Husband's Age Research Articles

Factors Affecting Antenatal Care Examination on Pregnant Women in the Work Area of Hinai Kiri Health Center, Langkat Regency

The contentment of pregnant women throughout ANC and delivery may enhance the health of moms and infants. This research aims to determine what factors influence prenatal care for pregnant women in the Hinai Kiri Health Center Work Area, Secanggang District, Langkat Regency. This study employs a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, surveying 68 participants. This study employs a questionnaire. As a follow-up to the conclusion of the study, the research period is July to December 2021. This research included Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate analyses. The statistical tests used include the chi-square test and longitudinal regression. Knowledge (P-value = 0.003), Age (P-value = 0.002), Parity (P-value = 0.000), Husband's Support (P-value = 0.000), and Distance to Health Place (P-value = 0.004) were significant in a logistic regression analysis. Variables affecting the Antenatal Care Examination of Pregnant Women include knowledge, husband's support, age, and parity. This research concludes that there is a strong relationship between Knowledge, Husband's Support, and Parity and Antenatal Care Examinations for Pregnant Women in the Work Area of the Hinai Kiri Health Center in Secanggang District, Langkat Regency. Midwives on duty at the Hinai Kiri Health Center are expected to receive recommendations to improve counseling and counseling about the importance of routine pregnancy checks and to encourage pregnant women to be more routinely check their pregnancy at least four times during pregnancy so that the mother's health condition and the fetus are awake.

JOB MOTIVATION, WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT, AND JOB SATISFACTION OF FORMAL WORKING MOTHERS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Work from home (WFH) policies can fade the boundaries between family and work matters, reduce work motivation, and create uncertainty that impacts job satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the effect of work motivation and work-family conflict on job satisfaction of formal working mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a cross-sectional research design. The selection of research locations was chosen purposively, namely DKI Jakarta and West Java, because these two provinces were the two provinces that contributed the most Covid-19 cases in Indonesia. Data were obtained by self-administered using a questionnaire that was distributed online. The sampling technique was done by voluntary sampling. The respondents of this study were 99 formal working mothers with intact families who have school-age children (6-12 years). Correlation test results show a relationship between intrinsic work motivation, extrinsic work motivation, and work-family conflict with job satisfaction. In addition, the regression test results showed that the husband's age and identified regulation positively and significantly affected job satisfaction. The results also showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, most formal working mothers had job satisfaction in the moderate category.

Objective Economic Pressures, Livelihood Strategies, and Subjective- Economic Welfare of Survivor’s Families of Sunda Strait Tsunami in Banten

This research is part of umbrella study entitled “The Impact of the 2018 Sunda Strait Tsunami on Family Socio-Economic Vulnerability and Achievement of SDGs Welfare”. This study aims to analyze family characteristics, objective economic pressures, livelihood strategies, and subjective-economic welfare for survivors of Sunda Strait Tsunami disaster in Banten. The research method used is a cross-sectional study involving 60 samples selected by simple random sampling. Data collection was carried out in March 2021 (27-month post disaster). Data analysis used descriptive tests, correlation tests, and logistic regression tests. The regression test results showed that the wife's age, husband's age, income per capita, and objective economic pressure had a significant effect on subjective economic welfare. The results of the cumulative probability analysis show that families with low welfare categories have the opportunity to increase their subjective economic welfare by 0.989 times, while families with high welfare have the opportunity to increase their subjective economic welfare 6,632 times compared to families with low welfare categories. Migration of residence from coastal areas to permanent residences in the middle of plantations does not make families change their livelihoods or explore new skills in earning a living to increase income.

Psychometric properties of the interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire among couples in India

The aim of the present study was to translate the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ) into the Tamil language and examine its psychometric properties in the Indian cultural context. Data were collected from a dyadic sample of 340 married heterosexual couples (N = 680) currently residing in India. The mean age of husbands was 39.57 (SD = 6.10; 26 ≥ range ≤ 58), and the wives’ was 35.33 (SD = 5.72; 23 ≥ range ≤ 54). Descriptive results indicated that husbands and wives reported similar levels of interpersonal emotion regulation. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a 20-item model with four factors—enhancing positive affect, perspective-taking, soothing and social modeling, similar to the original version, fits the data well. Furthermore, the multiple-group analysis indicated robust measurement invariance across gender (husbands vs. wives), family type (joint vs. nuclear) and marriage type (arranged vs. love), indicating that the Tamil version of the IERQ operates similarly across these groups. Besides, the Tamil version of the IERQ showed good convergent and discriminant validity with measures of dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction. Implications for research and couples therapy in the Indian cultural context are discussed.

