacin CIP, Ibuprofen IBP, and Sulfamethoxazole SMX) onto H3PO4-activated sunflower seed husk biochar (PSF). The results demonstrated that H3PO4 could enhance the specific surface area (378.8 m2/g) and create a mesoporous structure of biochar. The adsorption mechanism was investigated using kinetic models, isotherms, and thermodynamics. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of TC, CIP, SMX, and IBP are 429.3, 361.6, 251.3, and 251.1 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption mechanism of antibiotics on PSF was governed by complex mechanisms, including chemisorption, external diffusion, and intraparticle diffusion. This research provides an environmentally friendly method for utilizing one of the agricultural wastes for the removal of a variety of antibiotics from the aquatic environment.

Growth and Yield Response of Tomato to Different Soil Amendment Techniques under Different Water Stress

The research was aimed at evaluating the growth and yield performance of tomato under different water regimes and different ricehusk biochar application rates. A trial was conducted during the 2022 dry season at Wudil in Kano State. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot design. The experiment consisted of two factors; biochar at six different application rates (15, 13.75, 12.5, 11.25, 8.75 and 5tons/ha) and irrigation regimes (100, 50 and 25% irrigation). Which were combined to produce 18 treatments? Prior to planting, fifteen soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected randomly and bulked to obtained three composite soil samples for physical and chemical analysis using standard laboratory procedures. Growth and yield parameters were taken from 2WAT at 2 weeks intervals in each plot and. The result showed that aplication of biochar has a significant effect on crop growth and yield especially at 50% irrigation. Therefore it is recommended that 15tons/ha of rice husk biochar at 50% irrigation is very suitable for use by farmers in the study area.

PENGARUH MACAM BIOCHAR DAN KONSENTRASI ASAP CAIR TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.)

In Indonesia, rice (Oryza Sativa L.) has become an important and strategic livelihood. Decreasing soil fertility causes reduced rice production. The use of straw can increase the efficiency of using fertilizers (nitrogen), increase soil fertility through the provision of nutrients in particular (potassium), besides that it can improve the soil. The nutritional content of rice straw is 0.4% Nitrogen, 0.02% Phosphorus, 1.4% Potassium and 5.0% Silicon. This research was conducted in Bulubrangsi Village, Laren District, Lamongan Regency. From February to May 2022. The following research was carried out using the Factorial RAK (Randomized Block Design), which is composed of 2 aspects and each aspect consists of 3 levels. Through these 2 aspects, 9 treatment combinations were obtained and repeated 3 times. The indicators observed in the vegetative phase include: number of leaves and plant height. The indicators observed in the generative phase included: the number of panicles, the fresh weight of the plants, the length of the panicles, the weight of tons per hectare, the weight of 1000 seeds. The data obtained through observation is calculated using analysis of variance using Fisher's test (5% and 1 %) F-test, if there is a significant difference it can be continued using the Least Significant Difference test. The best results in this research were obtained from rice husk biochar and liquid smoke.

Developing a biocatalyst showcasing the synergistic effect of rice husk biochar and bacterial cells for the removal of heavy metals

Removal of Cd and Ni by Pseudomonas stutzeri immobilized on rice husk biochar (PRHB). The removal efficiency of PRHB was higher than that of free cells, which could be attributed to simultaneous adsorption, ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and bioaccumulation caused by the biochar carrier and bacteria.

Effects of rice husk biochar (RHB) with combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on growth of maize (Zea mays)

