Husband's Level Of Education Research Articles

결혼이민자 여성의 취업에 영향을 미치는 생태체계적 요인에 관한 연구

본 연구는 생태체계적 관점에 근거하여 결혼이민자 여성들의 취업에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인들을 파악하여 결혼이민자 여성들의 취업을 위한 개입시 도움이 될 수 있는 실증적인 자료를 얻고자 하는 목적으로 이루어 졌다. 본 연구의 조사대상자는 울산광역시 지역에 거주하는 229명의 결혼이민자 여성들이며, 조사대상자들의 일반적 특성을 알아보기 위해서는 빈도 및 백분율을 그리고 취업여부에 미치는 생태체계적 요인을 알아보기 위해서는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 결혼이민자여성들의 취업 여부에는 인구사회학적 요인 가운데서는 남편의 학력과 국적취득여부가 그리고 개인체계요인 가운데서는 한국어실력과 직업훈련 경험유무가 통계적으로 유의미하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 가족체계요인 가운데서는 시부모의 지지가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과에 근거하여 결혼 이민자 여성들의 취업을 원조하기 위한 실천적 함의를 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the eco-systemic factors that affect the married immigrant women's employment. The subjects were 229 married immigrant women who live in Ulsan city. Collected date were analyzed through frequency, percentage, and logistic regression analysis. The results are as follows. The factors that affect the married immigrant women's employment are the education level of husband, acquisition of citizenship, Korean language ability, job training experience, and the support of their parent-in-law. According to these findings, intervention strategies that focus on increasing the married immigrant women's employment are suggested.

A Survey on Use of Methods & Knowledge about Contraceptive in Married Women

Family planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. A woman's ability to space and limit her pregnancies has a direct impact on her health and well-being as well as on the outcome of each pregnancy. This was a descriptive cross-Sectional study that 310 marriage females in Hamedan city were simple randomly selected and assessed with interview form including demographic data and knowledge about different contraception s with content validity and Test re test reliability. Data analyzed with SPSS software. To evaluate relationships used X 2 and V- Cramer tests. Maximum sample of research (59.4%) were 20-29 years old, 38.1% were low educated, 44.1% of their husband were diploma & used male condom to prevent pregnancy. The knowledge of 83.2% about contraception method usage was poor, only 16.8% of them had a good knowledge about it. There was significant statistic relationship in knowledge and sample education level (PV<0.0005), their job (FP<0.0005), husband education level and their job (PV: 0.003). There was not significant statistic relationship in another variable with knowledge. It is estimated that over 200 million couples do not use contraceptives, despite wanting to space or limit their childbearing meeting the need for family planning is one of the most cost effective investments to alleviate poverty and improve health. Family planning counselors must be aware of women educational needs and design educational programs according to these needs. Inclusion of high educational needs investigated by this study, in designing effective educational programs is suggested.

Survey women educational needs about routine O.C.P.s

Developing countries have a high population growth rate with a dearth of resources. Despite widespread use of contraceptive methods, the rate of unwanted pregnancies is high. Oral contraceptive pills use is one of the suitable contraceptive methods in young couples to prepare to admit maternal and paternal responsibilities. This was a descriptive cross-Sectional study that 310 women in Hamedan city were selected by simple randomly and assessed with interview form including demographic data and educational needs about OCPs (LD, tri phasic & mini pill) with content validity and Test re test reliability. Data analyzed with SPSS software. To evaluate relationships used X2 test. Maximum sample of research 36.4% had 2 children, 35.4% had unwanted pregnancy, and 13.5% had abortion history. Educational needs 60% about OCP were high, only 40% were moderate. There were significant statistic relationship in educational needs and female education level (PV<0.0005), their job (FP<0.0005), husband education level and his job (PV: 0.003). There was not significant statistic relationship in another variable with their knowledge about OCPs. Poor knowledge of contraceptive methods is due to lack of contraceptive medical counseling. Lack of knowledge is a major contributing factor to contraceptive failures and to about 50% of unwanted pregnancies. Lack of patient knowledge, ineffective contraceptive methods, and inconsistent use of contraception are among the most important factors resulting in contraceptive failure.

Does delivery mode affect women’s postpartum quality of life in rural China?

