Husband's Death Research Articles

The study on the first women doctors in Korea, AHN Soo-kyung, KIM Young-heung, and KIM Hae-ji.

This study examined three women, AHN Soo-kyung, KIM Youngheung and KIM Hae-ji, who were officially licensed as doctors for the first time in Joseon. I wanted to find a new "starting point" of women's medicine history by scrutinizing their home environment, medical classes, graduation and medical license, and life after becoming doctors. The parents of KIM Young-heung and KIM Hae-ji might have been enlightened and Christians. AHN Soo-kyung did not have a Christian family. Her father, AHN Wang-geo, who was both an educator and a poet, was aware of the need for women's education or modern education. Female medical missionaries such as Rosetta S. Hall and Mary Cutler also worked hard to get them admitted to the medical class. They went to school with a female guardian and a brother and adapted to school life safely. After graduating from Kyongsung Medical College they obtained doctors' licenses and continued their medical activities at the hospital. KIM Young-heung actively engaged in social activities as a female intellectual by giving public lectures. She worked as a doctor in Kyongsung, Pyongyang, and Incheon. KIM Hae-ji did medical work and got married in Pyongyang. However, she had a hard time due to her husband's death and a medical accident. In the end, she seems to have left the medical field by returning her medical license. AHN Soo-kyung had been working at Dongdaemun (East Gate) Women's Hospital for more than 20 years and was willing to participate in what she could do as a woman, doctor and intellectual. Therefore, she established a free maternity clinic in the hospital. She defended Joseon's students and hospitals in protest of the controversy of nursing school and the move to abolish Dongdaemun Women's Hospital. She quietly participated in the Dong-Ah Women's Association and 6.10 the Independence Movement by doing anything she could do to help. She had a shy personality, but she faithfully fulfilled her duty as a doctor with a strong professional sense that saving people was her calling.

J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures: A Theological Perspective by Noelle M. Heber

Reviewed by: J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures: A Theological Perspective by Noelle M. Heber Mark A. Peters (bio) Noelle M. Heber. J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures: A Theological Perspective. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2021. xxi, 264 pp. In J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures: A Theological Perspective, Noelle M. Heber seeks to bring together two realms that modern readers may consider separate, but that J. S. Bach and his German Lutheran contemporaries would not: the "sacred" and the "secular." Her focus in this regard is "treasure," both Bach's own financial situation and conceptions of wealth and poverty in Lutheran theology and Bach's church compositions. Chapters 1 and 7 primarily address Bach's biography, while chapters 2–6 each address a particular theological theme related to wealth and poverty in Bach's church cantatas and the St. Matthew Passion. Heber indicates that the book's key word, "treasure," translates the German "Schatz," used in Luther's Bible translation for concepts such as "riches," "money," or "silver and gold," as well as metaphorically for spiritual riches (9). A key New Testament passage related to these concepts is Matthew 6:19–21, which recounts the words of Jesus contrasting "treasures upon earth" with "treasures in heaven." Heber further notes that in Lutheran theology this contrast of heavenly and earthly treasure was regularly paralleled with discussions of material and spiritual poverty (10). In chapter 1, "Bach's Material Treasures: Career, Salary, and Freelancing," Heber provides an invaluable account of Bach's relationship with finances. The chapter provides a comprehensive summary of Bach's financial situation throughout his life, with extensive reference to primary and secondary sources. It addresses Bach's salary at his various positions, with particular attention to the unstable nature of his Leipzig salary. Heber further details Bach's other sources of income, including payments from legacies and foundations, weddings and funerals, instrument maintenance and other church-related payments, freelance work, organ examinations, guest performances, private music lessons, publications, instrument sales and rentals, and direction of the Leipzig Collegium Musicum. Heber concludes that Bach's total income must have been higher than is often quoted and documents how Bach was regularly paid more than other musicians for doing the same job. Her final consideration of Anna Magdalena Bach's financial state after her husband's death should be read in [End Page 233] conjunction with David Yearsley's treatment of this topic in his Sex, Death, and Minuets: Anna Magdalena Bach and Her Musical Notebooks.1 In chapter 6, "A Widow's Song," Yearsley provides a detailed analysis of Anna Magdalena's finances after her husband's death, then contextualizes this with a study of contemporary devotional writings and songs (for both church and home) addressing widowhood. In chapters 2–6 of J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures, Heber shifts to address Bach's church compositions in the context of Lutheran theology of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Each chapter addresses a different theological aspect related to wealth and poverty, focused on Bach's compositions for a particular liturgical occasion. Chapter 2 explores Jesus's suffering, servanthood, and poverty in relation to five Bach cantatas composed for the three days of Christmas (Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ BWV 91, Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe BWV 197a, part I of the Christmas Oratorio, Christum wir sollen loben schon BWV 121, and Süsser Trost, mein Jesus kömmt BWV 151). Chapter 3 focuses on the potential positive and negative uses of wealth as reflected in three of Bach's cantatas for the Ninth Sunday after Trinity (Herr, gehe nicht ins Gericht BWV 105, Was frag ich nach der Welt BWV 94, and Tue Rechnung! Donnerwort BWV 168). In chapter 4, Heber then discusses Bach's cantatas for the First Sunday after Trinity (Die Elenden sollen essen BWV 75, O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort BWV 20, Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot BWV 39), with its Gospel reading narrating Jesus's parable of the rich man and Lazarus and its implications of the eternal consequences of riches and poverty in earthly life. Chapter 5 examines Bach's cantatas related to the story...