For optimal plant growth and productivity, agricultural activity is dependent on soil quality and nutrient availability. Soil amendment such as rice husk biochar (RHB), which abundantly found in Malaysia, are capable of improving soil fertility due to its longevity and other benefits to soil biota, including beneficial soil fungi and bacteria such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). AMF are well-known for their capacity to improve plant nutrient uptake, particularly P, which is essential for plant growth. Similarly, PSB, which is a beneficial bacteria, are able to solubilize phosphate into soluble form thus enhance the P availability for plant. However, the combination effect of AMF and PSB in the presence of RHB is not known. Thus, in order to assess the effects of AMF and PSB in the presence of RHB on soil properties and maize growth, a pot experiment was done. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) arrangement was applied to the following treatments: T1 (control), T2 (RHB), T3 (AMF), T4 (PSB), T5 (+RHB, +AMF), T6 (+AMF, +PSB), T7 (+RHB, +PSB) and T8 (+RHB, +AMF, +PSB). About 10 t/ha RHB was added to the soils for treatments T2, T5, T7, and T8. Ten grams of AMF inoculum and double application of PSB were applied to their respective treatments. Plant growth and soils sampling were done at 45 days after planting (DAP). Results showed that T7 gave 137% root biomass and 123% P uptake higher than control. Our findings were in line with our hypothesis (application of RHB, AMF or PSB or their combination would improve maize growth compared to control, in which T8 gave highest root volume and 150% higher than control. The results suggested that there were positive and synergistic effects of beneficial soil microorganisms (AMF or/and PSB) either with or without RHB. Thus, these combined inoculations and RHB application could be used in biofertilizer formulations to increase the maize growth and yield in sustainable agriculture system.

Effects of Different Chinese Hickory Husk Returning Modes on Soil Nutrition and Microbial Community in Acid Forest Soil

Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is an important economic forest in Southeastern China. A large amount of hickory husk waste is generated every year but with a low proportion of returning. Meanwhile, intensive management has resulted in soil degradation of Chinese hickory plantations. This study aims to investigate the effects of three Chinese hickory husk returning modes on soil amendment, including soil acidity, soil nutrition, and microbial community. The field experiment carried out four treatments: control (CK), hickory husk mulching (HM), hickory husk biochar (BC), and hickory husk organic fertilizer (OF). The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarker method was employed to determine the soil microbial community. After one year of treatment, the results showed that: (i) HM and BC significantly increased soil pH by 0.33 and 1.71 units, respectively; (ii) HM, BC and OF treatments significantly increased the soil organic carbon, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorous, and available potassium. The OF treatment demonstrated the most significant improvement in the soil nutrient; (iii) The soil microbial biomass significantly increased in the HM, BC and OF treatments, and all microbial groups showed an increasing trend. HM treatment increased the fungal/bacterial ratio (F/B). The OF treatment significantly decreased the Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’) and evenness index (J) of the microbial community (P < 0.05). Considering the treatments effects, costs, and ease of operation, our recommended returning modes of Chinese hickory husk are mulching and organic fertilizer produced by composting with manure.

Biochar as bioretention systems for water quality improvement in Malaysia

Rapid urbanization and constant development of infrastructure in the civil engineering community has accelerated in the past decades. However, there has been a reduction of permeable surfaces for rainwater and surface runoff to escape, raising concerns regarding flooding and water quality especially in Malaysia where the tropical climate and heavy rainfall applies pressure on the bioretention systems. To lessen the issue, this paper will be looking into biochar’s benefits in bioretention systems focussing on the type of biochar which will be most suited in improving water quality. In particular, two types of biochar were compared such as rice husk biochar and palm biochar to be tested as bioretention system and different water samples were run through them. Various water quality parameter tests were conducted to evaluate biochar’s performance in reducing pollutants and contaminants from the water samples and thus enable to draw a conclusion on which is the most effective for bioretention use. With a deeper understanding of biochar’s capabilities and limitations, stormwater management strategies can be improved to make the construction industry more sustainable.

Growth and yield of soybean varieties with biochar application

Climate change cause a temperature increase, decreasing soil fertility and causing a reduced microbial and nutrient availability, and increased salinization, so it cannot support the growth of soybean plants. Soybeans are vulnerable to climate change, which can lead to lower yields. Biochar is an organic material that can improve soil's physical, chemical, and biological fertility. This study aims to obtain soybean varieties and biochar types that increase growth and yield in low soil fertility cultivation. This research was conducted in August 2022 – June 2023 at the Agricultural Faculty Experimental Field of Universitas Sebelas Maret. The research was designed in randomized complete block design factorial with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties, and the second factor was types of biochar. Data analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by DMRT 5% if there was a significant difference. The results showed that Demas 1 variety significantly affects growth and yield with biochar addition compared to Dena 1 and Gepak Kuning. The addition of rice husk biochar can increase the growth and yield of 3 soybean varieties, compared to the addition of sugar palm fiber biochar and without the addition of biochar.