To explore the impact of delivery mode on women's postpartum quality of life in rural China and probe factors influencing postnatal quality of life. Childbirth significantly affects puerpera's physical, psychological and social domains of quality of life. Under the circumstance of increasing high caesarean section rate in rural China, the impact of delivery mode on postnatal quality of life remains unclear. Cross-sectional study design. Women residing in rural areas and in their 0-12 months after childbirth from 30 rural townships participated in a household survey. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate women's socio-demographic characteristics, previous pregnant experiences, foetal characteristics and use of maternal health services. The scale for rural postnatal quality of life was adopted to assess postnatal quality of life from six dimensions: physical complaints and pain, sleep and energy, sex satisfaction, interpersonal communication, self-evaluated living stress and perceived life satisfaction. The overall caeserean section rate was 70·0% (962/1375), and most of them (59·7%) were selected by maternal request. None of six dimensions and total score of quality of life displayed significant difference between women with normal delivery and cesaerean section. It was found that postnatal home visit related to good postnatal quality of life and lower husband education level, male gender of infant were associated with poor quality of life. Delivery mode did not affect postpartum quality of life in rural China. Socio-cultural determinants may contribute more in influencing postnatal quality of life. Null findings in impact of delivery mode on postpartum quality of life may cause more difficulties in maternal decision-making for vaginal delivery in rural China. The importance of postnatal home visit could justify available and quality postnatal care in improving postpartum quality of life. Further research needs to explore the effective prevention programmes, especially attention for parenting boys.

Sociodemographic associations of intimate partner violence against women in a rural area, El-Minia governorate, Egypt, 2010

Intimate partner violence (IPV) directed towards women is a serious public health problem (Boyle et al. 2009). This population-based study investigated the prevalence of different forms of IPV against women and sociodemographic factors associated with them in a rural area, El-Minia. This was a cross-sectional population-based study that used a questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Face-to face structured interviewing was performed, and 1,502 currently and formerly married women, aged 18 to 65, participated. Bi- and multivariate analyses were carried out using SPSS program for Windows, version 11. The lifetime prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional violence was 30.3%, 7.3% and 49.3%, respectively. Factors independently associated with all categories of abuse included being separated/divorced/widowed, having three or more children, lacking social support, the woman's low educational level, the husband's low educational level and the husband having more than one wife. IPV against women is commonly occurring in rural El-Minia. There is an obvious need for preventive and treatment activities. Health care staff at all levels are in need of training in how to address victimized women and their partners.

Differential Pattern of Duration of Waiting Time to Conception of Women in Manipur

To investigate the differential pattern of duration of waiting time to conception of women in Manipur by using survival analysis technique, a sample of 1225 currently married women having at least one live birth is included in the study. The estimated median duration of waiting time to conception and cumulative proportion of women who have not conceived at specified months by socio-demographic and behavioural factors are obtained by using life table methods. Log-rank test is applied to check the significant variations in the duration of waiting time to conception with socio-demographic and behaviouial factors. The median duration of waiting time to conception is 18 months. Among the fifteen variables of interest, age at marriage of wife, parity, infant mortality, lactation, use of contraceptives, religion, educational level of husband and wife, employment status of husband and income are found to be highly influential (at least P< 0.01) factors on the duration of waiting time to conception. Sex of child has a significant (P< 0.05) impact on the dynamics of duration of waiting time to conception.

ALOKASI PENGELUARAN RUMAH TANGGA UNTUK KONSUMSI BAHAN PANGAN DI KELURAHAN KEBUMEN KABUPATEN KEBUMEN

The objectives of this paper are (1) to know how much household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen, (2) to know the factors affecting household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen. Household expenditure allocation for food consumption in kelurahan Kebumen is food expenditure percentage to total income for a month. Affecting factors were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Dependent variable used is householod expenditure allocation for food consumption and independent variables used are the number of family members, wife’s age, education level of husband, education level ofwife, husband’s work time, wife’s work time, comparison of adult member with totally family members, and household’s income. The result show that household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen IS 51,33% of total income, it means that household in Kelurahan Kebumen are still poor. Affrcting factors to household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen are the number of family members, comparison of adult with totally familt members, and household income.

Behavioral Dichotomy In Sexuality During Pregnancy And Effect Of Birth-Week Intercourse On Pregnancy Outcomes In An Iranian Population.