A Marriage Out West: Theresa and Frank Russell's Explorations in Arizona, 1900–1903 by Theresa Russell, Nancy J. Parezo and Don D. Fowler

Reviewed by: A Marriage Out West: Theresa and Frank Russell's Explorations in Arizona, 1900–1903 by Theresa Russell, Nancy J. Parezo and Don D. Fowler Heidi J. Osselaer A Marriage Out West: Theresa and Frank Russell's Explorations in Arizona, 1900–1903. By Theresa Russell, Nancy J. Parezo, and Don D. Fowler. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2020. Pp. 457. Illustrations, notes, references, index.) In 1900, Harvard anthropology instructor Frank Russell took his bride, Theresa, on an unusual honeymoon to northern Arizona. The location was chosen because Frank was suffering from tuberculosis and they hoped the arid climate would alleviate his condition, but also because he was seeking a significant site to excavate to enhance his professional credentials. Over the next four years, the young couple traveled more than 4,000 miles throughout the territory, journeys that authors Parezo and Fowler suggest were "done in haste and at first glance appear to be random wanderings to locate a Holy Grail" (10). The book is divided into three quite distinct parts. The first section is a lengthy overview of Frank's travails in the academic world and will interest scholars seeking an understanding of the careers of pioneering archaeologists, ethnologists, and anthropologists. After years of fruitless searching for a site to excavate, Frank finally pivoted his research to focus on recording the memories of O'odham elders in southern Arizona. This section does not rehash his findings—those were published in The Pima Indians, which was ghost written by Theresa after Frank's death in 1903—but instead provides in-depth coverage of Frank's frustrations with securing funding and working with government agencies, all while balancing his academic teaching load, reminding us that little has changed in the profession over the past century. Parezo and Fowler's portrayal of the Russells pulls no punches, revealing that they saw their own culture as superior to the Indigenous cultures they studied and that they placed precedence on their own research over the concerns of their subjects. The authors also show Theresa's personal growth as she adjusted to her new life "out West," learning some of the skills of her husband's trade—to pack artifacts or piece together pottery fragments—while overcoming the challenges of living in primitive conditions where scorching heat and the absence of water could be deadly. With Frank's encouragement Theresa eventually "overcame her preconceptions about proper dress and ladylike behavior" and adjusted to living in the desert (72). During their travels, Theresa kept a journal, which, after Frank's death, she published as a twelve-part serial titled "In Pursuit of a Graveyard: Being the Trail of an Archaeological Wedding Journey" in Charles Lummis's Out West magazine. Excerpts from her travelogue, along with commentary from the authors, form the second, and strongest, part of the book. Theresa's witty and enjoyable writing deserves to be included in the pantheon [End Page 491] of Euro American women who wrote about frontier Arizona, including Martha Summerhayes, Clara Spalding Brown, and of course Sharlot Hall. For example, when asked by her husband what she thought about their temporary residence, she responded, "Well, you'll just carry that little problem of Immensity around with you as long as you run about in the desert. You'll never be able to leave it behind" (192–193). Of a sunset that broke her heart with its "flippant garishness," she wrote, "'Why, my beautiful Desert,' you hear yourself saying, 'I did not suppose you had it in you!'" (184). The last section of the book examines Theresa's life after her husband's death, when she was an English professor at Stanford University, and it provides keen insight into how women of her era navigated professional careers. One appendix provides both Frank and Theresa's journal entries while a second appendix catalogs their archaeological work. By trying to fit these three sections, each with different audiences, into one volume, Parezo and Fowler muddle their message, but Theresa Russell's writings shine in A Marriage Out West, and by resurrecting these two people from obscurity the authors make an important contribution to the history of the Southwest. Heidi J. Osselaer Scottsdale, Arizona...

To the Promised Land: Martin Luther King and the Fight for Economic Justice by Michael K. Honey