Growth of mint (Mentha spicata L.) on various biochar and liquid organic fertilizers

Climate change has an impact on plant growth, including mint. Mint grows optimally in environments with low temperatures and high humidity. Erratic climate change has the potential to reduce mint growth. Biochar is a soil enhancer that can improve soil fertility and soil water availability. Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) is able to provide the nutrients needed by plants so that it has the potential to increase mint growth. This research was conducted in August 2022 - June 2023 in the greenhouse of the Agriculture's Faculty, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The study used a factorial Randomized Complete Group Design (RCBD), which consisted of two factors, namely biochar and fish waste LOF. The types of biochar consisted of no biochar treatment, palm fiber biochar, and rice husk biochar. Fish waste LOF consisted of no LOF treatment, 5 ml/L water, 10 ml/L water, and P3 = 15 ml/L water. The results showed that the application of palm fiber biochar and 5 ml/L fish waste liquid fertilizer can increase plant fresh weight and plant dry weight. Giving palm fiber biochar can increase plant fresh weight, while the addition of rice husk biochar can increase leaf area and plant dry weight. This research has implications to knowing the interaction of biochar type and LOF concentration, getting the appropriate biochar type to increase mint growth, and getting the appropriate LOF concentration to increase mint growth. concentration that is suitable for increasing mint growth.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of magnetic recyclable Fe3O4/rice husk biochar based photocatalysts for ciprofloxacin photodegradation in aqueous solution.

In this work, a new facile one-spot method has been designed to fabricate a magnetic recyclable Fe3O4/rice husk biochar photocatalyst (FBP) for the removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solution. This method combines ultrasonic-assisted impregnation and precipitation, which can overcome the difficulties of long-time reactions, complex procedures, and extreme condition requirements. The successful fabrication of the Fe3O4/biochar material has been proven by a series of material characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Moreover, the as-product FBP exhibited the excellent ability of photodegrading CIP and the possibility of magnetic recovery from the aqueous solution, suggesting a potential solution for removing antibiotic pollutants in environmental remediation.

Characteristics of inceptisol ameliorated with rice husk biochar to glyphosate adsorption

&lt;p&gt;As an ameliorant, rice husk biochar (RHB) can improve soil quality and long-term carbon absorption and interaction with glyphosate during adsorption. This study investigated the ability of Inceptisol ameliorated with RHB to absorb glyphosate. Inceptisol ameliorated with 40&lt;sup&gt;-t&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; RHB increased the soil surface charge (ΔpH) by improving soil pH H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and soil organic matter. Linear and nonlinear models showed that fitting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms is suitable for this study. The isotherm adsorption of glyphosate sequentially occurs in the Freundlich and Langmuir models (Inceptisol + 40&lt;sup&gt;-t&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; RHB &amp;gt; Inceptisol), where the Freundlich model (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.938) is dominated by glyphosate adsorption on Inceptisol + 40&lt;sup&gt;-t&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; RHB with n of 0.46 and KF of 1.747 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, whereas the Langmuir model (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.8608) with Qm of 30.01 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and KL of 0.08 L mg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at a concentration level of 100 ppm and pH of the glyphosate solution 5.20 units. The glyphosate adsorption was also supported by changes in functional groups, where Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows a decrease in transmittance in the O-H; C=C; C-O; C-H, and mineral groups, indicating an increase in the adsorption capacity in Inceptisol ameliorated with 40&lt;sup&gt;-t&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; RHB. This study indicated that the physicochemical properties of Inceptisol are important in controlling the glyphosate adsorption ability of RHB in soils.&lt;/p&gt;