Determinants of Violence Types among Reproductive Age Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sarab City

Background and Purpose: Violence against reproductive age women harms other health prioritiesو such as family planning and maternal health. This study aimed to identify the determinants of violence among reproductive age women.
 Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 182 married women, 15-49 years old in Sarab City, Iran, through simple random sampling in 2018. Data were collected by a self-designed questionnaire including demographic characteristics, physical, psychological, verbal, economic, and sexual violence. Then, it was analyzed using an independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, and multivariate linear regression.
 Results: The prevalence of physical, psychological, sexual, economic and verbal violence in women was 11(6%), 14(7.7%), 18(9.9%), 24(13.2%), and 37(20.3%), respectively. Husband's older age and husband's older age of marriage increased (B= 0.14, 95% CI= 0.00 to 0.28) and decreased (B= -1.17, CI=-0.27 to -0.06) verbal violence against women. Illiteracy in spouses reduced physical violence (B=-2.43, CI= -4.58 to -0.27) and sexual violence (B= -1.62, CI= -3.08 to -0.16) and in women, it reduced psychological violence (B= -2.63, CI= -4.81 to -0.45). Spousal smoking reduced physical (B= -0.97, CI= -1.78 to -0.17), psychological (B= -1.17, CI= -2.01 to -0.33), and verbal (B= -1.22, CI= - 1.96 to -0.48) violence; however, women's alcoholism (B= 7.31, CI= 0.27 to 4.43) and having children from a previous marriage of the woman (B= 0.06, CI= 0.04 to 1.16) increased physical violence. The highest economic violence was seen in female employees (B= 1.31, CI= 0.35 to 2.27). Psychological (B= -4.92, CI= -7.89 to -1.49) and sexual (B= -2.16, CI= - 4.09 to -0.22) violence was less experienced in men's second marriage.
 Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of verbal violence and related factors, conducting the necessary screenings to recognize it in time, teaching communication skills and anger management to husbands seems essential.

Effect of a community based social marketing strategy on the uptake of clean delivery kits in peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan

BackgroundPakistan has one of the highest neonatal and maternal mortality rates in the world. Use of clean delivery kits (CDK) at time of delivery improves maternal and newborn outcome. We test effectiveness of a social marketing strategy to increase uptake of CDKs in a low socioeconomic peri-urban community in Pakistan.MethodsThis was a sequential mixed method study. The quantitative component consisted of two arms. In the prospective intervention arm trained community health workers (CHWs) visited pregnant women twice to prepare them for birth and encourage use of CDKs. Availability of these kits was ensured at accessible stores in these communities. The retrospective control arm consisted of women delivering in same area during the past 3 months identified from pregnancy register. Information was collected on sociodemographic, pregnancy characteristics and use of CDKs at time of delivery in both arms. We compared proportion of women using CDKs during home deliveries in the intervention and control arm. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with use of CDKs in intervention arm. We carried out separate focused group discussions (FGDs) with women who used CDKs, with women who did not use CDKs and birth attendants.ResultsTotal of 568 pregnant women were enrolled in prospective intervention arm and 603 in retrospective control arm. The proportion of women using CDKs during home deliveries in retrospective control arm was 9.4% compared to 23.8% in prospective control arm (p = < 0.001). In final multivariable model, increasing age of pregnant woman and husband having some education was positively associated with CDK use (aOR 1.1;95% CI 1.1–1.2 and aOR 2.2;95% CI 1.3–3.6 respectively). During FGDs, many women were of the thought that kits should be free or included in the amount charged by birth attendants. Assembly of components of kit into one package was appreciated by birth attendants.ConclusionSocial marketing strategy targeting pregnant women and their family members resulted in an increase in the uptake of CDKs in our study. Birth attendants were generally satisfied with the assembly of the kit. Many women cited unawareness and cost to be a major impediment in use of CDKs.