Reviewed by: To the Promised Land: Martin Luther King and the Fight for Economic Justice by Michael K. Honey Marcia Chatelain To the Promised Land: Martin Luther King and the Fight for Economic Justice. By Michael K. Honey. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2018. Pp. xii, 241. $34.99, ISBN 978-1-4328-5047-0.) Each January, scholars and activists alike prepare to refute superficial and simplistic tributes to Martin Luther King Jr. The widespread celebration of the King holiday—from churches to schools to corporations—makes this difficult. King's legacy is invoked to promote empty multiculturalism and facile ideas of change, and it reflects erasures in civil rights history. Historian Michael K. Honey rights some of these wrongs in To the Promised Land: Martin Luther King and the Fight for Economic Justice. With clear writing and a thoughtful voice, Honey guides readers through pivotal movements of King's life by foregrounding his tense and symbiotic relationships with the labor movement. Honey adds texture to King's journey from being a descendant of people who "experienced deep poverty in the countryside" to the supporter of striking sanitation workers in Memphis the day before his assassination (p. 22). Honey emphasizes that King's path was sometimes cleared, and sometimes muddied, by an interracial, but not always harmoniously integrated, labor movement. Honey provides a biographically driven look at how the labor movement formed King's leadership style and strategies. King's class consciousness emerged early, with his having lived in Jim Crow Atlanta, and grew sharper during his years at Morehouse College, when he partially financed his education by doing manual labor jobs. King wrote, "I saw economic injustice firsthand, and realized that the poor white was exploited just as much as the Negro" (p. 28). King's belief that economic injustice knew no color and demanded solidarity did not always resonate with working-class whites in labor unions. King not only had to overcome the racism within union hierarchies but also had to contend with virulent red-baiting. Honey notes that the 1955 merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) led to barriers for King. "These tragic developments of the Cold War era," Honey writes, "cut short hopes that civil rights and labor organizing would move forward together" (p. 35). Although the movements unfolded at different speeds, labor unions such as the International Longshore and Warehouse Union and AFL-CIO affiliate the United Packinghouse Workers of America continued to provide support for King. The tensions between King and the AFL-CIO extended into other realms of Cold War politics, including King's support for a "third way" approach to reconciling impulses toward "capitalism and communism," in newly independent nations around the world (p. 61). While chronicling King's relationship to the labor leaders who supported efforts like the March on Washington, Honey connects King's work with the other signs of growing hostility toward organized workers. For instance, King was indicted in Alabama for violating "a state antiboycott law," a measure that had been passed to curtail union mobilization; and the 1964 Civil Rights Act ensured workers of color rights to "union apprenticeships" and provided other worker protections (pp. 41, 62). The second half of the book traces the years from the height of labor–civil rights coalition building, epitomized in the United Auto Workers' support of the Selma-to-Montgomery [End Page 548] march, to the day of King's death, the day after his speech that demanded a "dangerous unselfishness" in behalf of workers (chap. 6). Honey's book ends in the present, with an overview of failures to realize King's vision. Yet the sober and optimistic tone of the narrative continues as Honey describes the electoral victories and continued work of racially progressive labor organizing, and he recognizes Coretta Scott King's labor activism after her husband's death. Honey concludes the book by wondering if we are closer to King's hope for a world where "'resources are held not for ourselves alone but as instruments of service for the rest of humanity.'" "Are we moving in that direction?," Honey asks. And, with King, he...

FEMINISASI KEMISKINAN DI DESA PRAMBON

The feminization of poverty which has the meaning of women's poverty is the cause of the government to take action in the form of a program of combining Poverty Mitigation Mitigation. This program is one of the instruments of control that is expected in its implementation to actually be able to actually solve the problem of poverty problems based on women at the family level. Prambon Village is one of the villages that has households with female head of households (KRTP) with a welfare level of 10 Lowest% (Decile 1). This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and describing the conditions of feminization of poverty in the village of Prambon. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection which is done by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 types of feminization of poverty experienced by female household heads who receive assistance in the Palin Matrix Mitigation Mitigation Program in Prambon Village which includes 3 female household heads due to divorce, 1 female household head with husband's disability, and 16 female household heads with husband's death condition.

FEMINISASI KEMISKINAN DI DESA PRAMBON

The feminization of poverty which has the meaning of women's poverty is the cause of the government to take action in the form of a program of combining Poverty Mitigation Mitigation. This program is one of the instruments of control that is expected in its implementation to actually be able to actually solve the problem of poverty problems based on women at the family level. Prambon Village is one of the villages that has households with female head of households (KRTP) with a welfare level of 10 Lowest% (Decile 1). This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and describing the conditions of feminization of poverty in the village of Prambon. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection which is done by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 types of feminization of poverty experienced by female household heads who receive assistance in the Palin Matrix Mitigation Mitigation Program in Prambon Village which includes 3 female household heads due to divorce, 1 female household head with husband's disability, and 16 female household heads with husband's death condition.

Suicidal ideation among Nepali widows: an exploratory study of risk factors and comorbid psychosocial problems.

Suicide is a leading cause of death among Nepali women of reproductive age. Suicidal ideation has known associations with stressful life events, which Nepali widows disproportionately experience. We aimed to identify risk and protective factors that could lead to effective interventions for this population. To study suicidal ideation in Nepali widows, we collected data from 204 women in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas whose husbands died at least one year prior. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, Somatic Symptom Scale-8, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Overall severity of prolonged grief was assessed by a counselor after completing a structured clinical interview. Using multivariate regression models, we assessed associations of sociodemographic and psychosocial indicators with past-year suicidal ideation. Latent profile analysis was also performed to estimate profiles of comorbidities. Past-year suicidality was high, with 16.2% (N = 33). Each year increase since husband's death was protective and reduced odds of ideation 8% (95% CI 0.85-0.98) and being educated and of older age also reduced the odds of ideation by 0.21 (95% CI 0.06-0.70), and 0.09 (95% CI 0.01-0.64), respectively. Depression (OR = 6.37, 95% CI 2.78-14.59), PTSD (OR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.15-6.86), prolonged grief (OR = 6.04, 95% CI 3.04-12.00) and anxiety (OR = 6.52, 95% CI 2.96-14.38) were highly associated with suicidality, and mapped onto the three profiles of increasing mental distress severity. Suicide remains a major issue among Nepali widows, showing high comorbidity with other mental disorders. Screening for depression, anxiety, and prolonged grief, may aid in identifying widows at increased risk of suicidal ideation.