Background: Sexuality in pregnancy is extensively investigated in European, American and some eastern Asian countries but not well studied in some Middle East countries like Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of sexuality in a given Iranian population and to investigate possible association between sexual activity pattern during pregnancy and some maternity and fetal health outcomes. Methods: In this pregnancy cohort study, 74 pregnant women receiving prenatal care form Asadabadi and Alzahra university hospital prenatal care units were enrolled. They were studied for their sexuality in pregnancy, their attitudes toward it and effect of birth-week intercourse on maternity and child health. Results: Having an intercourse during the last week of pregnancy was observed in 24.3 percent of women with a mean of 1.4 times among these subjects. Cumulative number of previous intercourses, intercourse at a prior week and husband educational level were the three independent predictors of having intercourse birth week in multivariate regression analysis. Although women with lower educational level and women who had higher satisfaction score during the previous intercourse showed higher percentage of birth-week intercourse, but the results were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Desire for and satisfaction of sexual intercourse had less trend variation throughout the pregnancy. Having more than two intercourses during the birth week significantly increased the chance of developing prom(P<0.01). Having Apgar score equal to seven versus higher Apgar scores was significantly more likely among women with more than one intercourse during the birth-week. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the existence of a behavioral dichotomy in sexuality during pregnancy in an Iranian population: One substantially conservative behavior and one relatively non-cautious sexual behavior.

The Influence of Wives' and Husbands' Education Levels On Contraceptive Method Choice in Nepal, 1996-2006

The association between education level and fertility, contraceptive behavior and method choice has been extensively researched, but little is known about how the education differential between husbands and wives in Nepal may influence the choice of specific methods.Data collected from currently married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 in the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys of 1996, 2001 and 2006 were analyzed to identify shifts in the education levels of husbands and wives and the influence of those shifts on couples' current contraceptive method use over the past decade. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed associations between method choice and each partner's education level, the education differential between partners and a combined education measure.Although the wife's education level was associated with the type of method used by the couple, the husband's education level had more influence on the use of male sterilization and condoms. For example, men with any secondary or higher education were more likely than those with none to rely on either of these methods (relative risk ratios, 1.6-2.1). Furthermore, couples in which the husband had at least six more years of education than the wife also showed increased reliance on male sterilization or condoms (1.6-1.8). Differences in the use of any method of family planning by education level have narrowed considerably in the past decade, although differentials remain in the use of some methods.A better understanding of how wives' and husbands' relative educational attainment affects decisions on their contraceptive choices is needed, particularly when both education levels and contraceptive use are increasing.

ANALISIS DISKRIMINAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN INDIKATOR GARIS KEMISKINAN

&lt;p class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"&gt;The objectives of this study are to: 1) determine poverty line gold standard of farmers, 2) compare the gold standard with existing poverty line i.e. Sajogyo, Central Bureau of Statistics, BKKBN, World Bank US $ 1 and World Bank US $ 2, and 3) derive poverty indicators. This research was conducted in Subang, West Java. As many as 522 farmer households were collected as sample through stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. Data collected include socio-economic, income, expenditure, food consumption, health, anthropometry, agriculture aspects and living cost component and their prices. The Gold Standard was obtained through distribution standard normal while poverty indicator was derived through discriminant analysis. The results show that the poverty line gold standard of farmer is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"&gt;Rp. 457,558/capita/month which is equivalent to 2.29 gram of gold/capita/month. Discriminant analysis give five indicators of poverty namely, number of households member, husband education level, nutritional status of children, frequency of egg consumption, and land size manage by farmers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Opinions of married women about potential causes and triggers of intimate partner violence against women. A cross-sectional investigation in an Iranian city

BackgroundPopulation-based perception studies on potential causes and triggers of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) may enlighten context-relevant primary preventive actions in settings where data are limited. This study, conducted in one specific city, deals with married women's opinions concerning potential causes and triggers of IPVAW and seeks to highlight areas of consensus and divergence in the views.MethodsA convenient sample of women aged 25–45 years and married for at least 5 years was consecutively recruited in the 48 public health centres of Kermanshah city, where free health services are provided to mothers and children under 6 years old. Respondents were individually interviewed on site by trained and experienced female interviewers (response rate 94.3%). A structured pilot-tested questionnaire was used that consisted mainly of closed questions about individual assessment of the extent to which various items could be regarded as a potential cause, a potential trigger or a potential consequence of IPVAW. Individual item frequencies were compiled and the association between socio-demographic attributes of the spouses and also respondents' prior exposure to violence and women answers was explored.ResultsFor most factors covered, women mainly "agreed" or "agreed very much" about their potential as a trigger or a cause of IPVAW; agreements were stronger for individual-related potential causes. Generally, women's socio-demographic characteristics and prior victimisation did not much affect the opinions they expressed. For some triggers however, women's own occupation and their husband's educational level affected how much in agreement they were.ConclusionThe women interviewed consider that most potential causes and triggers proposed may, at some point in a relationship, engender IPVAW. In the main, their views are not much altered by their own and their husbands' socioeconomic position or their prior victimisation. It remains to be seen whether married men and, for that matter, even women married for a shorter duration or from other settings will answer in a similar manner.