Residual Effect of Rice Husk Biochar on Growth and Yield of Aerobic Rice

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid material made by pyrolyzing agricultural residual biomass, and it decomposes much more slowly than the biomass from which it is made. Biochar has been shown to have agronomic benefits. Biochar can provide agronomic benefits for a longer period due to its persistence in the soil. The purpose of this research is to gather evidence demonstrating that biochar has a longer effect on increasing aerobic rice productivity. A pot experiment was carried out in UNINUS. The treatments were as follows: control, 20 Mg rice husk biochar (RHB), 40 Mg RHB, 50 Mg RHB, 60 Mg RHB, 10 Mg RHB + 10 Mg composted poultry litter (CPL).ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 20 Mg RHB + 20 Mg CPL.ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 30 Mg RHB + 30 Mg CPL.ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, and 30 Mg RHB + 30 Mg CPL.ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Treatments were started in September 2018, and the effects were measured from February to June 2019. The findings revealed that rice husk biochar and its combination with CPL increased aerobic rice growth (plant height, number of tillers, and yield). The most effective combination rate is the application of biochar and composted poultry litter, 20 Mg RHB + 20 Mg CPL.ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, because it significantly extended the residual effect. The combined application increased rice productivity when compared to a single application of biochar and composted poultry. The residual effect of biochar and composted poultry litter on rice productivity was superior to fresh application.

Removal of toxic metals from aqueous phase using cacao pod husk biochar in the era of green chemistry

Cacao pod husk biochar was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of toxic metals from aqueous phase. Cacao pod husk signifies a readily available source of eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent in Sub-Saharan Africa that has scarcely been paid attention to. The experiment was conducted in a monosystem to determine how cacao pod husk biochar can efficiently adsorb lead (Pb2+), mercury (Hg2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous phase. The experiment was conducted with 100 mL of varied toxic metal concentrations of the aqueous phase with a contact time of 60 min and a constant rotary speed of 14.8 U/min. The removal efficiency of cacao pod husk biochar for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ ranged from 99.20 to 99.94%, 99.97 to 99.99%, and 99.85 to 99.99%, respectively. Freundlich adsorption isotherm was favourable for the adsorption of toxic metals onto the cacao pod husk biochar. The toxic metals had a stronger binding affinity to the cacao pod husk biochar. Hence, cacao pod husk was efficient for toxic metals elimination.

THE EFFECT OF RICE HUSK BIOCHAR AND NPK FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH IN RED YELLOW PODSOLIC SOIL

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an annual plant, In Podsolic Soil. Utilization red-yellow podsolic soil as a growing medium is fact with the characteristics of dense soil and high clay content, low organic matter content, moderate to high base saturation, generally low nutrient content of N, P, K, and low pH. Efforts to improve the physical and chemical properties of red-yellow podzolic soil can be carried out by giving balanced organic matter and inorganic fertilizers so that it is expected to increase soil productivity. One of the organic materials that can be used was rice husk biochar. NPK anorganik fertilizer is an important macro nutrient needed by plants in large quantities so it must be available in sufficient quantities contain the growing media. This study aims were to find the interaction of biochar and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of radish on Red Yellow Podsolik soil. This research was conducted from 27 April – 30 May 2022, in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak. The study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor consisted of planting media, namely husk charcoal biochar (A) which consisted of 3 treatment levels and the second factor was NPK fertilizer (P) with 3 treatment levels. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times and each experimental unit contained 4 sample plants, so there were 108 plants. The variables observed in this study were the number of leaves, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, tuber length, tuber diameter and tuber fresh weight. The results showed that the dose of 10 tons/ha of biochar and 400 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer gave the best results on the growth and yield of radish on red-yellow podzolic soil. Keywords : Fertilizer, Radish, Rice Husk Biochar, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soil, Response.

Improving the Quality of Rice Husk Biochar Through Combined Pretreatment of Rice Husk and Copyrolysis with LDPE

Improving the Quality of Rice Husk Biochar Through Combined Pretreatment of Rice Husk and Copyrolysis with LDPE