The Inheritance Rights of the Child Born as a result of the Transfer of the Cryopreserved Gamete or Embryo to the Mother’s Uterus After the Death of the Husband (Posthumously Conceived Child)

İsviçre Medeni Kanunu m. 542/f.1, Türk Medeni Kanunu m. 580/f.1 ve Alman Medeni Kanunu § 1923/f.1 hükümleri uyarınca mirasçı olabilmek için mirasbırakanın ölümünde sağ olmak gerekmektedir. Ancak bu hukuk düzenlerinde mirasbırakanın ölümünde ona mirasçı olmak için sağ olunması koşuluna bir istisna tanınmış ve miras açıldığında (mirasbırakanın ölüm anında) ceninin bulunması halinde sağ doğan cenin, mirasçı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hatta cenin doğana kadar mirasın paylaşımının ertelenmesi imkânı getirilmiştir. Teknolojide ve tıpta meydana gelen gelişmeler aile yapısını da etkilemektedir. Günümüzde yapay döllenmenin tanıdığı imkânlar başta olmak üzere çeşitli sebeplerle hukukun birçok alanını etkileyen yeni sorunların ortaya çıkması muhtemeldir. 1970’li yıllarda bir erkeğin spermlerinin dondurulması ve öldükten sonra kullanılması hususu akla bile gelmezken, tıp alanında meydana gelen gelişmeler karşısında bu durum artık mümkün hale gelmiştir. Kocanın ölümü halinde dondurulmuş embriyonun ana rahmine transferi veya dondurulmuş spermlerinin kullanılmasına bazı hukuk düzenlerinde izin verilmektedir. Dolayısıyla kocanın ölümünden sonra, dondurulmuş embriyonun yahut kocanın sperminin yapay döllenmesi neticesinde sağ ve tam doğan çocuğun miras hukuku bakımından durumu çözülmesi gereken bir mesele olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kocanın ölümünden sonra ana rahmine transfer edilmiş olan embriyonun mirasçılığı karşılaştırmalı hukuk açısından ele alınacaktır.

The Price of Blood

Abstract The discourse of loyalty produces tense predicaments for those living under counterinsurgency regimes. The essay explores this theme by analyzing the case of a Kashmiri woman who found herself in a political drama when she accepted “blood money” from the person accused of causing her husband's death. The woman's decision accompanied moral turmoil in her village, and rumors of her “betrayal” circulated. However, the turmoil threatened to go beyond this localized setting. It brought to fore the fraught implications of “loyalty” shaped by India's occupation in Kashmir, its nationalist staging of Kashmiris as the subversive other, and schisms within Kashmir's historical independence movement. By tracing how rumors of individual betrayal were laced onto narratives of political treason in the case, the essay reveals the counterinsurgency as the operative context of broken intimate and intercommunity relations in which the personal is always at the threshold of becoming intensely public.

Perceived social support among widowed women in Jordan: An exploratory study

The purpose of this study was to explore the level of perceived social support among widowed women due to particular demographic variables. Total of 422-volunteered widow participated in this study; they were randomly chosen from the beneficiaries of one of the social welfare organisation. They responded to the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results revealed that the level of perceived social support among widowed women was moderate, the support from significant others was the highest as perceived by widows, followed by social support from family, perceived social support from friends was the least. Also, results indicated no significant differences in perceived social support due to widows' age, number and age stages Jordan and to identify the statistically significant differences in perceived social support of children, educational level, place of residence, and Husband's death years. The significant differences were found in the variable related to the place of residence of widowed women.

Becoming Female Head of a Household: By Force or by Choice?

This study sets forth to uncover the background stories of the female heads of households i.e., the routes through which they become the heads of the household in Bangladesh context. The study included 22 purposively selected female heads from Rajshahi—a northwest district in Bangladesh. Using a semi-structured interview guide, qualitative in-depth interviewing technique was employed to gather the detailed life story of the women household heads. To generate themes, qualitative thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the interview texts. The findings suggest that the dissolution of marriage, either by the death of husband or divorce or separation, is the main reason for the development of (de jure) female headships irrespective of economic class and place of living. Only in few cases, situations like husband’s out-migration, disability and/or inability to earn an income thrust the (de facto) headship on the women. The study indicates that no woman, regardless of their class positions and places of living, take the charge of household headship willingly. As a qualitative study, the findings of the current study could be flawed by lack of generalization. The study offers empirical knowledge about the experiences of the female heads of households which could provide useful insights for the social workers and policy makers to have a better understanding about the diverse needs of female heads in Bangladesh. The route to female headship in Bangladesh is rarely studied. The current study is an attempt to fill up the study gap.

The labor force participation of Indian women before and after widowhood.