Fathers’ functional status during pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Objective to determine the functional status of fathers whose wives were pregnant or in the early postnatal period. Sample and setting the research population comprised 3750 fathers whose wives were pregnant or in the early postnatal period, and who were registered at a primary health clinic in the province centre. The research sample comprised 275 husbands of women who were registered at these clinics and who were in at least their 28th week of a normal (not at-risk) pregnancy with a single fetus, or who were in the early postnatal period (6–8 weeks postnatal) following birth of a single baby between the 38th and 42nd week without complications. Due to fathers declining to participate in the study or unable to participate because of busy work schedules, the research was completed with 155 fathers-to-be and 93 fathers; in total, 90% of the target sample was reached. A sociodemographic survey and the Inventory of Functional Status—Fathers were used for data collection and to describe the functional abilities of fathers-to-be and fathers. Findings no statistically significant differences were found in functional status between the husbands of pregnant women and the husbands of women in the early postnatal period. Number of pregnancies was not significantly related to any of the seven subscales of fathers’ functional status; age of husband, length of marriage and occupation of wife were significantly related to one subscale; occupation of husband and health insurance were significantly related to two subscales; income status of husband and educational level of wife were significantly related to three subscales; and educational level of husband was significantly related to four subscales. Conclusion although there was no significant difference in functional status for the husbands of pregnant women and the husbands of postnatal women, sociodemographic factors were found to have an effect.

Determinants of Sterilization among Married Couples in Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of sterilization in South Korea. This study was based on the data from the Korea National Fertility Survey carried out in the year 2000 by the Korea Institute of Health and Social Affairs. The subjects of the analysis were 4,604 women and their husbands who were in their first marriage, in the age group of 15-49 years. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, the woman's age and the number of total children increased the likelihood of sterilization. In addition, the year of marriage had a strong positive association with sterilization. Interestingly, the number of surviving sons tended to increase the likelihood of sterilization, whereas the woman's education level and age at the time of marriage showed a negative association with sterilization. Religion, place of residence, son preference, and the husband's education level, age and type of occupation were not significant determinants of sterilization. The sex of previous children and lower level of education are distinct determinants of sterilization among women in South Korea. More studies are needed in order to determine the associations between sterilization rate and decreased fertility.

Physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya, Turkey

In Turkey, violence against women was established as a critical area of concern related to women and various prevention strategies have been developed since 1980. There are limited numbers of studies on violence during pregnancy in the country. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya province and the associated factors. A cross-sectional interview survey was conducted among pregnant women living in Malatya province between October 2003 and May 2004. Stratified probability-proportional-to-size sampling methodology was used for selecting the study population. A total of 824 pregnant women from 60 clusters were studied. Association between violence prevalences and womens' sociodemographic, fertility and behavioural characteristics were evaluated. During pregnancy 31.7% of women were exposed to any form of violence. Emotional violence was the most frequently reported form (26.7%), followed by sexual (9.7%) and physical violence (8.1%). Regular smoking [odds ratio (OR) 1.6], unwanted pregnancy (OR 1.8), living in urban area (OR 1.5), low education level of husband (OR 1.7), low family income (OR 1.9) and being in second trimester (OR 1.4) were determined to be the main predictors of overall violence during pregnancy. Violence during pregnancy is a common public health problem in Malatya. Low education level in partners, low family income, husband's unemployment, urban settlement, unwanted pregnancy and smoking should alert health staff towards violence at pregnancy and training of health personnel on the subject is recommended.

Consanguinity and Associated Socio-Demographic Factors in Qatari Population

A multi-stage sampling design was used between January and May 2004 to explore the association between sociodemographic factors and consanguineous marriages in the Qatari population using a sample of 1800 Qatari females aged 15 years and above. Data on 1515 (85.8%) Qatari national families who gave their consent for the study were obtained. The socio-demographic factors considered were: husband's age, her own age, husband's and own educational levels, husband's occupationher own occupation, housing conditions, husband's parental kinship, her own parental kinship and kinship between the spouses. The rate of consanguineous marriages in the sample was found to be 54% with 95% estimated population confidence limits 52.4% to 55.6%. Consanguinity was more common for women with educated husbands (secondary or university / high) and the frequency of consanguineous marriage significantly increased when the husband's educational level was higher (p = 0.003). The results of stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of consanguineous marriages showed that the wife's education, the husband's education and parents’ consanguinity status were the only significant associated variables.