Count Regression Model to Predict Spousal Harms in Tamil Nadu

Introduction: Violence against women is becoming more prevalent over the world, particularly in India. Assessing the causes of violence in community will aid in planning supports for victims. This study aimed to compare the performance of various regression models for count data and focused on choosing appropriate count regression model to identify factors related with the number of domestic violence experienced by young married women. Methods: Data for this study were retrieved from “The Youth in India: Situation and Needs Study.” The current study took the data of 1495 married women in Tamil Nadu. Factors associated with physical violence considered for the study were place of residence, age of husband and wife, education of husband and wife, dowry, miscarriage, abortion, and marriage type. Ordinary least square, Poisson regression, and negative binomial regression models were fitted for the data, and the best fitted model was identified using Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Results: Proportion of married women who have perpetrated any forms of physical violence was 30.8%. Among the fitted models, negative binomial regression model (AIC = 3020.621, BIC = 3079.030) was found to be the best model to predict violence. Significant factors identified were type of residence, marriage type, education of wife and spouse, miscarriage, and abortion. Conclusion: To tackle this public health issue, multisectoral approaches such as boosting literacy, raising awareness about legal assistance, and monitoring victims of violence at primary health facilities should be implemented. Comprehensive model testing is highly suggested for determining the best acceptable analytic model when dependent variable being studied comprises count data.

PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG WOMEN AND IMPACT ON FERTILITY: A CASE OF PAKISTAN

The increasing rate of fertility is a big problem in developing countries. In Pakistan, this trend is quite different in provinces. The objective of this study is to identify the social, economic, and demographic determinants of fertility in Pakistan and how underweight and obesity effects it. In this study fertility rate of women in Pakistan has been measured through the total number of children ever born per woman. Data has been collected from the Demographic Health Survey of Pakistan and segregated into Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, FATA, and KPK. Women’s Body Mass index is used to find out the prevalence of underweight and obesity. The results showed that socioeconomic determinants of women's fertility have been showing different effects on fertility in different provinces of Pakistan. Women's education harms women's fertility in Pakistan. A negative effect of husbands' education on women's fertility has been revealed in Pakistan. In Pakistan, women's fertility has increased by not using contraceptives in Sindh and Balochistan. Husband's age has also been proven to have a positive effect on women's fertility in KPK and Punjab. The husband's desire not to have more children harms women's lives in Punjab as compared to other provinces. Women's employment before marriage has also been found to have a positive relationship with women's fertility in Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan. At the same time, being underweight have negative and obese have a positive impact on fertility in all provinces of Pakistan. Keywords: Fertility, Demographic Health Survey, Provinces, BMI, KPK, FATA.

EFFECTIVITY GIVING PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TO DECREASE ANXIETY PREGNANCY WOMEN

Background: Psychological changes are often experienced by pregnant women are anxiety, (28,7%) pregnant women in Indonesia experience anxiety. Several factors that cause anxiety in pregnant women are husband support, family support, age, environment conditions, parity and education. Anxiety can be reduce by relaxation. The effective relaxation for anxiety in pregnant woman is progressive muscle relaxation. This study aims to determain the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation to reduce anxiety in pregnant women. Method: This study uses the Study Systematic Mapping Method selected from the Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Garuda database. There are several points determined in the journal using the year of publication, according to keywords, duplication, Full Text, and Indonesian or english, were selected using PICO so that 14 journals are obtained, which are then analyzed. Result: The highest level of anxiety in pregnant women was found third trimester, teenage pregnant women and primigravida. Anxiety levels can be reduced by giving progressive muscle relaxation. Progressive muscle relaxation intervention is not only effective in reducing anxiety but also prevents occurent of pregnancy complication. Coclusion: The highest level of anxiety occurs in teenage pregnant women with first pregnancy in third trimester. The most effective technique for reduce anxiety in pregnant women is progressive muscle relaxation intervention.

Does Husband's Education Level Matter to Antenatal Care Visits? A Study on Poor Households in Indonesia.