BACKGROUNDDue to its young age structure and taboos on widow remarriage, India has a large and relatively young female widow population. Many of India’s widows are in prime working ages. India has one of the lowest female labor force participation rates in the world.OBJECTIVEThis paper calculates the effect of widowhood on the labor force participation of Indian widows. The analysis documents how labor force participation changes associated with widowhood vary by age, caste/religion, relation to head of household, rural/urban status, and region.METHODSUsing the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), the analysis tracks 3,217 women who experience the loss of their spouse between the two survey waves. Individual fixed effects regressions are used to measure the association between the transition to widowhood and changes in the number of days worked in the past year.RESULTSWidowhood was associated with a decrease in days worked for older women; but for women widowed before age 52, widowhood was associated with a large increase in the number of days they worked. Widows who joined the labor force were more likely to gain employment in permanent and salaried work than married women. Widows who resided with their in-laws or who became the household head after their husband’s death saw increases in their work participation whereas those who lived in households headed by their adult children experienced negative widowhood effects on their work participation.CONTRIBUTIONThese findings highlight the important link between marital status and female employment in India.

Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea by Sungyun Lim

Reviewed by: Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea by Sungyun Lim Mark E. Caprio (bio) Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea. By Sungyun Lim. University of California Press, Oakland, 2019. xii, 173 pages. $34.95, paper. Open Access. Rules of the House explores the development of Japan's "legal assimilation" over its 35-year period of colonial rule, concentrating important attention on how the policy engaged participation among traditionally underrepresented peoples. A strong point of Sungyun Lim's study lies in its crossing divides, both prior to and following this period, to draw connections between traditional and colonial-era law practices and those of postliberation Korea. Lim's focus is on family law, and particularly on how widows, daughters, and concubines were able to exploit structural changes during these periods through litigation. The majority of the cases she examined directly [End Page 187] involved property inheritance disputes. Lim finds that the Japanese efforts to codify Korea's traditional customary legal system produced a "hybrid system" where courts selectively based decisions on family law introduced by the Japanese, while on other occasions, in contradiction to assimilation rhetoric, they drew on Korean tradition in their decisions (p. 45). One of the interesting legacies of this history is contemporary Korean society mistakenly attributing to Japanese colonial law certain aspects of its contemporary legal system that were carried over from Korean customary law. Lim reflects: the "evolving legal consciousness of the colonized Koreans . . . left a lasting legacy in the postcolonial years in family law" (p. 7). Sacrificed in this process were matriarchal rights that got bypassed as they were "redefined from one patriarchal system to another" (p. 8). She continues: The civil disputes that I analyze in Rules of the House often show how gendered conflict over family property unfolded at odds with the Japanese colonial laws, a perspective previous scholarship . . . has downplayed. Often Korean men and their patriarchal interests, rather than Japanese laws, were the opponents of Korean women's struggle to have their customary rights acknowledged. (p. 11) Lim suggests the reason for this backlash by Korean men was the healthy women's presence in legal matters to claim and defend their rights. Searching the Chōsen kōtō hōin hanketsuroku (Records of verdicts in the High Court of Colonial Korea), she found that 93 of the 156 cases recorded here had women as the litigating party (p. 10). Cases included in this collection include litigation over issues ranging from adoption to divorce. Even these issues centered on a property component that served as a primary reason for the litigating parties deciding to bring their case to the courts. The complicated position of the widow in the family presented some of the more interesting case studies introduced. Traditionally, a widow was to remain in the family, forbidden by custom to remarry, after her husband's death. Confucian tradition obliged her to remain chaste, at least if she was of the privileged class. Her capacity to "receive" property if no legitimate heir existed, at least until she located an appropriate male to inherit the property, and the 1894–95 Kabo Reforms legalizing widow remarriage were factors in much of the litigation of this period. These rights were acknowledged, but the fact that their contours were still not fully delineated served as the crux of such litigation (p. 39). Overlaying this legal system with a Japanese colonial system often complicated an already rather complex framework. Korean widows are an important dimension of Lim's study; widows account for 72 of the litigants (out of 2,003) in the High Court cases she examined. She explains: they sat at the "crossfire between the interests of the lineage and the interests of the colonial state." More than the other female [End Page 188] populations examined here, widows benefited (unexpectedly) from the colonial legal system (p. 36). The 1917 case of Yi Se-ŏn, whose son died soon after her husband's passing, illustrates well the widow's plight. When her brother-in law, Ko Sung-hwan, attempted to claim his brother's property using the traditional claim that there was no more appropriate...