GROWTH AND YIELD OF GREEN BEANS RESPONSE ON GIVING NPK AND RICE HUSK BIOCHAR IN ALLUVIAL SOIL

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L) Wilczek) is one of the important legumes or legumes and is widely consumed by the public, especially in Indonesia. Green beans are a source of vegetable protein, vitamins A, B1, C, and E, as well as several other substances that are very beneficial for the human body. Green beans can thrive in loose soil and proper fertilizer application. Rice husk biochar can improve soil physical properties, such as loosening the soil, increasing porosity, aeration, and soil microorganisms, so that roots in the soil can develop properly. NPK fertilizer functions as a supplier of macro nutrients to meet the nutrient needs of plants. This study aims to determine the interaction between NPK and rice husk biochar and to determine the best dose of NPK and rice husk biochar on the growth and yield of green beans in alluvial soil. This research was carried out at a location located in Jl. Sungai Raya Dalam, Pontianak, this research takes place from 22 May 2022 - 11 August 2022. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Split Plot namely the effect of NPK fertilizer and rice husk biochar. In this study there are 2 factors, namely Biochar rice husk (b) as the main plot (main plot) as many as 3 treatment levels and NPK 16:16:16 (p) as subplots with 3 treatment levels so that there were 9 treatment combinations with 3 replications, and 5 plant samples. The total number of plants observed was 135 plants. The first factor is the main plot of rice husk biochar (b): b1 = 3 tons/ha, b2 = 5 tons/ha, b3 = 7 tons/ha. The second factor is NPK fertilizer (p): p1 = 400 kg/ha, p2 = 600 kg/ha, p3 = 800 kg/ha. The variables observed were plant height (cm), root volume (cm3), plant dry weight (g), number of pods per plant (fruit), dry seed weight per plant (g), and 100 seed weight (g). Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the effect of NPK and rice husk biochar interacted on the variables of plant height at 4 WAP, number of pods per plant and dry seed weight per plant. The administration of NPK at a dose of 600 kg/ha and rice husk biochar at a dose of 5 tons/ha was the best dose for growth and yield of green beans with an average weight value of fresh pods per plant, which was 36,5 g/plant. Keywords: Alluvial, Green Beans, NPK, Rice Husk Biochar, Response

Silicon (Si) modification of biochars from different Si-bearing precursors improves cadmium remediation

Silicon (Si) is the main inorganic component in biochar, but its key role in pollutant removal and the corresponding mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, rice husk and wood biochars were modified with calcium silicate (CaSiO3) by ball milling method and used to investigate the removal efficiency of cadmium (Cd) from water and the removal mechanisms underlying the role of dissolved Si in biochar. The modification of biochar resulted in significant decrease in specific surface area, but increase in oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., Si-O, Si-C). The Cd(II) removal efficiency was improved significantly by the modified wood biochar (MSiWB) from 23 % to 57 %, but only slightly (albeit from a higher baseline level) by the modified rice husk biochar (MSiHB) from 95 % to 98 %. It’s the first time to quantitatively verify a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between the dissolved Si in biochar and Cd(II) removal capacity, proving the crucial role of Si in Cd(II) removal via complexation with Si-O-Si groups or cation exchange with silicate minerals. Quantitative analysis of elements and particle size distribution of biochars before and after adsorption showed that the cation exchange of Ca2+ and physical attachment of Cd compound precipitation dominated Cd(II) removal by wood-derived biochar, while the carbon-Si coupled structure of rice husk derived biochar plays an important role in the chemical adsorption of Cd(II). This study provides an important reference for understanding the role of Si in biochar to improve Cd remediation.

Pengaruh Biochar Sekam dan biourine Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.)

This research activity aims to determine the different doses of husk biochar and biourine on the growth and production of rice plants. The activity was carried out in Bulubrangsi Village, Laren, Lamongan, from February to May 2022. The design is Factorial RAK. The first factor was the different doses of biochar husk consisting of control or without biochar, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha. The second factor was the type of biourine which consisted of no biourine, cow biourine, goat biourine. There were 9 treatment combinations with 3 repetitions. In the vegetative phase observed plant height and number of leaves while the generative phase was plant wet weight, panicle length, dry seed weight, dry seed weight per plot, 1000 seed weight. Data processing was analyzed using ANOVA, if there is a significant difference then proceed with the BNT test. The conclusion showed that there was an interaction between the various doses of biochar and biourine treatments on plant height aged 14 and 28 days after planting, number of tillers aged 14 and 42 days after planting. panicle length ages 63, 70, 77, and 84 dap, as well as grain weight per 1000 seeds, fresh weight per plot, and fresh weight per hectare. The best treatment combination was rice husk biochar 10 t/ha and goat biourine.