Background:Involvement in antenatal care (ANC) is one of the husband's responsibilities for his wife's health.Objective:This study analyzed the contribution of the husband's education level to his involvement in ANC visits among poor households.Methods:The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The study analyzed 6429 respondents. The analysis units were poor women aged 15–49 years, had a husband, and had ever been pregnant for the past 5 years. Besides husband's education, other independent variables analyzed were residence, husband's age and occupation, and wife's parity. The analysis used a binary logistic regression test in the final step.Results:Husbands with a primary education record were 1.381 times more likely to participate in ANC visits than those without education. Husbands who had secondary education were 2.339 times more likely to get involved in ANC visits than those without education records. Moreover, husbands who had higher education were 3.376 times more likely to be engaged in ANC visits than those without education records.Conclusions:The study concludes that better education levels will be more likely to motivate husbands to get involved in ANC visits.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Abuse Among Women in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health problem. However, its prevalence varies by country and culture. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of IPV, determine its types and risk factors, and to assess the attitude of women towards IPV in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A convenience sample that included 450 ever-married women aged 18- 65 years and lived in Al-Madinah city, Saudi Arabia in 2021 was used. The data were collected online through Social media using an Arabic validated version of the WHO questionnaire on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Data about socio-demographic and violence-related factors were collected. The prevalence of IPV was assessed and its associated risk factors were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of IPV against women was 37.6%. The prevalence was significantly higher among older, divorced, and less educated women, and presence of another husband’s wife. The main types of violence reported by abused women were “pull hair up” (47.3%) and “throw household items” (41.4%). A higher significant risk of IPV was found among women with husbands’ aged &gt; 50 years (OR= 4.6), divorced women (OR= 12.5), and presence of another husband’s wife (OR 4.1). The agree attitude of the studied women towards violence causes was the highest for “Betrayal” (23.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of IPV against women is relatively high in Al-Madinah city. Age and education of women and husbands, marital status, and presence of another husband’s wife were the most important risk factor

Divorces in the republic of Serbia from 1950 to 2020 (demographic-statistical research)

The pursuit of married life is the result of the universal need of humanity. Finding a close person with whom a person is bound by unbreakable bonds of love is a significant factor in the life of every man and woman. Traditionally, marriage is considered a lifelong social institution - however, in the last seven decades, both in the world and in the Republic of Serbia, marriage and family relations have undergone many and strong changes. Modern demographic- statistical research indicates that in the past seventy years (in the period from 1950 to 2020) complex demographic processes took place in the Re?public of Serbia, initiated by strong natural, socio-economic and external factors that unequivocally influenced and today affect marriages, and thus the transition of marriages in the Republic of Serbia. Qualitatively-Quantitative analysis determined: length of marriage, age of spouse in case of divorce, divorces in relation to education and spouse nationality. The research results show that men and women are entering the marriage, but later divorce. When concluding and divorcing a marriage, the difference in age between spouses is slightly more than three years on average - men are most commonly older than women. Due to long-term suffering of some form of violence, women most often initiate a divorce. The length of marriage in the Republic of Serbia has an oscillatory course. The average age of husband and wife at divorce is increasing. In the structure of divorced marriages accord?ing to education, marriages with secondary education are dominant. The most represented ethnic community in divorces are Serbs as well as Orthodox in terms of confessions, due to their majority share in the total population of the country.

The association between sexual function and body image among postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPostmenopause physiological changes may alter body image (BI) during the postmenopausal period of life. Body image dissatisfaction may have negative effects on the sexual function of women. The present study aims to assess the relationship between body image and sexual function during the postmenopausal period.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 231 postmenopausal women who were menopausal during the recent 5 years, aged > 40 years old, and referring to health centers in Tehran-Iran. The participants were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using 3 questionnaires including socio-demographic, Fisher’s Body Image, and female sexual function index (FSFI). Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and multiple regression, Mann–Whitey, Pearson, and Spearman correlation tests.ResultsTwo hundred thirty-one postmenopausal women aged 52.53 ± 5.32 (mean ± SD) years old participated in the study. The mean and standard deviation of FSFI and BI of the women were respectively 19.59 ± 11.11(ranges 1.2–36) and 155.43 ± 37.09 (ranges from 46 to 230). According to FSFI, 62.8% of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) was reported. There were significant correlations between scores of total and all domains of FSFI with scores of total and all dimensions of BI. There was also a positive correlation between education and family income of the women and a negative correlation between age of husband and duration of menopause with their sexual function. Significant relationships were also shown between the women's and the husbands' jobs with the total score of women's sexual function. According to the multiple linear regression model, BI was a significant predictor of sexual function in postmenopausal women.ConclusionBody image is effective on the sexual function of postmenopausal women. Therefore, body image is necessary to be considered in future postmenopausal health promotion programs.

Determinants of Disparity in Desired Fertility among Married Women in Urban and Rural Areas of Southwest Nigeria.