Luthers Tod. Ereignis und Wirkung ed. by Armin Kohnle

Reviewed by: Luthers Tod. Ereignis und Wirkung ed. by Armin Kohnle Robert Kolb Luthers Tod. Ereignis und Wirkung. Edited By Armin Kohnle. Schriften der Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt 23 Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2019. 386 pp. The death of Martin Luther, on February 18, 1546, sent waves through the German empire and far beyond, not only in his own time but also in subsequent decades and centuries. Kohnle's introduction deftly leads readers through the volume's varied perspectives on topics relating to Luther's death and Luther's teaching on death. These studies make clear how profound both the positive and the negative impact of the Wittenberg reformer was and continued [End Page 242] to be. For nearly five hundred years details of his dying and the ways in which the memory of it has been conveyed command attention from both those who use his death to celebrate his reform and also those who continue, without documentation, to assert that he committed suicide or to report that the smell of sulfur, of Satan, filled the room as he died. As is the case with all such collections, the quality of these studies varies. It is not so surprising that the initial essay assessing the development of published counsel for the dying from medieval ars moriendi to reformational books for the dying omits key studies, such as Austra Reinis's Reforming the Art of Dying: The ars moriendi in the German Reformation (1519–1528) or Cornelia Niekus Moore's Patterned Lives: The Lutheran Funeral Biography in Early Modern Germany. Non-German scholarship simply lies beyond the horizon of some. However, the essay's omission of works from the school mobilized by Rudolf Lenz and Eva-Maria Dickhaut is puzzling. It leads to false conclusions, such as the assertion that Lutheran funeral sermons do not reveal active support from those at the bedside of the dying or that these sermons say nothing of the administration of absolution and the Lord's Supper for them (47). More typical of these essays is the second: Volker Leppin's assessment of Luther's engagement with death—his own and others'—and of his pastoral approach to the dying and the grieving highlights the confidence in the gift of eternal life that the reformer proclaimed, sometimes in the face of doubts raised by his own Anfechtungen. Heiner Luck's careful examination of Luther's testament, which violated Saxon civil law in its accord of guardianship of their children to Katherine von Bora, illuminates the radicality of Luther's desire to have his wife in charge of children and legacy. Sabine Kramer's analysis of the impact and implications of her husband's death on and for Katherine, and Christopher Spehr's survey of the fate of the children of Luther and his colleagues, provide enriching details and analysis regarding what his death meant for those closest to him, as does Christine Mundhenk's elucidation of Melanchthon's published reaction to his colleague's death. Michael Beyer opens up a parallel aspect of the Wittenberg Reformation with his insightful exposition of reports on the deaths of Melanchthon, Justus Jonas, and Johannes Bugenhagen. [End Page 243] Luther's death quickly became a media event; Jochen Birkenmeier traces the composition, goal, and impact of the published reports describing how Luther died, based on eyewitness accounts by Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, Melanchthon's funeral oration, and Bugenhagen's funeral sermon. Klaus Fitschen tracks the legend of Luther's suicide from a book published in 2012 via the more notorious and more detailed work of Paul Majunke (1890) to the claim first voiced by the Dominican Thomas Bozius in 1591. Not only Protestant Luther scholars, including Gustav Kawerau and Theodor Kolde, but also Roman Catholic critics of the Reformer, including Johannes Janssen and Nikolaus Paulus, effectively refuted Majunke's work. Stefan Rhein provides a detailed, insightful literary analysis of the poetic paeans that celebrated the Reformer's career and contributions in the wake of his death. The recent focus of cultural historians on material culture and memorial culture is reflected in several reports, among them, one on Luther's grave marker and its service to the house of...

Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman behind the Making of On War by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger

Reviewed by: Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman behind the Making of On War by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger Elisabeth Krimmer Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman behind the Making of On War. By Vanya Eftimova Bellinger. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Pp. 312. Cloth $31.95. ISBN 978-0190225438. It is well known that Carl von Clausewitz's On War was published posthumously by the author's wife, who also edited the unfinished work. And yet, though her involvement has been acknowledged—the first biography of Carl von Clausewitz by Karl Schwartz is, in fact, devoted to the couple rather than to the famous theorist alone—little has been written about Marie von Clausewitz's life. Bellinger's groundbreaking biography sets out to remedy this by drawing on a treasure trove of letters that has recently come to light. In 2012, the Buttlar family bequeathed its papers to the Prussian Privy State Archives. These papers contained the correspondence between Carl and Marie von Clausewitz, including 283 letters by Marie that had never been published before. In addition, Bellinger also had access to Marie's diary from 1813 and her journal from 1831 through 1836. Born Countess von Brühl on June 3, 1779, Marie was from an aristocratic dynasty with direct links to the royal family. Her mother Sophie Gomm was the daughter of a leading British merchant who prospered as court banker in St. Petersburg. Her father Carl Adolph von Brühl served as the governor of the Protestant Prussian crown prince, even though he was Catholic. At age 18, Marie became a lady-in-waiting to Friederike Luise, the widow of Friedrich Wilhelm II. In 1809, she became lady-in-waiting to the king's oldest daughter Princess Charlotte. Marie also took care of her own niece after [End Page 165] the death of her sister, who had been married to Friedrich August Ludwig von der Marwitz. While the family remained prominent, its financial fortune declined. Marie lived off a modest annuity that made it difficult for her to afford the lifestyle expected at court. Highly educated, she found comfort in art and literature and was a practicing artist herself—though, with the exception of a portrait of General Gneisenau in the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin, many of her paintings are considered lost. Bellinger argues that Marie was drawn to the impecunious Carl, whose social standing was decidedly below her own, because of the promise of an intellectual partnership. The couple first met in 1803 when Carl served as adjutant to Prince Ferdinand's youngest son. After a prolonged courtship and in spite of her mother's disapproval, Marie married Carl in 1810. To their great disappointment, the couple was unable to have children. Bellinger portrays Marie and Carl as a "power couple." She argues convincingly that Marie used her social connections to help her husband rise and that her disappointment at his failure to achieve public recognition was greater even than that of Carl himself. After her husband's death, Marie retained an important position at court and was even appointed chief lady-in-waiting to Augusta, wife of the future Emperor Wilhelm I. Bellinger depicts Marie as an outspoken woman whose passion for politics frequently met with disapproval. Marie resented the French occupation with all her heart and was an ardent supporter of Major von Schill's insurrection against the French. While her antipathy to the French is clearly motivated by Napoleon's expansionist campaign, she also appears to have shared her husband's antisemitism, his contempt for Poland in general, and Poland's "dirty German Jews, swarming like vermin in the dirt and misery" (114), in particular. Furthermore, Marie supported Carl's decision to leave the Prussian service and join the Russian army's fight against Napoleon. Subsequently, he was accused of having done so without permission. Since the couple stood to lose their property if Carl was convicted, Marie took the precaution of transferring her property to her cousin, though in the end the government decided not to prosecute. While the Russian campaign involved a long period of separation for the couple, the Wars of Liberation not only forced Marie to leave Berlin but...