Pemberian Biochar Sekam Padi Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) Sawah Irigasi Teknis

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food crop of almost all Indonesians. In line with the increase in population from year to year, the need for rice also continues to increase. Therefore, efforts to increase production must continue. On the other hand, the decline in land area due to the conversion of functions from agricultural land to non-agricultural land also causes reduced production. However, in several regions the government has also printed new rice fields, which are generally not on fertile land. Therefore, efforts to increase production through improved farming or intensification, such as the application of new technological developments, need to be done. The aim of this study was to obtain the best dose in administering rice husk biochar for growth and yield of technically irrigated rice fields (Oryza sativa L.). The research was carried out in the Rice Fields of Rawa Medang Village, Batang Asam District, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province which lasted for 5 months, starting from December 26, 2019 to April 19, 2020. The experimental design used was a randomized block design (RAK). Provision of rice husk biochar at several dose levels, namely p0 = without rice husk biochar (300 kg Urea + 100 kg KCl + 100 kg SP-36), p1 = 5 tons ha-1 rice husk biochar + 1⁄2 dose of urea + 1⁄2 dose of KCl + 1⁄2 dose SP-36, p2 = 10 tonnes ha-1 rice husk biochar + 1⁄2 dose of urea +1⁄2doseofKCl+1⁄2doseofSP-36,p3 =15tonnesofha-1 biocharofricehusk+1⁄2doseofurea+ 1⁄2doseofKCl+1⁄2doseofSP-36,p4 =20tonsha-1 ricehuskbiochar+1⁄2doseofurea+1⁄2doseof KCl+1⁄2doseofSP-36,p5 =25tonsha-1 ofricehuskbiochar+1⁄2doseofurea+1⁄2doseofKCl+1⁄2 dose of SP-36. The variables observed were plant height, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, percentage of empty grain per panicle, dry grain yield and weight of 1000 grains of grain. The results showed that giving bochar of rice husk had an effect and could increase the growth and yield of rice plants. Provision of 5 tonnes of rice husk biochar ha-1 to 25 tonnes ha-1 increased the yield of the maximum number of tillers, the number of productive tillers, and the yield of milled dry unhulled rice. Provision of rice husk biochar 25 ton ha-1 gave the best effect on lowland rice plants.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Reapplication of biochar, sewage waste water, and NPK fertilizers affects soil fertility, aggregate stability, and carbon and nitrogen in dry-stable aggregates of semi-arid soil

Biochar has been applied to increased soil nutrients, especially C. In RCBD, control fresh water (CFW), sewage wastewater (SWW), NPK fertilizer, rice husk biochar (RHB), and NPK + RHB treatments were arranged with four replications. Soil chemical properties, dry-stable aggregate fractions [4.75–2.00 (Lma), 1.00–2.00 (Mma), 0.25–1.00 (Sma), and < 0.25 mm (Mia)], and aggregate total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were evaluated over a 4-year period with repeated treatment additions in a vegetable-based rotation system. Soils amended with RHB, NPK and NPK + RHB showed slight acidification but no significant change in exchangeable cation content. The concentration of TC increased with NPK + RHB, NPK and RHB, while TN and available P increased with NPK and NPK + RHB treatments. The SWW increased soil pH and Na+ but decreased K+ concentration. Reapplication of SWW and NPK + RHB resulted in an increase in Lma formation by 28 % and 29 %, and MWD by 19 % and 21 %, respectively. The NPK and NPK + RHB treatments increased TC and TN in all aggregate fractions, while RHB only increased TC in macro-aggregates (4.75–0.25 mm) and TN in Sma. The increase in aggregate TC concentration was approximately 1.50–2.00 folds greater with NPK + RHB than with NPK and RHB treatments. Although the TC concentration was highest in both Mma and Sma fractions with the NPK + RHB treatment, the greater association of Lma (44 %) and Mma (31 %) with soil TC content may significantly affect the soil sustainability. The TC in Mma fraction was reflected in MWD (r = 0.53*, P = 0.05). Reapplication of RHB had limited potential for C and N sequestration in soil aggregates, but its combination with NPK produced a superior response in soil nutrients retention, soil structural stability, and TC and TN sequestration potential in micro- and macro- aggregate fractions. Therefore, NPK + RHB treatment is best suited for the sustainable management of the study and similar soils.