Purpose: The study examined the determinants of disparity in desired fertility among married women in urban and rural centres in Southwest Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: The study adopted a mixed method research design. A total number of one thousand one hundred and eighty-seven (1,187) women (urban=713; rural=474) of reproductive ages (15-49) years were drawn from Southwest States in Nigeria using multi-stage sampling technique. Questionnaire method was used to gather data from the field. Three levels of data analysis were undertaken to achieve the study objectives. Frequency distribution of socio-demographic factors by place of residence was used at the univariate stage of analyses, chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used at the bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis.&#x0D; Findings: The results showed that more than three-quarter (79.4%) desired four children and below while more than one-fifth (20.6%) of the women desired 5 children and above. Higher percentage of women (84.8%) desired four children and below in rural area when compared with women in urban centres (75.7%). However, among those that desired 5 children and above higher proportion (24.3%) was found in the urban centres when compared with their counterpart in rural areas (15.2%). There is significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) between desired number of children and education of women, husband’s education, religion, age of husband and birth interval urban areas while there is significant relationship between desired number of children and women and husbands’ education in rural areas. Further analysis showed that women’s education especially women with below secondary education had higher odds of desiring more children than those with post-secondary education (OR: 1.57; 95% C.I: 0.70-3.56). In addition, women whose husbands had no education, below secondary education and secondary education were less likely to desire more children in the urban areas than those with post-secondary education. In rural areas, there was significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) between women whose husbands had no education, below secondary education and desired fertility. Women whose husbands had no education and those whose husbands had below secondary education were 16.94 and 2.93 more likely to desire more children than those in the reference category respectively. In addition, women who were Christian were more likely to desire more children in urban areas than their counterparts who were traditionalists. It was also discovered that women who spaced their births for twenty-four months and below were 0.51 times less likely to desire more children than their counterparts in the reference category (OR:0.51; 95%C.I 0.32-0.80).&#x0D; Recommendation: The study recommends that policy aimed at reducing the desired fertility in both urban and rural areas should be implemented with the hope that high fertility rate will be reduced to a manageable level.

Maternal minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women, Southwest Ethiopia, 2021

BackgroundInadequate dietary diversity intake during pregnancy increases risks of intrauterine growth restriction, abortion, low birth weight, preterm birth, prenatal and infant mortality,and morbidity and has long-lasting health impacts. Dietary diversity during pregnancy promotes the health status of the mother and her fetus. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 274 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Wacha primary hospital from January to February 2021. A systematic sampling method was used to select the study participants. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Bivariate logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with maternal dietary diversity. Finally, multivariate logistic regression was done, and variables that showed P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultThe magnitude of minimum dietary diversity was 51% (95% CI: 44.5, 56.7). The mean (±SD) minimum dietary diversity score was 4.5 (± 1.268) with a minimum of 1 anda maximum of 8 food groups consumed out of ten food groups. Age fewer than 25 years (AOR 4.649; 95% CI; 1.404, 15.396), and the age group between 25 to 34 years (AOR 3.624; 95% CI: 1.315, 10.269), husband age group of 26 to 34 years (AOR 2.238; 95% CI; 1.028,4.873), and 35 to 44 years (AOR 3.555; 95% CI; 1.228,10.292) and nutrition awareness of women (AOR 2.182; 95% CI; 1.243, 3.829) were significantly associated with minimum dietary diversity.ConclusionThe consumption of minimum dietary diversity of the pregnant mothers was found to be low. Women aged less than 25 and age between 25 to 34 years, husband’s age between 26 to 34 and 35 to 44 years, and nutrition awareness were the factors significantly associated with minimum dietary diversity. Therefore, providing nutrition education and counseling service warranted to promote maternal dietary diversity.

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE REGARDING FEMALE FOETICIDE AMONG ELIGIBLE COUPLES AT SELECTED RURAL AREA OF JODHPUR

INTRODUCTION: Female foeticide is one of the most nefarious crimes on this earth, perhaps what detestable is that the people who commit crime belong to educated class. Some of the worst gender ratio gross violation’s right is founding south and East Asian countries such as India and china. Numerous scholars have observed that the latest advances in modern medical sciences – the tests like Amniocentesis and Ultrasonography which were originally designed for detection of congenital abnormalities of the foetus are being misused for knowing thesex of the foetus with the intention of aborting it if happens to be that of a female. AIM OF THE STUDY: Assess the awareness regarding female foeticide among eligible couples. METERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive study was carried out to assess the awareness &amp; attitude of 100 eligible couple selected by purposive sampling, who were eligible couple in rural area in Jodhpur Rajasthan were assessed by using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. RESULT: The finding of the study shows that majority (54%) of the sample had average awareness, followed by 29% had poor awareness and remaining (17%) sample had good awareness regarding female foeticide. The finding of the study shows that majority (35%) of the sample had negative attitude followed by 28% had positive attitude, 20% had strongly negative attitude and remaining (17%) sample had strongly positive attitude regarding female foeticide. However, the majority of the demographic variables such as age of husband, education of husband, education of wife, monthly income of family, occupation of husband, occupation of wife and source of information of the samples indicates significant association with level of awareness and attitude regarding female foeticide except age of wife, religion, and type of family. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that eligible couple have average awareness regarding &amp; negative attitude regarding female foeticide as per current research recommendations. They require education and to enhance their awareness &amp; attitude regarding female foeticide KEY WORDS: Awareness, Attitude, female foeticide, Eligible couple.