Z dziejów potomstwa i wdowy po zmarłym podkomorzym kaliskim Rafale z Gołuchowa (zm. 1442). Przyczynek do historii życia rodziny szlacheckiej w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce

The aim of the paper is to present these events and experiences whose occurrence in the life of a noble family in late‑medieval Poland was the consequence of the death of husband and father. This was achieved by means of reconstructing the life story of Elżbieta, the fourth wife of the Kalisz‑district chamberlain Rafał of Gołuchowo from the Wieniawa family, as well as that of his sons and daughter (Iwan, Rafał, Jan, Andrzej, and Cherubin, and their sister Barbara), after his death. This reconstruction essentially provided insight into such activities undertaken by them or with their participation as taking ownership of the property left to the widow, establishing custody of the children that had not yet come of age and of their assets, establishing guardianship of the as yet unmarried daughter and regulating the payment of her part of the family money in the form of a monetary dowry, and, in time, dividing the family estate between the brothers. These actions were, in a way, a natural consequence of the death of husband and father, and were a part of the life of most families living in those times. An analysis of their realisation in social practice based on relevant records in court’s registers allow to understand the underlying legal customs, only partly reflected in the norms of the written law, as well as the events and experiences which resulted from the death of husband and father for his wife and children, and the role played by their relatives in this period of their lives.

Female Leadership Families and Their Social Problems in the War Affected Area of Puthukkudiyiruppu Divisional Secretariat Division in Mullaitivu District of Sri Lanka

The main objectives of the study are to study the social issues faced in female leadership families and find out the causes for the formation of female-led families. Primary and secondary data have been utilized in this study. To collect primary data 205 households had selected by way of the stratified random sampling method. Questionnaires, key informants interview, and focus group discussion have been adopted. Several social issues have been identified, which was in the hold of the battle for three decades. After the war, to study the status of basic needs such as food, accommodation, education, health, social protection, transport, cultural issues, employment, and income have been reviewed. Death of husband, living apart, disappearance, and being unmarried and living alone is being the main causes of the formation of female-led families. Their livelihood and life could be improved by creating employment opportunities, strengthening and empowering the economy, formation of leadership, provision of psychosocial reinforcement, encouraging remarriage, and maintenance of elderly family-led females, ensuring safety among female-led families.

Queen Victoria: An Anatomy in Dress

This object-based study of Victoria's surviving wardrobe uses dress as material evidence for the changes that took place to the Queen's physical body. Our exploration of the Queen's attitude towards clothing combined with her physical measurements as recorded in surviving items from her wardrobe allow us to nuance the conventional biographical narrative of a woman who consistently gained weight over her lifetime. We challenge the perception that she immediately became rotund after her husband's death as a consequence of grief and argue that her later-life mourning clothes were a distinctive, comfortable and rational response to her physical body and her status as a widow.

Mother and Sons, Inc.: Martha de Cabanis in Medieval Montpellier by Kathryn L. Reyerson