Conformity to Parental Rules: Asymmetric Influences of Father's and Mother's Levels of Education

The relative effects of both parents' educational levels on their child‐rearing values were examined by analysing data from a sample of Dutch families (N=589). This research focuses upon dominance of fathers over mothers with respect to the value placed on children's conformity to parental rules. We argue that for this kind of research ‘diagonal reference models’ are preferred. Application of these models shows asymmetric patterns of influence, i.e. ‘male dominance’: wives' child‐rearing values are more in line with their husband's educational level than with own educational attainment. Mothers' adjustment is even more pronounced in the case of family conflict.

Injury

Abstract PURPOSE: In the past few years violence against wives has become documented with increasing frequency. It occurs at all social levels, though some authors have claimed that it is much more frequent in poor families. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of domestic physical violence against women and associated factors during 2000 in Sanandaj city, Iran. METHODS: A random sample of 1000 married women, resident in Sanan-daj city, Iran, were administered a standardized interview and completed a 23-part questionnaire during 2000. This was a cross- sectional study. Sanandaj city is divided into 16 urban health centers; each health center has a health file for each household. The number of women selected from each health center was proportional to the size of the population served by each center. The questionnaire included the following variables: age, educational level of wife and husband, the woman's occupation; the number of children (number of sons), the age of the husband and wife at marriage, the length of the marriage, the number of episodes of spousal violence in the past year, and the respondent's opinion about the reason for spousal violence and strategies for prevention. Subjects were interviewed by students of the Medical University of Kurdistan. The interviewers underwent standardized training. RESULTS: 15% and 38% of the women responding to the questionnaire reported being assaulted by their husbands during the past year or at some point during their marriage, respectively, on 1 to 11 or more different occasions. Economic problems were the most frequent reported cause of domestic quarrels. There was a significant association between the husband's and wife's educational level and occurrence of violent behavior committed against the wife (p = 0.001); approximately 10% of episodes, however, occurred in women whose husbands had a high educational degree. The husband's job was also significantly associated with occurrence of violent behavior committed against his wife. CONCLUSION: This study confirms a high frequency of physical violence against women by their husbands. Cultural education and supportive measures are essential to reduce this behavior.

Age gap between the spouses in the Union Territory of Pondicherry

The data we report upon this paper-micro survey data from married female respondents in the Union Territory of Pondicherry-show that better socio-economic status of women is associated with a smaller age gap between the spouses. Female age at marriage, female educational level, women's occupatioal status and husband's educational level were found to be the principal determinants in that order. The first of these (female age at marriage) was a proximate determinant; it increased due to the effect of socio-economic variables, especially wife's education, wife's occupation and husband's education. Improvements in the socio-economic and demographic status of women are expected to narrow down the age gap, but not to completely eliminate it. Even in the European countries such a gap exists, tough in a smaller range.

Depression and Husband's Support in Married Women

This study was conducted to explore depression, husband's support, the differences of these variables according to general characteristics, and the correlation of these variables in married women. The data was collected from May 2000 till July 2000 by using a questionnaire. The subjects were 419 married women in the area of Seoul and Kyunggi-Do. The data was analized using the SPSS program The results were as follows : 1. The mean score and standard deviation of depression was with the range scoring from 0 to 52. The mean score and standard deviation of the husband's support was with the range scoring the from 0 to 36. 2. The variables influencing depression were the woman's education level, the husband's education level, home income, marrital satisfaction, menstruation status, and sex related problems. The variables influencing husband's support were the woman's age, the husband's age, the women's education level, the husband's education level, the husband's religion, the husband's job, the home income, marrital period, marrital satisfaction, menstruation status, and sex related problems. 3. There was a moderative negative correlation between anxiety and the husband's support. In conclusion, community health nurses must plan and implement programs improving the husband's support in order to decrease depression in married women.

Gender based violence : A study of Ajmer city

Around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Most often the abuser is a member of her own family. Increasingly, gender-based violence is recognized as a major public health concern and violation of human rights. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the interrelationship between husband's violence and educational level of wives; husband's violence and occupational status of wives with various types of tortures and causes of violence against women. It is observed through obtained data from the Ajmer city of Rajasthan that education and occupation are playing an important positive role, which suggests that women development, reproductive rights and empowerment are main key factors to reduce gender based violence.