The The Correlation between Family Characteristics and Husband and Wife Interaction during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Pandemics not only can facilitate a special space for husband-wife and child relationships but also a significant stressor for most husbands and wives and children. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family characteristics and husband-wife interactions during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a cross-sectional study design and conducted in June-November 2020. The respondent in this study was a wife from an intact family who has elementary school–senior high school-age children (SD-SMA). The number of respondents in this study was 452 respondents. Data collection in this study was carried out using google form. Based on the research result, the highest means of index owned by the love dimension and the smallest index owned by respect's dimension. There are significant differences between HEL wife and LEL wife in love dimension, respect dimensions, and a total of husband-wife interaction. The correlation test shows that there is a significant negative correlation between husband's age, wife's age, and the number of children with husband-wife interaction. Furthermore, the correlation test also shows that the husband's income positively correlates with husband-wife interaction. This study concludes that women's higher education and husband's high income can make husband and wife interaction better.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Pakistan: A Qualitative and Econometric Analysis

Domestic violence exists in every country, irrespective of the culture, ethnicity, age, income, and education of the women. World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 35% of women worldwide had experienced sexual or physical violence. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of different socioeconomic indicators on the prevalence of domestic violence. In this regard, data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 has been used and logit models have been estimated. It has been found that women married below the age of 18; living in rural areas; have more children; whose mothers experienced violence; feared their husbands; with little or no autonomy in decision-making; had a bank account; married outside of the family; and had not inherited any land or property were significantly more vulnerable victims of domestic violence. It has been found that women's education, education of her husband, and exposure to media by creating awareness may protect women from domestic violence. Furthermore, working women are more likely to face domestic violence, but women who have started working before marriage are significantly less vulnerable victims of domestic violence. However, the age of women herself, the age of husband, age of household head and wealth of household, living in the nucleus or joint family, receiving any support from Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) have no significant role in determining the domestic violence in Pakistan.

Prevalence and Social Risk Factors of Infertility in Vietnam

Despite of significant social meaning of childlessness in Vietnam, there have been less scientific interests and social concerns about infertility during the past decades. This study aimed to measure infertility prevalence rate among Vietnamese married women and identifies the risk factors associated with vulnerability of infertility in social perspectives. A total of 11,715 married women aged between 20 and 44 years were selected from two rounds of Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in 2011 and 2014. The study applied a demographic definition of infertility; refers to an absence of live birth in the past 24 months among married women having desire of child and not using any contraceptive method. Primary infertility prevalence was decreased from 1.6% in 2011 to 1.1% in 2014, while secondary infertility increased from 3.5% to 3.7% during the same period. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that age of women and husband, education, wealth index and age at first marriage were significantly associated with primary infertility, while education, wealth index and age at first marriage were significantly associated with secondary infertility. Despite some limitations, this study is helpful to understand infertility dynamics and some influencing factors increasing the risk of infertility in social context of the Vietnam.

Partisipasi Perempuan Pedagang Keliling dalam Membantu Ekonomi Keluarga di Kabupaten Sorong

The purpose of this study is to describe how women's participation in helping the family economy, their factors in working and how their portraits work as traders. This research is a field research located in the Malasom Village, Sorong Regency. The method of this research is a qualitative. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The result of the research is that according to the Islamic viewpoint, womens participation in helping the family economy by means of working is permissible, in accordance with the requirements in Islam, namely getting permission from the husband, not neglecting household affairs and taking care of themselves. The traders in Malasom Village have met these requirements. The form of womens participation in helping the family economy is by working as traders, such as selling vegetables, porridge, sempol, herbal medicine, cakes, toast and tela-tela. The factors behind their work to help the family economy are economic factors, husband's income, age, work experience and education.