Reviewed by: Mother and Sons, Inc.: Martha de Cabanis in Medieval Montpellier by Kathryn L. Reyerson Jennifer Lord Reyerson, Kathryn L., Mother and Sons, Inc.: Martha de Cabanis in Medieval Montpellier (The Middle Ages Series), Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018; cloth; pp. 264; 9 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. US $65.00, £54.00; ISBN 9780812249613. This book will be of great interest to scholars interested in practical evidence for women's exercise of agency in the late Middle Ages, and for how women negotiated the limitations placed on them. It is also an illuminating example of how relatively technical primary sources can be synthesized to create a case study of a particular social and economic setting, that of an 'urban merchant family of the 1330s and 1340s' (p. 7). Martha de Cabanis (c. 1295/1300–c. 1348) belonged by birth and marriage to Montpellier's mercantile elite. The early and unexpected death in 1326 of her husband, a mercer, left her with three young sons to provide for and a business to manage. It is precisely because of this that Martha left a much greater documentary trace than would otherwise be expected, with several hundred Cabanis contracts from 1336 to 1342 contained in a single notarial register. In Mother and Sons, Inc., Kathryn Reyerson draws on those records to reconstruct Martha's business and real estate transactions on her sons' behalf as their guardian and eventual business partner, as well as on her own account. As such, this book functions as a companion volume to Reyerson's Women's Networks in Medieval France: Gender [End Page 239] and Community in Montpellier 1300–1350 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), which looked at the life and business dealings of Agnes de Bossones, a contemporary of Martha de Cabanis. Reyerson has specialized in the social and economic history of Mediterranean France in the late Middle Ages, usually taking a localized and particular focus, such as trade, or banking. In Mother and Sons, Inc. she uses Martha's case to consider how far gender constrained women as economic and legal actors but also how women could be mobilized in families' interests. Chapter 1 sets the scene for Martha's life, with an overview of fourteenth-century Montpellier's political situation, layout, population, trade, and economic resources. Chapter 2 deals with Martha's family background and with the kind of childhood, education, and marriage arrangements she was likely to have had. Chapter 3 introduces Martha's husband's family and uses that context to explore how, in the absence of genealogical information, a family's history can be reconstructed through evidence of housing proximity and their business alliances and professional and legal ties. Chapter 4 draws on sources on urban domestic architecture and material culture to reconstruct the Cabanis's likely domestic setting. The notarial corpus that is Reyerson's main source cannot supply much detail about Martha's life beyond business, so chapters 2 to 4 are necessarily more speculative than they would be if Reyerson had also been able to draw, for instance, on letters or family chronicles. Chapters 5 to 8, focused on business, benefit from being able to make detailed use of the notarial records. Chapters 5 and 6 explore the responsibilities that fell to Martha after her husband's death and the legal capacity she had to meet them, in theory and in practice. Widows like Martha enjoyed a privileged status vis-à-vis other women, particularly in southern France, but Reyerson cautions us against taking for granted the 'privilege' of agency for such women (p. 89). She also shows how notarial documents, which capture the interaction of customary and Roman law in practice, offer an excellent guide to a region's 'living law' (p. 87). Chapter 7 gets to grips with the detail of the Cabanis's dealings in silk, linen, and mercery, examining their business strategies such as partnerships and use of credit, and Martha's role in these, especially before her sons could act independently. Chapter 8 covers similar territory but in relation to real estate, and here Martha is more visible as an investor in her own right. The chapter considers the reasons for women's...

Excerpt from Man in the Mirror

Excerpt from Man in the Mirror Kim Kyung-uk (bio) Translated by Bruce (bio) and Ju-Chan Fulton (bio) 1 There's something more than serendipity at work in our lives, I think. Otherwise, how can I explain it? It was the first anniversary of my husband's death, and I'd just visited his grave at the cemetery and was waiting at Yongmun Station for the train back to Seoul when I spotted a man whose profile looked exactly like my husband's. You—that man—were at the far end of the platform, wearing a black suit and black tie. One step after another my feet were lured toward you, until your profile became clear, at which point they froze. The straight nose, the thick lower lip covering the upper lip, the deft line of the chin, the dimple on the impassive face—yes, that was my husband! I jerked my head away, afraid of eye contact, but your familiar face only grew sharper in my mind. I kept stealing glances at you in the compartment, and before I knew it the train was pulling into Hapchŏng Station. Along the way I'd followed your lead, exiting temporarily while the car disgorged, getting back on with the new passengers. At Hapchŏng Station you threaded your way through the crowds with me chasing after. It was all so unreal—I felt like I was emerging from a daydream, a chill of sorrow running up and down my spine. Which is why I followed you. The more of those familiar features I discovered from a few steps away, the deeper the [End Page 61] grief that pierced my heart anew with the realization that the owner of those features no longer existed. The sense of loss was overwhelming, as when my husband had appeared from the far end of the incinerator barely a handful of ash. Even so, seized by the false hope that maybe, just maybe, my husband had made a circuit of the universe and would be there at my doorstep once I got home, I kept following you. Out from Hapchŏng Station—and I couldn't remember the last time I'd been there—and through a jumble of alleys full of studios, chophouses, and wine bars, following you the way I used to tail my husband out of mischief if I happened to see him on his way home from work. It was at the beauty parlor that I finally snapped out of it. You marched right in, and one of the stylists gave you a nod that struck me as more than you might expect for a drop-in customer. Hmm, she knows him. You disappeared from my line of sight and then reappeared with no jacket and tie and approached a customer in one of the chairs, who was already in her smock and flipping through a magazine. Chatting with the woman in the mirror, you set to work on her hair, managing her tresses like a florist fashioning a bouquet. A young woman emerged from the salon with a key attached to a stick bearing the name of the salon. "Are you here for styling, ma'am?" she said from the top of the steps. "Oh—yes." What are you doing? I'd meant to say no. I followed her in and she wrapped me in a smock and sat me down in the chair next to you. And every time that familiar face came into the mirror I flinched, but every time my eyes returned to the mirror. Just as the more that something dreadful builds inside me, the more I'm drawn toward the source. My heartbeat quickened. There it was, so close I could touch it, the face of my husband who even when we had sex seemed off in another world and who tried the best he could to conceal a blunder behind a practiced smile. [End Page 62] I flipped through a fashion magazine in my lap, but I was just going through the motions—the photos didn't register, much less the words. All of me was tuned in to you. My eyes had...